MIS Lecture Exam 2
explain the circumstances in which a database is preferred to a spreadsheet
when the data cannot be provided all in one place. some examples would be recording both email messages and office visits. lists involving a single theme can be stored in a spreadsheet; lists that involve data with multiple themes require a database.
-describe SAP AG
SAP is a product of SAP AG, which is a german firm. the letters are abbreviations for systems, applications, products.
-explain somo
Somo is social media on mobile devices coupled with location-based marketing and wearable devices
what is the difference between an ERP product and an implements ERP system at a company
an ERP product provides a set of integrated processes as well as two of the five components of an IS - the software and an empty database. to implement the ERP system, a company installs the ERP products software and database on the company's hardware, writes procedures, and trains its people to follow them
describe the relationship between ERP systems and databases
an ERP solution includes a gigantic but largely unpopulated database ,a database design, and initial configuration data. ERP systems rely on DBMS to process and administer the ERP database
describe the two key characteristics of ERP systems
an ERP system creates a single database. rep systems provide a set of industry- leading processes that are well integrated with each other
explain information silos
an information silo is isolated data stored in separated information systems. the data needed by one process are stored in an information system designed and used in another process
explain the need for application programs
application programs process logic that is specific to a given business need. another use is to enable database processing over the Internet. the application program serves as an intermediary between the web server and the DBMS and database
explain why user involvement is critical during database development
because the design of the database depends entirely on how users view their business environment
explain what needs to happen for that challenge to be an opportunity for business professionals
being on the leading edge of business professionals who learn how to use such products to find important patterns and relationships in data could give a highly compensated skill and competitive advantage
explain the two objectives of users in the social media process
belonging; belonging to communities greater than oneself fosters a positive self-esteem. users also appreciate the opportunity to express themselves and communicate
name and expalin the 3 key characteristics of big data and differentiate them from relational data
big data is used to describe data collections that differ from relational databases by their huge volume, rapid velocity, and great variety.
explain why collaboration is increasingly important in business
business is collaboration - its a social activity, a team sport. collaborating teams accomplish work that creates value for customers, it is the glue that holds an organizations together. if a business can't learn to collaborate between the sales and procurement office, it will miss many opportunity
describe the objectives of businesses and app providers
business: to use social media to support strategy. app provides: seek either market share or revenue.
explain why the revision caused a data integrity probelm
by storing a row for each team, each season, we have duplicated the email addresses for those who have coached more than once.
-explain capital and describe the 3 types of capital
capital is the investment of resources for future profit. traditional capital is investments into resources such as factories, machines, manufacturing equipment, etc. human capital is investing in human knowledge and skills for future profit. social capital is investing in social relations with the expectation of returns in the marketplace
describe how collaboration IS supports collaboration activities and business processes
collaboration IS support collaboration activities that are contained in business process.
explain the variety of collaboration software
collaboration software programs are applications like email or text messaging that support collaborative activities. email, google_+ hangouts, facetime, gotomeeting, surverymonkey, mindmeister, przi, yammer, sharepoint, wikis, google drive and docs
give several examples of business processes supported by social media IS
collaboration, project management, promotion product design, knowledge management, medical care, sales lead management, and others
describe several tips for running a successful social media promotion
connect to leaders in the community. stay involved- have a plan to update the promotion daily. motivate early consumers to contribute. develop a reward mechanism for prosumers. don't underestimate time required.
distinguish between content and connection data and give an example of each
connection data is data about relationships. liking particular organizations. content data is user-generated content and the responses to that content contributed by other users. facebook site when your friends provide responses on your page.
describe how a business can use location-based marketing
location-based marketing integrates user location data into marketing activities. firms with this type of perishable inventory can use geolocation data and social media to help manage their inventory
describe the promotion process, including its objectives
promotion is the process of sharing data about a product or service with the objective to improve awareness and sales. objectives is to increase awareness, increase brand
explain user-generated content and give an example
publicly available content created by end users. social media is an example
explain why a database, by itself, is not very useful to business users.
pure database data are valuable, but in raw form they are not pertinent or useful. it is difficult to conceive differences that make a difference among row of data in tables.
describe the advantages of the real-time data benefit of ERP systems
real-time data sharing allows managers to see trends as they occur and respond appropriately
explain the origins of NoSQL DBMS products and describe the applications for which they're used
refers to software systems that support very high transaction rates processing relatively simple, non-relational data structures replicated on many servers in the cloud.
describe the major functions of database administration
security, backing up database data, adding structures to improve the performance of database applications, removing data that are no longer wanted or needed
give several examples of the types of decisions a firm must make to configure an ERP system
selecting a vendor, deciding what the company would like the ERP system to do, configuration decisions implementation teams must make (item identifies, order is, bill of material), data in there ERP system, and cutover decisions about the current way of doing things to the new ERP system
describe the result of information social media procedures
simple, informal, evolving, and socially oriented. sometimes this can be a bad thing because others may need more details
explain which ERP vendors serve small and mid-sized organizations and which serve large organizations
smaller firms are establishing a strong niche by offering industry-speiccific systems, solutions for particular business functions, or pay-as-you-go cloud services. many midsize to small firms find smaller, more nimble, or cloud-based solutions less disruptive and lower risk
explain the possible benefits of social capital for business
social capital is the investment in social relations with the expectation; of return in the marketplace.
break down the expenses for implementation SAP
some companies may spend $100 million or more to install SAP. hardware may account for 20 to 25%, software 20-25%, and human ware (training consulting, and implementation) 50-60%.
define SQL
structure query language; an international standard language for processing a database
explain why it is unlikely that relational databases will be replaced by NoSQL databases
such conversion would be enormously expensive and disruptive and, in cases where the relational database meets the organization needs, would also be unnecessary
name several of the business functions integrated by ERP
supply chain management, manufacturing, customer relationship management, human rescuers, and accounting
-describe the impact of the increasing use of mobile social media on advertising
supports the creation and sharing of user-generated content
for multi-user processing, describe one way in which one users work can interfere with anothers
the lost update problem; two people have been assigned the same slot
explain the sources of user content problems and the options for businesses in responding to user content problems
the major sources of content problems are junk and crackpot contributions, unfavorable reviews, mutinous movements. options for responding are leave it, respond to it, delete it.
why is selecting the right ERP vendor an important decision
the process of converting an organization to an ERP supported organization is daunting and expensive. picking the right vendor is an important challenge because it creates a long-term relationship between the firms; this relationship will have an impact on the effectiveness of there ERP system for the length of the contract.
define data integrity problem and describe its consequences
the situation that exists when the database contains inconsistent data. a table that has data integrity problems will produce incorrect and inconsistent data
describe configuration
the software can be customized to meet customer requirements without changing program code
name the three top vendors and explain how they are unique.identify the relative market share of each
the top 3 vendors are SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft. SAP is 22%, Oracle is 15%, and Microsoft is 10%
describe the workflow process and explain what makes the iteration of a workflow process different form the iteration of the typical collaboration team
the workflow process is a sequence of activities by which original content is created and subsequently acted upon by others within the organization. workflow often includes actors outside a team.
explain how businesses used IS before ERP systems
their departments ran their own processes using their own information systems and databases. information silos were everywhere.
how do the Tier 1 ERP vendors differ
these companies have the largest market share and longest history and compromise about half of the total market share for ERP. a wide variety of vendors compete for the other half of the market.
provide an example of how a business has used social media
they engage with their customers on social media
summarize the functions of a DBMS
to create tables, relationships, and other structures in the database. process the database. read, insert, modify, or delete data. provide tools to assist in the administration of the database
state the purpose of a database
to keep track of things
differentiate among the 3 types of ERP data
transactional data is data related to events such as a purchase or a student enrollment. master data is data used in the organization that don't change with every transaction. organizational data is data about the university such as the location of its warehouses, the mailing addresses of the building, and the names of its financial accounts
explain why it is easier and cheaper to change a data model than to change an existing database (4-25 and 4-26)
transforming the database from one format to the other involves considerable work; and a program will need to be written to store the values
-explain several of the management risks of using social media
underestimation of labor costs, absence of dependable return on investment, customer privacy, dependence on social media application provider
explain why undergraduate business students undervalue collaboration
undergraduate have the same educational background, scored more or less the same on standardized test, and have the same orientation towards success. you may feel that everyone in the group thinks the same way anyways
-describe the unique wrinkle of social media
unlike all the other processes in this book; the social media process is not controlled by the business. businesses must share control of the social media process with other particpants
summarize the criteria for choosing the right set for your team
use the produce power curve diagram, which is a graph that shows the relationship of the power (the utility that one gains form a software product) as a function of the time using that product
explain the meaning of the power curve and discuss the power curve for each of the 3 alternatives
use the produce power curve diagram, which is a graph that shows the relationship of the power (the utility that one gains form a software product) as a function of the time using that product. flat line means you are investing time without any increase in power. the ideal power curve starts at some value at time zero and has no flat spots. the minimum product gives you some power at time zero, but over time it gains complexity and the problem of controlling cause power to decrease. the good set has a short flat spot, but power then increases over time until you reach the most capability your team can do. the comprehensive set has a longer flat spot because it takes longer to learn, but it is such a rich collaboration feature that it gains considerable collaboration power, and the maximum capabilities is much greater than the good set
explain several ERP jobs
users are the employees of the firm implanting the systems. IT analysts, also called systems analysis's, are also employees with specialized training or education that enables them to support, maintain, and adapt the system after it has been implemented. consultants work for the ERP vendor or a different company, called a third party.
explain the types of collaboration technology designed to support the communication of teams
video and audio recordings, wiki can be used to share documents, and texting systems for internal communication so team members can collaborate privately
-explain the concept of viral and why it is important to business
virtual is becoming extremely popular in a short time. it could be very good news for a business if the content shows the business in a positive light
explain what was lost in this revision
we have no place to store anything else about the team that does not change from year to year if it is fixed
explain the general options the implementation team has for each decision
what do we select as our item identifier, what will be our order sizes, which BOM format should we use, who approves customer credit and how, who approves production opacity, who approves schedule and terms, what actions need to be taken if the customer modifies the order, how does management obtain oversight on sales activity
explain how access to SAP screens can be controlled and how SAP limits or controls data inputs
when SAP is implemented and configured at a particular organization, this screen is made available only to approved purchasing agents in each department. different roles in the organization give people access to different screens and different data.
explain the disadvantages of using custom software with ERP
when the ERP vendor upgrades their system to a new version, the new ERP software may not be compatible with the customization done by client firms
explain the difference between MRP and MRPII
MRP are material requirements planning; which is a software used to efficiently manage inventory, production, and labor. while MRPII are manufacturing resource planning; which was developed to add financial tacking capabilities as well as the opportunity to schedule equipment and facilities
describe SAP's NetWeaver
NetWeaver connects SAP to hardware, third-party software, and output devices. it also has SOA capabilities that help it integrate SAP with non-SAP applications. its more adaptive to new IT developments
list five popular DBMS prodcuts
DB2, Access, SQL Server, Oracle Database, MySQL
define EAI and describe how EAI works
EAI is enterprise application integration; which is a system that tackles the soil problem by providing layers of software that connect information systems together. EAI connections information silos via a new layer of software, enables existing applications to communicate and share data, provides integrated data, leverages existing systems, leaving departmental information systems as is but providing an integration layer over the top, and enables a gradual move to ERP
state the differences between the two enterprise systems: EAI and ERP
EAI is enterprise application integration; which is a system that tackles the soil problem by providing layers of software that connect information systems together. ERP systems are very large enterprise information systems that bring data together in a big database and help a company improves its processes
explain why it is not accurate to say that ERP improves existing processes
ERP system provides a number of benefits to the organization as a whole.
describe the contents and purpose of a dashboard
ERP systems can provide managers with dashboards, which are easy to read, concise, up-to-the minute displays of process KPIs.
explain the first revision to the database
add a new field to the table that indicates the year of the data
explain the difference between a DBMS and a database
a DBMS is a software program, a database is a collection of tables of data, relationships, and metadata
explain how businesses used computers for inventory purposes before the internet
a business could use a dedicate phone line, a computer card reader, and punch cards to send inventory orders to a supplier
describe the general rule about how often a business should describe its own products
a business should discuss its own products and services with fewer than 10 percent of its content. instead, businesses should post content about how their product plays a positive role in society the social causes or volunteer activities of the business
name and describe the components of a database application
a database application is a collection of forms, reports, queries, and application programs that use the DBMS to process a database. forms are used to read, insert, modify, and delete data. reports show data in a structured context. query uses keywords for searching.
name the components of a database application system
a database, a DBMS, and one or more database applications.
define the terms key, foreign key, and relational database
a key or primary key is a column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table. a foreign key is columns that are keys of a different table than the one in which they reside. relational databases are databases that carry their data in the form of tables and that represent relationships using foreign keys
in a gap analysis, why should a company avoid creating a long list of things it would like the ERP system to do
a long list of likes will lead to a long list of gaps and a difficult implementation. the top leadership team should ensure that focused, well-understood, short list of likes is adopted
give several reasons why a firm might want to use an EAI rather than ERP
a major benefits it that it enables organizations to use existing applications while alleviating many of the problems of information silos. it is not as expensive . sometimes ERP is overkill or its challenges are too daunting.
define module and give examples of SAP modules
a module is a distinct and logical grouping of processes. these processes record customer data, sales data, and pricing data.
what two factors caused the problem at the intramural league
a process problem that caused the missing equipment report not to have been produced on time and a database problem that allocates equipment to teams but not to coaches, the people who are responsible for returning the equipment
define the term database
a self-describing collection of integrated records
describe the attributes of a good social media policy
a social media policy is a statement that delineates employees rights and responsibilities. a good social media policy: timely, transparent, truthful, yourself. dont tell secrets, slam the competition, overshare. add value, keep it cool, be flawsome.
distinguish between cooperative and collaborative teams and give an example of each
cooperation is a process where a group of people work together, all doing essentially the same type of work, to accomplish a job. an example would be a group of painters, each painting a different wall in the same room are working cooperatively. collaboration is a group of people working together to achieve a common objective via communication and iteration. an example of this would be when an author produces something, communicates that draft to a second person to review the draft and communicate feedback is working collaboratively
describe the two activities of the social media process
creating and sharing user-generated content
explain crowdsourcing and listening processes and give examples of how businesses are using these processes
crowdsourcing is outsourcing a task to a large number of users. the FBI used crowdsourcing to solicit inputs to find the Boston Marathon bombers
describe culture and why it is important to ERP implementation
culture is the day-to-day work habits and practices that works take for granted. when an ERP system is implemented ,the way work is done is changed and the cultures typically bites back. change the culture can lead to employees resistance as the change in work habits may threaten self-efficacy.
describe the customer service process and its objectives
customer service is the series of activities before, during, or after a sale with the goal of increasing customer satisfaction. the objective: to increase communication to and from customers.
give an example of a table from this chapter with data integrity problems and show how it can be normalized into two or more tables that do not have such problems
data integrity can occur only if data is duplicated. one easy way to eliminate the problem is to eliminate the duplicated data, by transforming data into two tables
define metadata
data that describe data
explain the acronym DBMS and name its functions
database management system; a program used to create, process, and administer a database.
describe the function of a data model
describes the data and relationships that will be stored in the database; it is akin to a blueprint. database developers create a data model before they start designing the database.
what problems are unique to ERP upgrades
discussions about upgrades may need to occur within a year or two after the original implementation, it may be more challenging to justify upgrades than an original implementation, version lock (the new ERP software may not be compatible with the customization done by client firms), and upgrades are challenging if the client firm has not developed a long-term strategy for the ERP updates
describe the users role in database development
during database development, the developers must rely on the users to tell them what to include in the database. they are the final judges as to what data the database should contain and how the records should be related to one another.
-describe how he objectives of a dynamic process differ from a structured process
dynamic processes typically emphasize effectiveness more than efficiency
explain the three effectiveness objectives and the efficiency objective of the typical collaboration process
effectiveness objectives are product objective: successful output, team objective: growth in team capability, individual objective: meaningful and satisfying experience. efficiency objective: to meet time and cost limits
define two broad categories of DBMS and explain their differences
enterprise DBMS products process large organizational and workgroup databases. personal DBMS products are designed for smaller, simpler database applications. used for personal or small workgroup applications
list critical collaborative skills
enthusiastic about the subject of collaboration, open-minded and curious, speaks his or her mind even if its an unpopular viewpoint, gets back to me and others in a timely way, willing to enter into difficult conversations, perceptive listener, skilling at giving and receiving negative feedback, willing to put forward unpopular ideas, self managing and requires low maintenance, known for following through on commitments, willing to dig into the topic with zeal, things differently than i do/brings different perspectives.
define E-R model, entity, relationship, attribute, and identifier
entity-relationship data models are a tool for constructing data models. developers use it to describe the content of a data model by defining the things that will be stored in the database and the relationships among those entities. an entity is something that the users want to track. attributes describe characteristics of the entity. identifier is an attribute whose value is associated with one and only one entity instance.
-which type of team communication will be less frequent in the future
face to face meetings will become rare
explain the characteristic of people that is both exciting and unnerving for businesses
for businesses using social media, this freedom of behavior for users is both exciting and unnerving. they have to be willing to let them click here and there and write their first product reviews. this experimentation can be hard to limit
what aspect of team communication is essential to collaboration
for collaboration to be success, members must provide and receive critical feedback. a group in which everyone is too polite to say anything critical cannot collaborate
explain several of the key characteristics of social media software
free, fun, frequently changed, wide variety, businesses have little input
explain non-business domains where collaboration will increase
health care and government. processes from telemedicine to patient billing will become more effective. collaboration during natural disasters such as floods and fires will increase as citizens share firsthand knowledge of current conditions with government responders
explain why a company might create a custom program for its ERP implementation
if a new ERP customer has requirements that cannot be met via configuration
explain why it is important to devote time to understanding a data model
if the data model is wrong, the database will be designed incorrectly, and the applications will be difficult to use, if not worthless
describe the important attributes of the people using collaboration IS
importance of the ability to give and receive critical communication. team members vary in their ability and motivation to use collaboration software
identify and explain the 3 objectives of the process of building social capital
increase the number of relationships in a social network, increase the strength of those relationships, and connect to those with more resources
identify the problem solved by an enterprise system
information silos exist in isolation from one another, so they create islands of automation that can reduce the performance of processes and make process integration difficult. the silo problem is solved by ERP systems.
what ERP needs are unique to large organizations
internation presence. the ERP application programs must be available in many languages and currencies
describe the unique benefits of ERP systems for international firms
international ERP solutions are designed to work with multiple currencies, manage international transfer of goods in inventories, and work effectively with international supply chains
describe the need for the coach table and justify the decisions to model the relationship from coach to team season as 1:n
it appears that a given coach can coach many teams, in the same or different seasons. it also appears that a team has at most one coach
explain why understanding how customers search is useful for a business
it can improve the likelihood that the content it creates will be found by the customers it seeks
explain iteration control and describe 3 options of iteration control
iteration control is the technique that occurs when the collaboration tool limits, and sometimes even directs, user activity. the 3 options for iteration control are user activity limited by permissions, document checkout, version histories
explain how business and IS have coevolved
just in time (JIT) evolved businesses. it integrates manufacturing and supply; manufacturing occurs just as raw materials arrive. one makes progress and has an impact on the other; and vice versa.
explain each of the people implementations challenges
management moves on prematurely; top management believes the hard part f the implementation process is the decision ti implement. managers believe that once that decision is made, they can move on. management oversells; overselling the vision of what the system will do. management can be blinded by the benefit of the compromised system and not look carefully at the assumptions behind the promises. management fails to anticipate culture resistance; ther ERP implementation can change the culture of an organization. collaboration breaks down; implementing an ERP system requires extensive and effective collaboration; when collaboration breaks down, implementation suffers. employees see little benefit; the people whose work has changed often receive no benefit from the change, they get the pain but no gain.
give an example of three maximum cardinalities and two minimum cardinalities
maximum cardinalities are 1:N, N:M, and 1:1 minimum cardinalities are 'must an advisor have a student to advise, and must a student have an adviser?'
define maximum cardinality and minimum cardinaltiy
maximum cardinality is the maximum number of entities that can be involved in a relationship. minimum cardinalities are constrains on minimum requirements.
what collaboration IS are available to support the project management process
microsoft project or oracle primavera
-describe the 3 collaboration tool sets
minimum collaboration tool set: minimum possible set of tools. collaborate with your team, but will get little support from the software. text only; no access to audio or video. good collaboration tool set: ability to conduct multiparty audio and video virtual meetings. access to document, spreadsheet, and presentation files. comprehensive collaboration tool set: best of the 3 because it has a full set of features, including iteration management and control and online meetings with sharing. this set is integrated.
explain how ERP benefits management
more managers have virility to more data
-describe the client and server hardware in a collaboration IS
most collaboration systems are hosted on organizations servers or in the cloud. while servers are in the cloud, users interact with the collaboration system with client devices.
explain the two important characteristics of social media promotions that involve customers
network effect: nothing draws a crowd like a crowd. trust: consumers trust their friends much more than they do businesses
describe the impact of mobile technology and social media on collaboration
new collaboration software for tablets and smartphones will take advantage of better networks and increased sophistication by end users. it will help sales reps on the road with clients, healthcare providers with patients, and maintenance workers with remote machine problems.
explain the two ERP hardware issues
new hardware options always create the opportunity for new approaches to emerge and new businesses to get a foothold, but transitioning to the new hardware can be expensive, risky, and challenging.
explain how businesses are using new tools on social media data
new tools for crunching data from social media sources will allow businesses to spot useful patterns in their customers communication in real time
-explain the 3 options for iterating content.for each option, describe a collaboration technology that can support the iteration activity of teams
no iteration control; email with attachments, shared files on a server. iteration management; google drive, microsoft skydrive. iteration control; microsoft sharepoint.
define normalization and explain why it is important
normalization is the process of converting a poorly structured table into two or more well-structured tables
provide an example of how social media supports each of these 3 objectives
number of relations: central colorado state athletic department promotes its yearly alumni events to attracting funds strength of relationships: like, pin, or follow is a strength connect to those with more assets: look at other peoples followers and see whos worth following
explain the important characteristics of R/3
one of the more well-known versions of SAP. R means real time, the first try integrated system that was able to support most of an organizations major operational processes. uses client-server architecture. uses classic, native client, client-server architecture, rather than a browser-based approach that would be easier to use on a wide range of devices.
explain the efficiency objectives for social media
operate within time and cost constraints
describe the challenge that organizations face in attempting to glean information from big data stores
organizations are challenged to find important patterns and relationships ins such huge amounts of data.
describe how procedures can improve control of a process
procedures not only specify instructions, they also are an important opportunity for organizations to improve control of a process. a well-written procedure for a process can limit the behavior of people executing the process
describe inherent processes
process blueprints specified by ERP systems
describe the two types of collaboration IS data and give an example of each
project data is data that is part of the collaborations work product. for example, for a team that is designing a new product, design documents are examples of project data. project metadata is data that is used to manage the project. schedules, tasks, budgets, and other managerial data are examples of project metadata.
-describe the Project Management process and specify its common activities
project management is the process of applying principles and techniques for planing, organizing, and monitoring temporary endeavors. the activities include setting milestones, keeping track of progress, and allocating funds
describe the 3 types of communication and give an example
synchronous communication occurs when all team members meet at the same time, such as with conference calls or face-to-face meetings. asynchronous communication occurs when team members do not meet at the same time, such as employees who work different shifts at the same location or team members who work in different time zones around the world. or virtual meetings which hare meetings in which participants do not meet in the same place and possibly not at the same time, examples would be webinar or video-conferencing
name the 3 components of a database design
tables, relationships, and data constraints
explain why collaboration IS procedures are often unstated
teams are often careless bout procedures, team members often assume others will use the same produce they do
how can the size of the organization affect ERP success
the ability of skilled business and IT analysis. small organizations employ only one or tow IT analysis who not only manage the ERP system but also manage the entire Is department. midsize organizations may expand IT from one person to a small l staff, but frequently this staff is isolated form senior level management, which creates misunderstandings and distrust. large organizations have a full IT staff that is headed by the chief information office
what makes the transition, the cutover, from the old system to the new a challenge
the challenge for the addict or the implementation team is making good decisions under the stress of transition
describe two steps in transforming a data model into a database design
the database designer creates a table for each entity. the identifier of the entity becomes the key of the table. each attribute of the entity becomes a column of the table. next, the resulting tables are normalized so that each table has a single theme. the next step is to represent relationships among those tables
explain how the type of firm that uses ERP has changed over time
the first ERP customers were large manufacturers in the aerospace, automotive, industrial equipment, and other industries. now, ERP use is widespread and typically very effective. it is now used in manufacturing, distribution, mining, materials extraction, petroleum, medical care, government and public service, utilities, retail, and education
explain the importance of communication and iteration
the groups results can be better than what any single individual can produce alone. this is possible because different group members provide different perspectives
explain the hierarchy of data and name three elements of a database
the hierarchy of data elements if table or file, records or rows, fields or columns, bytes or characters. a database is a collection of tables plus relationships among the rows in those tables, plus special data, called metadata, that describes the structure of the database. databases are normally stored on magnetic disks.
describe two criteria for judging a data model
the identifier of the entity becomes the key of the table. the resulting tables are normalized so that each table has a single theme, then represent relationships (not sure on answer)
describe the key difference between figures 4-1 and 4-2
the key distinction between figures 4-1 and 4-2 is that the data in figure 4-1 is about a single theme or concept. it is about student grades only. the data in figure 4-2 has multiple themes; it shows student grades, student emails, and student office visits.
explain why multi-user database processing involves more than just connecting another computer to the network
the logic of underlying application processing needs to be adjusted as well.
