Miscellaneous Questions #2
2011, 2007, 2003, 1994, 1977, 1948, 1945, 1927
Top Port vintages from 2014 to 1900
2016, 2015, 2012, 2010, 2009, 2007, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1990 (Southern Rhone)
Top Vintages for Southern Rhone from 2016 to 1990
2010, 2009, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1997, 1990 Vintages for Alsace
Top vintages for Alsace
2008, 2006 (Austria)
Top vintages for Austria from 2016 to 2001
2015, 2014, 2012, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1997 (Chablis)
Top vintages for Chablis from 2016 to 1990
1985, 1982, 1979, 1971, 1964 (Champagne)
Top vintages for Champagne from 1990 to 1964
2012, 2008, 2004, 2002, 1996, 1995, 1990 (Champagne)
Top vintages for Champagne from 2016 to 1990
1985, 1978, 1976, 1971, 1969, 1959 (Cote Nuits)
Top vintages for Cote Nuits from 1990 to 1952
2016, 2013, 2008, 2001, 2000, 1994, 1992, 1991 (Cote Nuits)
Top vintages for Cote Nuits from 1990 to 1952
2015, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1996 (Cote Nuits)
Top vintages for Cote Nuits from 2016 to 1990
2015-2009, 2005 Cote de Beaune
Top vintages for Côte de Beaune
1990, 1976, 1971, 1969, 1959, 1953, 1949 (Germany)
Top vintages for Germany from 1990 to 1949
2016, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2002 Loire Valley
Top vintages for Loire Valley between 2016 to 2000
2015, 2013, 2012, 2007, 2005, 1997, 1995, 1994 (Napa)
Top vintages for Napa from 2016 to 1990
1990, 1985, 1982, 1979, 1978, 1976, 1969, 1966, 1964 (Northern Rhone)
Top vintages for Northern Rhone from 1990 to 1964
2016, 2015, 2010, 2009, 2005, 1999, 1990 (Northern Rhone)
Top vintages for Northern Rhone from 2016 to 1990
2016-2012, 2006, 1999 Oregon
Top vintages for Oregon PN between 2016-1990
2016-2012, 2006, 1999 Oregon PN
Top vintages for Oregon PN between 2016-1990
2010, 2005, 2001 Priorat
Top vintages for Priorat between 2016 to 1990
2015, 2014, 2013, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2007, 2001, 1999, 1990 Sauternes
Top vintages for Sauternes
1990, 1981, 1979, 1978, 1970, 1967, 1966 (Southern Rhone)
Top vintages for Southern Rhone from 1990 to 1966
2012, 2005, 2002, 1999 Washington
Top vintages for Washington between 2016-1990
2015, 2012, 2010, 2005, 2004, 1998, 1996 (Barossa and McLaren Vale)
Top vintages from Barossa and McLaren Vale from 2016 to 1996
1966, 1962, 1961, 1959 (Bordeaux)
Top vintages in Bordeaux from 1970 to 1959
1990, 1989, 1986, 1985, 1982, 1975 (Bordeaux)
Top vintages in Bordeaux from 1990 to 1970
2015, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2000, 1995, 1990 (Bordeaux)
Top vintages in Bordeaux from 2015 to 1990
1987, 1984, 1978, 1974, 1968 (Napa)
Top vintages in Napa from 1990 to 1968
1990, 1989, 1985, 1974, 1971, 1967, 1964, 1961 (Piedmont)
Top vintages in Piedmont from 1990-1965
2015, 2010, 2007, 2006, 2004, 2001, 2000, 1996, 1990 (Piedmont)
Top vintages in Piedmont from 2016-1990
2011, 2010, 2005, 2004, 2001*, 1992, 1991 (Rioja)
Top vintages in Rioja from 2015 to 1990
2010, 2007, 2006, 2001, 1999, 1997, 1990, 1988, 1985 (Tuscany)
Top vintages in Tuscany from 2015-1985
Name three characteristics common to Trappist ales
Top-fermenting Secondary fermentation in the bottle No pasteurization or antiseptic agents unsed
What are the requirements for Irish whiskey?
Traditionally distilled 3x in a pot still - may be distilled in a continuous still. Aged at least three years.
What method is used for bottles larger than a jeroboam or smaller than a half bottle?
Transvasage
For bottle sizes larger than a Jeroboam and smaller than a half bottle, the _______________, method is permitted.
Transvasage, or Transfer
In this method, remuage is unnecessary, as the wine is disgorged into a pressurized tank and filtered. Dosage is added, and the wine is transferred to a clean bottle under pressure. What is this process?
Transvasage, or Transfer method
What are some styles of Trappist Beers?
Trappist Beers: produced in various styles (strengths): patersbier, enkel, dubbel, tripel, quadrupel
What is the term for movement of wine in the solera?
Trasiegos
Abbazia delle Tre Fontane, Rome, Italy, certified for production in 2015. What Trappist beer is this?
Tre Fontane
Only certain varieties (including a select few French hybrids) are authorized for production in Canada. True or False?
True
Rarely are Sherry wines marketed as vintage wines. True or False?
True
Solera wines are often marked with the year the solera was started. True or False?
True
The production of true Amontillado is a laborious process, and soleras devoted to the wine are expensive to maintain. True or False?
True
There are similar but separately governed VQA systems in Ontario and British Columbia. True or False?
True
There is no limestone or marl in the Willamette Valley. True or False?
True
How long does the moto develop before fermentation?
Two weeks
For every liter of wine drawn from the solera, how many must remain?
Two; previously the ratio was 1:3.
How is Armagnac distilled?
Typically one distillation in a simple continuous still, but may be 2x in a Charentais pot still.
How is the bonne chauffe divided?
Tête Coeur Secondes Queue
What are the grapes of Cognac?
Ugni Blanc (98% of acreage), Colombard, Folle Blanche
2016, 2003, 2000, 1999, 1994, 1993 (Chablis)
Worst vintages for Chablis from 2016 to 1990
1969, 1968, 1967, 1965, 1963, 1960 (Bordeaux)
Worst vintages in Bordeaux from 1970 to 1959
1987, 1977, 1974, 1972 (Bordeaux)
Worst vintages in Bordeaux from 1990 to 1970
2013, 2007, 1997, 1993, 1992 (Bordeaux)
Worst vintages in Bordeaux from 2015 to 1990
2014, 2005, 2002, 1994, 1992, 1991 (Piedmont)
Worst vintages in Piedmont from 2014-1990
2015, 2014, 2002, 1992, 1984, 1980 (Tuscany)
Worst vintages in Tuscany
What was the model for Almacenistas in Sherry and are they of importance today?
Would purchase young wines, age them, and sell the wines to shippers at proper maturity. The role of almacenistas today is minor.
sakazuki
a sake cup used for more ceremonial occasions.
Criadera
a tier of butts in the solera process
Almacenistas means what?
"warehousekeeper" or "wholesaler" Almacenistas are usually small family businesses
Other than VS, what term indicates an Armagnac of 1-3 years of age?
***
What does Palma indicate?
A fine, delicate sherry with flourishing flor, which will continue to develop as a fino style.
Societe de Recoltants (SR)
A firm, not a co-operative, set up by a union of often related growers, who share resources to make their wines and collectively market several brands.
What and where is the Americas oldest winery?
Casa Madero, established in 1597 in the state of Coahuila
__________ sold as draught beers are unpasteurized, and _________________ beers are unfiltered and undergo partial fermentation in the bottle.
Cask ales; bottle-conditioned
What is Corenwyn?
Cask-aged Genever with at least 51% malt wine.
What are the sub-AVAs of the Finger Lakes?
Cayuga Lake Seneca Lake
Inaugural vintage for "Comtes de Champagne" (Blanc de Blancs and Rosé)
CdC: 1952 CdC Rosé: 1973
What are the two red grapes of the Yonne? Which is being phased out?
Cesar and Tressot Tressot is permitted but may not be replanted.
What is belemnite chalk, and where is it found?
Chalk derived from fossilized cephalopods, with a high limestone content. Found on the hillsides of Champagne
What is micraster chalk, and where is it found?
Chalk derived from fossilized sea urchins, found in Champagne's valley floors
Grand Crus of Gevrey-Chambertin
Chambertin Chambertin Clos de Beze Chapelle-Chambertin Charmes-Chambertin Griotte-Chambertin Latricieres-Chambertin Mazis-Chambertin Mazoyeres-Chambertin Ruchottes-Chambertin
Which Grand Cru may label as Chambertin?
Chambertin Clos de Beze
Where is Georges Roumier based?
Chambolle
Where is Georges de Vogue based?
Chambolle
Where is Perrot-Minot based?
Chambolle
What are the AOPs of Champagne?
Champagne AOP Coteaux Champenois AOP Rosé des Riceys AOP
What are the Cru's of Champagne?
Champagne Cru's and Special Club Champagne Grand Cru Villages (17) Champagne Premier Cru Villages (43) Champagne Special Club (29)
What is vin clair?
Champagne base wine
When did the INAO expand the boundaries of Champagne?
Champagne is located along what latitudinal parallel?
Between 1800 to 1883, what kind of increase in production did the advancements in technology do to Champagne?
Champagne production jumped from 300,000 bottles in 1800 to 36 million by 1883.
Does Charles Coury hold the same reputation as David Lett?
Coury's founding role has been diminished, perhaps unfairly, by the history books, and his vineyards today are part of David Hill Winery.
What is Coury's winemaking perspective?
Coury's winemaking interests lay in modernizing production and providing everyday appeal
Who owns Le Clos Blanc? What is unique about the production?
Domaine de la Vougeraie, producing white wine only (Vougeot)
Who is the great majority owner of Clos des Lambrays?
Domaine des Lambrays
Who is the great majority owner of Aux Perdrix?
Domaine des Perdrix (Nuits-St-Georges)
Who owns La Romanee (Gevrey)?
Domaine des Varoilles
Who owns Clos des Varoilles?
Domaine des Varoilles (Gevrey)
Who owns Chateau Gris?
Domaine du Chateau Gris/Albert Bichot (Nuits)
Who owns Clos des Marechaudes? What Grand Cru does it run into?
Domaine du Pavillon/Albert Bichot. Corton. (Aloxe)
The wine's flor has disappeared, but its character is rough and coarse. Characterized by high levels of volatile acidity, these wines are either blended and sweetened for lower quality Sherry or removed from the Sherry-making process, often finding new life as Sherry vinegar. What style is this?
Dos Rayas
What is liqueur d'expédition?
Dosage
50+ grams per liter What designation of Champagne would this be?
Doux
32-50 grams per liter What designation of Champagne would this be?
Doux Grams per liter?
"Charles de Gaulle"
Drappier (Urville) "Charles de Gaulle" 80% Pinot Noir, 20% Chardonnay Inaugural vintage 1990
What are the different styles for Vino Generoso de Licor?
Dry Medium Pale Cream Cream
Who owns Clos Berthet?
Dubreuil-Fontaine (Pernand)
Most common sweetening agent in modern Jerez?
Dulce pasa (produced from sunned Palomino)
It is the site of the original Eyrie Vineyard—as well as four newer vineyards in the winery's portfolio, all tended by the Jason Lett, David's son—and its neighbors include Sokol Blosser, Domaine Drouhin, Archery Summit, and Domaine Serene.
Dundee Hills (est. 2004)
With 2,000 acres under vine, the ____________ is the most densely planted region in Oregon, and the most historic.
Dundee Hills (est. 2004)
What are the sub-AVAs of the Sierra Foothills?
El Dorado Shenandoah Valley Fair Play Fiddletown North Yuba
Flavor and Origin of St. Germain
Elderflower France
Elk Cove was founded in ______. Sokol Blosser harvested the estate's first vintage in______ and the Casteel family of Bethel Heights planted their first vines in the same year.
Elk Cove was founded in 1974. Sokol Blosser harvested the estate's first vintage in 1977 and the Casteel family of Bethel Heights planted their first vines in the same year.
What is the newest AVA in Oregon?
Elkton Oregon, within Umpqua Valley, est. 2013 for cool-climate wines
Who are the two owners of Cros Parentoux?
Emmanuel Rouget Meo-Camuzet
Varietals allowed under Coteaux Champenois AOP
Encépagement: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Meunier, Arbane, Petit Meslier, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris
Varietals allowed in Champagne AOP
Encépagement: Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Meunier, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Arbane, Petit Meslier
The _______________ are clustered between the towns of Amity and Salem and together comprise the southernmost AVA in the Willamette Valley
Eola and Amity Hills
Other names for Brut Nature
Equivalent terms include Non-Dosé, Brut Sauvage, Ultra Brut, Dosage Zéro, Sans Sucre, Pas Dosé.
What is gin?
Essentially vodka flavored with juniper berry, citrus, cardamom, coriander, anise, etc. and redistilled.
Cole Ranch is essentially a monopole of which winery?
Esterlina
Who developed the Charmat method?
Eugene Charmat in the early 20th century
Dempsey Cocktail
Gin, Applejack, Anise Liqueur, Grenadine Stirred Up in a cocktail glass
Golden Dawn
Gin, Apricot Brandy, Calvados, Orange Juice Up in a cocktail glass Grenadine float
Boston Cocktail
Gin, Apricot Brandy, Lemon Juice, Grenadine Up in a cocktail glass
Antibes
Gin, Benedictine, Grapefruit Highball glass with ice Orange Slice
Pink Gin
Gin, Bitters Stirred up in a cocktail glass
Who is the oldest Champagne house to produce wine still in operation today?
Gosset, 1584
What is the oldest still-operating Champagne house?
Gosset, 1584.
Chouilly* Oiry* Cramant Avize Oger* Le Mesnil-sur-Oger*
Grand Cru Villages in Côte des Blancs
Where can you find "The Rocks"?
In Walla Walla Valley
Which premier crus of Ladoix produce white wine only?
Les Grechons et Foutrieres Le Rognet et Corton En Naget
Which two Savigny premier crus are located within Les Jarrons?
Les Hauts Jarrons LA DOMINODE
What distinguishes the soils in Les Musigny v. Les Petits Musigny?
Les Musigny is mostly limestone with some ferrous clay and pebbles; Les Petits Musigny has deeper soils with a higher percentage of clay.
MA
Marque d'Acheteur A buyer's own brand, often a large supermarket chain or restaurant, that purchases Champagne and sells it under its own label.
What does MA mean?
Marque d'Acheteur: A "Buyer's Own Brand" that purchases champagne and sells it under its own label.
Who owns Clos des Ducs?
Marquis d'Angerville (Volnay)
Which three communal appellations in the Cote d'Or have no premier crus?
Marsannay Chorey-les-Beaune Saint-Romain
Cote de Nuits North to South
Marsannay Fixin Gevrey-Chambertin Morey-Saint-Denis Chambolle-Musigny Vougeot Vosne-Romanee Nuits-Saint-Georges
Communes of Marsannay
Marsannay-la-Côte Chenôve Couchey
What is the southernmost AOC in France?
Martinique AOC
What is Rhum Ambré?
Martinique Rhum Agricole aged for 18mos in barrel
What process leads to wort?
Mashing: the combination of grist and hot water to extract sugars
What are the % for perry (pear cider) in the various Calvados appellations?
Maximum 30% in Pays d'Auge Minimum 30% in Domfrontais
Maximum press yield for Champagne AOP
Maximum Press Yield: 102 liters/160 kg (Additional pressed juice is rebêche, or the "end of pressing", and must account for 0-10% of the total. This may only be used for distillation.)
Maximum residual sugar allowed for Champagne AOP?
Maximum Residual Sugar: 10 g/l
Maximum yields are set at ____ hl/ha in Jerez Superior and ______ hl/ha elsewhere in the region.
Maximum yields are set at "80" hl/ha in Jerez Superior and "100" hl/ha elsewhere in the region.
Largest Grand Cru of Gevrey-Chambertin
Mazoyeres-Chambertin
Which Grand Cru may label as Charmes Chambertin?
Mazoyeres-Chambertin
McDowell Valley is essentially a monopole of which winery?
McDowell Valley Winery
With open access to the coast's cooling influence, _______________ experiences the greatest diurnal shift in the entire Willamette Valley: nighttime temperatures can plummet in the summertime by 40-50° F.
McMinnville
Named for the town on its northeastern edge, ________________ is located in Yamhill County and is the westernmost of the Willamette Valley's nested AVAs.
McMinnville (est. 2005)
Westernmost of the Willamette Valley's nested AVAs
McMinnville (est. 2005)
What Willamette Valley AVA sits right next to the Van Duzer Corridor?
McMinnville (est. 2005)
What is the soil type of McMinnville?
McMinnville has no defining geology—its vineyards lie on a complicated tangle of marine sedimentary and volcanic layers.
What is the Bordelais synonym for a Solomon?
Melchior
Flavor and Origin of Midori
Melon Japan
What are the AVA's of Mendocino County?
Mendocino Mendocino Ridge Anderson Valley Yorkville Highlands McDowell Valley Cole Ranch Redwood Valley Potter Valley Dos Rios Covelo Pine Mountain-Cloverdale Peak
Which AOP of the Chalonnaise is most productive in terms of output?
Mercurey
Major red grapes (2009 harvest) of British Columbia?
Merlot (36%), Cabernet Sauvignon (18%), Pinot Noir (14%), Cabernet Franc (10.5%)
Bugey Cerdon, Clairette de Die Méthode Dioise, and Gaillac Mousseux Méthode Gaillaçoise are examples of the style sparkling wine. What is it?
Methode Ancestrale
_______ is heavily cultivated in the sheltered vineyards of the frost-prone Vallée de la Marne, where its tendency to bud late and ripen early is prized by growers.
Meunier
Where is Coche-Dury based?
Meursault
Where is Comtes Lafon based?
Meursault
Where is Guy Roulot based?
Meursault
Who owns Clos des Reas?
Michel Gros (Vosne)
Who owns Clos du Chateau des Ducs?
Michel Lafarge (Volnay)
Who owns Clos Saint-Marc?
Michele et Patrice Rion (Nuits)
What are the three operating distilleries in Ireland?
Midleton (Jameson) Bushmills Cooley
What is koji?
Milled and steamed rich that has been inoculated with koji-kin.
What does XO Premium indicate on a bottle of Armagnac?
Minimum 20 years aging
What are the requirements for rye?
Minimum 51% rye
What are the requirements for corn whiskey?
Minimum 80% corn - may be aged in used or uncharred new barrels.
Minimum must weight levels for Champagne AOP
Minimum Must Weight: 143 g/l
Minimum planting density for Champagne AOP
Minimum Planting Density: max. 2.5 square meters per vine
Minimum potential alcohol for Champagne AOP?
Minimum Potential Alcohol: 9%
Flavor and Origin of Crème de Menthe
Mint Various
Why isn't pointage still performed in Champagne?
Newer strains of yeast generally preclude the need for pointage, and most houses have abandoned the practice
The Niagara Peninsula is the largest viticultural area and is subdivided into two regional appellations. What are they?
Niagara Escarpment Niagara-on-the-Lake.
What is considered the largest viticultural area in Ontario?
Niagara Peninsula
What are the four main appellations of Ontario?
Niagara Peninsula Lake Erie North Shore Pelee Island Prince Edward County
What are the sub-appellations of Niagara-on-the-Lake?
Niagara River Niagara Lakeshore Four Mile Creek St. David's Bench
Where is Inniskillin located?
Niagara-on-the-Lake
What are the regional appellations of Niagara Peninsula?
Niagara-on-the-Lake Niagara Escarpment
Unfiltered Sake
Nigori Sake
What is the name for the measure of sweetness in sake?
Nihonshu-do
What is Rebêche, and what is it used for?
The third and final pressing of Champagne, comprising 1-10% of the total, used for distillate
1987, 1984, 1982, 1981, 1980, 1978, 1977, 1974, 1972 (Germany)
Poor vintages for Germany from 1990 to 1971
2013, 2000, 1994, 1991 (Germany)
Poor vintages for Germany from 2016 to 1990
2011, 2010, 2009, 2001, 2000, 1998 (Napa)
Poor vintages for Napa from 2016 to 1990
2008, 2002, 1993, 1992 (Northern Rhone)
Poor vintages for Northern Rhone from 2016 to 1990
2011, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 Oregon
Poor vintages for Oregon PN between 2016-1990
2011, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 Oregon PN
Poor vintages for Oregon PN between 2016-1990
2014, 2013, 2007, 2003, 2002, 1991 Priorat
Poor vintages for Priorat between 2016 to 1990
2000, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991 Sauternes
Poor vintages for Sauternes
2011, 2003, 1998 Sonoma CH
Poor vintages for Sonoma CH
2008, 2002, 1997, 1996, 1992, 1991 (Southern Rhone)
Poor vintages for Southern Rhone from 2016 to 1990
1996 and 1991 Washington
Poor vintages for Washington between 2016-1990
2014, 2013, 2000 Loire Valley
Poor vintages for the Loire Valley between 2016 to 2000
2011, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2003, 2000 (Barossa and McLaren Vale)
Poor vintages from Barossa and McLaren Vale from 2016 to 1996.
What is Mosto Presna
Poor-quality press wine, used for distillate
For ales, a top-fermenting yeast (___________________) is added to the wort. Top-fermenting yeasts prefer warmer temperatures and result in fruity and richly-flavored beers.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What is the latin for top fermenting yeast?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What winemaking regions are located in the Mediterranee IGP?
Rhone Valley and Provence
Its small size makes it one of the most densely planted areas in the entire Chehalem Mountains AVA.
Ribbon Ridge (est 2005)
Beaux Frères and Brick House are located in what AVA of Willamette Valley?
Ribbon Ridge (est. 2005)
The ________________ AVA is a single spur extending southward from the Chehalem Mountains. It reaches 683 ft. in elevation, and at 3,350 acres it is the smallest AVA within the Willamette Valley.
Ribbon Ridge AVA
Smallest AVA within the Willamette Valley.
Ribbon Ridge AVA (est. 2005)
What are the dominate vities vinifera varieties in Niagara Peninsula?
Riesling, Chardonnay, Cabernet Franc, and Pinot Noir are the dominant vinifera varieties in the Niagara Peninsula.
What is sparging?
Rinsing the spent mash with fresh water to extract more sugar and flavor - will extract more bitterness as well.
Who founded the Comité Interprofessional du Vin de Champagne (CIVC), and when?
Robert-Jean de Vogüé (Moët et Chandon) in 1941
What characterizes Amontillado sherry?
Robust, hazelnut characters and slightly higher alcohol, with deep flavor and color. Final abv 16-22%.
Who has the more likely hood of rot in the vineyard: Willamette or Burgundy?
Rot therefore becomes less of a worry in Oregon's dry summers than to the vignerons of Burgundy.
Style of wines produced for Coteaux Bourguignons AOP
Rouge & Rosé
What are the styles and varietals of Irancy AOP?
Rouge only: Pinot Noir plus <10% Pinot Gris/Cesar
Style of wines produced under Bourgogne AOP
Rouge, Blanc, Rosé
"Dom Ruinart" (Blanc de Blancs and Rosé)
Ruinart (Reims) "Dom Ruinart" Blanc de Blanc, Rosé: 85% Chardonnay, 15% Pinot Noir Dom Ruinart: 1959, Dom Ruinart Rosé: 1966
What is the oldest Champagne house established for sparkling wine?
Ruinart, 1729.
Who is the oldest Champagne house to produce sparkling wines?
Ruinart, established in 1729, can claim to be the oldest sparkling Champagne house
Which AOP of the Chalonnaise devotes the most acreage to Cremant?
Rully
Cote Chalonnaise North to South
Rully Bouzeron Mercurey Givry Montagny
RC
Récoltant Coopérateur A grower whose grapes are vinified at a co-operative, but sells the wine under his own label.
What does RC mean?
Récoltant Coopérateur: a grower who vinifies at a co-op but produces wine under his own label
What is the latin for bottom fermenting yeast?
Saccharomyces pastorianus
Bottom-fermenting yeast (______________________) is used for lagers, and results in a more delicate, cleaner beer.
Saccharomyces pastorianus, formerly called Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
What does RM mean?
Récoltant Manipulant: a grower-producer who makes Champagne from estate grown fruit (<95%)
Total production for Regionale wines in Burgundy?
Régionale wines comprise about 50% of production,
A firm, not a co-operative, set up by a union of often related growers, who share resources to make their wines and collectively market several brands. What type of Champagne producer is this?
SR (Société de Récoltants)
Saccharomyces pastorianus, formerly called ________________________
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
What is the former name for Saccharomyces pastorianus?
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
What two valleys make up California's Central Valley?
Sacramento Valley San Joaquin Valley
Flavor and Origin of Strega
Saffron/Herbs/Spices Italy
Beaujolais Crus North to South
Saint-Amour Julienas Chenas Moulin-a-Vent Fleurie Chiroubles Morgon Regnie Cote de Brouilly Brouilly
From Hainaut Province in Belgium
Saison
Although "_______" in Japanese is a general term for all alcoholic beverages, but it is commonly defined in English as an alcoholic beverage produced from fermented rice.
Sake
nihonshudo
Sake Value Meter
Sake may be bone dry to sweet; the level of residual sugar is often indicated on the label as a number on the ________________________.
Sake Value Meter (nihonshudo).
What is taruzake?
Sake matured in wooden cask
What is the state capital of Oregon?
Salem
If Vino de Color is reduced to 1/3 the original size, what is it called?
Sancocho
Aging for Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda DO must be carried out where?
Sanlúcar de Barrameda
Manzanilla Fina, Manzanilla Pasada, and Manzanilla Olorosa are produced where in Jerez?
Sanlúcar de Barrameda
Which AVA southeast of SF is NOT included in the Central Coast?
Santa Cruz Mountains
What are the AVAs of Santa Barbara County?
Santa Maria Valley Santa Inez Valley Sta. Rita Hills Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara Ballard Canyon
Flavor and Origin of Advocaat
Sweetened Egg Denmark
Dulce de almíbar
Sweetening agent that is a blend of invert sugar and Fino, is rare.
dulce pasa, dulce de almíbar, mistela
Sweetening agents that are available to the Sherry producer.
What is Reinheitsgebot?
The Bavarian Purity Law
The valley's oldest Pinot Noir vineyards were planted by UC Davis grads with the Wädenswil (UCD 1A and 2A) and Pommard (UCD 4 and UCD 5) clones of Pinot Noir—cuttings taken from their alma mater. Which one became the favorite?
The Pommard clone was an early favorite, as it seemed to generate lusher, darker fruit and spice flavors, even as Eyrie's eye-opening "South Block" Pinot Noir was a product of Wädenswil.
Wines destined for biological aging are primarily sourced from what soils and what pressing?
The Primera Yema, from grapes grown on finer albariza soils.
Wines destined for oxidative aging are primarily sourced from what pressing?
The Segunda Yema.
Certification of age (either 12 or 15) for use on a label applies to the individual lot of drawn wine, or the entire solera?
The entire solera
What is moromi?
The fermenting mash: moto, with successive additions of water, rice, and koji, which ferments for up to 45 days.
What is the volume of the Vin de Cuvée?
The first 2,050L
What is required for junmai?
The grain is 30% polished. The producer must print seimaibuai on the label, and use only water, rice, and koji (no brewers alcohol).
What is required for ginjo?
The grain is 40% polished.
What is required for daiginjo?
The grain is 50% polished.
What is tequila produced from?
The heart of the blue agave plant, minimum 51%
What is shinpaku?
The heart of the rice grain.
What benefits does the elevation add to the vineyards of Dundee Hills?
The hills' elevation limits frost exposure, provides better air drainage to shield against botrytis, and brings the vineyards up and out of the valley floor's vigorous flood-borne soils.
What effect does the levante winds have on the vineyard?
The howling levante blows from the east and essentially cooks the grapes on the vine during ripening process.
prise de mousse
The second fermentation, or prise de mousse, is the heart of the méthode Champenoise.
What lead Domaine Drouhin to buy land in Oregon?
The second tasting, in which Eyrie competed amidst a blind flight of Burgundy grands crus assembled by Robert Drouhin, brought the Beaune négociant closer to purchasing Oregon property. Lett's response to the sudden spotlight, inexplicably, was to take his "South Block" Pinot Noir off the market—for the next 27 years!
What is prise de mousse?
The secondary fermentation
What is moto?
The starter for sake: koji, yeast, additional rice, and water.
What is dégorgement à la volée?
The traditional method, which uses the air bubble trapped in the bottle to eject the sediment plug.
What does heating up sake do to the beverage?
The traditional practice of heating sake will disrupt the delicate nature of premium sake, yet masks flaws in lower quality sakes.
What is oude Genever?
The traditional style, incorporating >15% malt wine.
What is Transvasage?
The transfer, or Kriter method: The wine undergoes secondary fermentation in bottle, but rather than submit to riddling, the bottles are disgorged into a pressurized tank, filtered, and then bottled with dosage.
What is La Moutonne?
The unofficial 8th Grand Cru of Chablis, located between Les Preuses and Vaudesir, and a monopole of Long-Depaquit
From whence do the terms pétillant, crémant (demi-mousseux) and grand mousseux stem?
The unpredictable variance in the level of mousse in early champagnes.
Because the cost of making sparkling Champagne was so expensive early on, what were the smaller growers forced to do with their fruit?
They would sell fruit to the larger houses, which could manage the costs of both production and marketing.
Some of the best Pinot Noir vineyards in the Willamette Valley today—are south- or southeast-facing, but growers are beginning to look more seriously at the north slopes. Why would they do this?
They're eyeing an uncertain future climate.
"Fine" means what for Cognac?
this term may be applied to either Grande Champagne or Petite Champagne ("Grande Fine Champagne" and "Petite Fine Champagne") but it does not provide any additional information
Brandy de Jerez Solera Reserva brandies age for an average _______ years
three years
Does vintage Cognac exist?
Yes, but it's very rare.
What is the second distillation of Cognac?
Bonne Chauffe
__________ is often presented as a more feminine counterpart to whiskey; in its premier forms the spirit evokes delicate aromas of flowers, fruit, subtle oak and spice.
Brandy
____________ is a protected designation for brandies produced in the region of sherry and aged in a similar solera method.
Brandy de Jerez
The Italian producer _________ makes Cognac-style brandies from Trebbiano grapes—the Italian synonym for Ugni Blanc.
Buton
___________ AOC, first defined in 1909 and finalized in 1938, surrounds the town of the same name to the northeast of the Bordeaux region.
Cognac AOC
__________ and ___________, two delimited regions of brandy production in southwest France, have historically produced the world's best brandies.
Cognac and Armagnac
How many times is Cognac distilled and in what type of still?
Cognac is distilled twice in a copper Charentais pot still
In comparison to Cognac, how is Armagnac viewed?
Armagnac may not have the mass market appeal of the major Cognac houses—Rémy Martin, Hennessy, Martell, Courvoisier—but it is a unique spirit: more rustic, more fiery, and more flavorful than Cognac.
The German distiller ________ produces Weinbraund (German brandy) in a Charentais pot still, using base wine produced from _______ grapes.
Asbach; Cognac grapes
A distilled spirit made from pomace is known as what in Portugal?
Bagaceira
The ________-Armagnac (literally Low-Armagnac, a reference to its altitude rather than its quality) is the westernmost region, and is located principally in the Landes department.
Bas-Armagnac
coeur
Heart
Who are some notable producers in Armagnac?
Larressingle and Château Laubade are two prominent producers, with the latter concentrating on vintage releases.
What is the traditional oak for Cognac?
Limousin or Tronçais
A distilled spirit made from pomace is known as what in France?
Marc
Spain has an important tradition of brandy production, predating that of Cognac, in ___________.
Andalucía
As in Cognac, the cellarmaster will blend a number of barrel selections (_________) in order to achieve a desired style that remains consistent throughout the years.
coupage
What is the minimum aging for all AOC Cognac?
2 years in oak
All age indications refer to the youngest Cognac in the blend. True or False?
True
VS / *** for Cognac
de Luxe / Grand Choix / Surchoix: min. 2 years old
secondes
second cuts
In 2016, what will the minimum age for XO Cognac become?
10 years
What is the major soil type in Grande and Petite Champagne?
Soft Chalk
To list a specific region, how much of the Cognac must come from there?
100%
For Cognac, the first distillation produces a spirit of _______% alcohol called the ___________.
28-32%; brouillis
coupage
A blend of a number of barrel selections
Brandy de Jerez is distilled in copper stills (alquitaras) from wines based on ________ and ________ grapes.
Airén and Palomino grapes
Many of the region's most notable sherry producers also make Brandy de Jerez, including ____________, ___________, and ___________.
Domecq, Emilio Lustau, Osborne
What is XO?
Extra Old: Cognac matured at least 6 years in cask.
What are some other varietals permitted in Cognac?
Folle Blanche, Colombard, and other varieties are permitted but rare.
Armagnac is a brandy that hails from the _________ region of Southwestern France.
Gascony
Cognac and Armagnac are not the only regions of brandy production in France; brandies labeled as Fine de Bordeaux, Fine de Bourgogne, and Fine de la Marne are made in each corresponding region. Is it common to come across these bottles?
No
Californian brandies, made from 100% Californian grapes, have historically been of lesser quality, but newer entries from producers like ____________, an artisan producer in Ukiah, are generating great praise.
Germain-Robin
The first to distill a single varietal—Picolit—for grappa, produce refined and aromatic examples.
Giannola Nonino
What are the six regions of Cognac?
Grande Champagne Petite Champagne Borderies Fins Bois Bons Bois Bois Ordinaires (Bois à Terroirs)
In comparison to the other regions of Cognac, how does the soil differ in Grande and Petite Champagne?
Grande Champagne and Petite Champagne have a high percentage of soft chalk, the preferred soil for Cognac, whereas the outlying appellations have higher proportions of hard limestone, sand and clay.
What two terms indicate a Cognac with at least five years of age?
Grande Réserve VVSOP
The Italian grappa long suffered a reputation of lower quality—often likened to jet fuel in character and strength. Today, happily, many quality grappas are produced throughout Italy, particularly in regions associated with fine wine. Who are two producers that changed this image?
Jacopo Poli and Giannola Nonino
What is the oldest known eau de vie in France?
Just recently, documents were discovered showing that distillation took place in the Armagnac region more than 700 years ago, making it the oldest known eau de vie in France.
Lighter brandies are produced in Catalonia, from producers such as ____________.
Miguel Torres
Can a spirit made from pomace be labeled as a brandy?
No. Pomace spirits are produced from pomace—the remnants left after pressing grapes—rather than wine and are therefore not brandies, but they share similar characteristics.
_________, a brandy produced in Chile and Peru, is not typically aged in wood and is experiencing resurgent popularity in the US as the base of the Pisco Sour cocktail.
Pisco
What is the reason for a Armagnac producer to make a vintage bottling?
Rather than masking differences in years with the blender's skill, vintage bottles highlight the distinction of a particular harvest.
How many batches of brouillis are typically returned to the boiler for the second distillation of Cognac?
Several batches of brouillis are returned to the boiler to be distilled again, to extract the "soul" of Cognac.
What is the EU definition of Brandy?
Spirit distilled from grapes (not pomace). Minimum abv of 36% 6 mos minimum oak aging.
What cut of the bonne chauffe becomes Cognac?
The Coeur, making up about 40% of the Bonne Chauffe
Where is Haut-Armagnac located?
The Haut-Armagnac runs along the eastern border of the Ténarèze and the southern border of the Bas-Armagnac.
What does the minimum age refer to?
The youngest eau-de-vie in the blend.
What two components are allowed to be added during bottling of Cognac to adjust the color and strength?
Water and caramel may be added to fix the spirit's strength and color prior to bottling.
After the bonne chauffe (second distillation) of Cognac, what is the abv of the coeur (the heart) and what is it aged in?
This colorless spirit of approximately 70% abv is placed in oak casks, traditionally sourced from the Limousin and Tronçais forests, to age, mellow and develop
"Champagne" in Cognac does not indicate sparkling wine; rather it is a reflection of the word's etymological origin—a derivation of the Latin word for "plain"—and a similarity in soil. True or False?
True
In France, marc is produced in most wine regions but the best examples are made in Champagne, Alsace, and Burgundy. True or False?
True
How is Cognac distilled?
Twice, in a Charantais pot still.
The __________, located further east, sees a slight rise in altitude as well as a shift from sand to clay and limestone. With additional nutrients and better water retention, the appellation has soil much better adapted to the production of quality wine. What appellation in Armagnac is this?
Ténarèze
Is it possible to aromatize grappa?
Yes, grappa may be aromatized, with the addition of herbal, spice, or fruit flavor.
Portugal produces brandies called ______________
aguardente
Copper stills in Jerez are known as what?
alquitaras
the tête
heads
The distiller separates the _______, ________ and ________ from the coeur, which makes up about _____% of the total volume of the brouillis and alone becomes Cognac.
heads, seconds and tails; 40%
Guidelines for labeling a Cognac by subzone?
if labeled by a subzone of production (i.e. "Grande Champagne"), 100% of the eaux-de-vie must originate in the stated subzone
Where is La Chapelle Notre Dame?
Ladoix-Serrigny
What is the soil like in "Fins Bois"?
"groies" (hard red limestone) and clay
Flavor and Origin of Maraschino
Cherry Croatia
Flavor and Origin of Cherry Heering
Cherry Denmark
Phoebe Snow
Cognac, Dubonnet Rouge, Absinthe, Angostura Stirred up in cocktail glass
Who owns Romanee-Conti?
DRC
German, ceased production in 1956. What trappist beer is this?
Mariawald
Beaunois
"Beaunois"— Chardonnay from Beaune
Tete de Cuvee for Perrier Jouet
"Belle Époque" (bottled as "Fleur de Champagne" for the US market)
Details on Krug's (NM, Reims) "Clos d'Ambonnay" (0.68 ha, Ambonnay)
"Clos d'Ambonnay": 100% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage: 1995
Details on Krug's "Clos du Mesnil" (1.84 ha, Le Mesnil-sur-Oger)
"Clos du Mesnil": 100% Chardonnay Inaugural vintage was 1979
Who founded Buena Vista Winery?
"Count" Agoston Haraszthy, in 1849
What is shiboritate?
"Freshly pressed" - sake shipped without the traditional six-month maturation period.
Producers may legally label Medium Sherries with additional traditional terms, such as ____________.
"Golden," "Milk," or "Brown."
Chartogne Taillet's "Les Alliées"
"Les Alliées" (planted in 1969, Merfy) 100% Meunier Inaugural vintage was 2008 (NV)
Chartogne Taillet's "Les Barres"
"Les Barres" (ungrafted vines, Merfy) 100% Meunier Inaugural vintage: 2006 (in some years, this has been released as NV)
Chartogne Taillet's "Les Orizeaux"
"Les Orizeaux" (planted in 1961, grafted, Merfy) 100% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage: 2007 (NV)
"Nicolas François Billecart" Who makes this wine? Where are they located? What is the blend? What was the inaugural vintage?
"Nicolas Francois Billecart" is produced by Billecart-Salmon (Mareuil-sur-Aÿ), made from 60% Pinot Noir and 40% Chardonnay. Its inaugural vintage was 1955.
What is délestage?
"Racking and returning" - pumping the fermenting wine out of the tank and pouring it back over the cap
The Dundee Hills AVA was originally going to be called what?
"Red Hills of Dundee" AVA, reflecting the hills' nearly uniform red Jory series soils.
Since 2011, what is required on all wines produced in Sonoma County, regardless of whether the label indicates an AVA?
"Sonoma County"
Lett's name has been enshrined: he produced a 1975 Eyrie "__________" Pinot Noir that entered competitions in Paris in ______ and Beaune in 1980, finishing in third and second place, respectively.
"South Block"; 1979
What would be the certified age statement for a Sherry that has an average age of over 20 years.
"VOS" (Vinum Optimum Signatum, or "Very old Sherry")
One winemaker describes the Van Duzer winds as "_______________"
"catastrophic" Note: the effect is to denude vines, to reduce berry size and crop load, to produce thicker skins, and to create general stress for the vine and grower.
Details on Bollinger's "Vielles Vignes Francaises"
"Vielles Vignes Françaises": 1969. Pinot Noir derived from two single plots adjacent to the House in Aÿ: Non-grafted vines grown in the traditional en foule layering system and worked entirely by hand.
DOs of Andalucía
-Condado de Huelva DO -Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO and Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda DO -Málaga DO -Montilla-Moriles DO -Sierras de Málaga DO
If an American whiskey does not list an age statement...
...then the whiskey is at least 4 years old.
Brut grams per liter?
0-12 grams per liter
What is the residual sugar in Brut Champagne?
0-12g/L
Brut Nature* grams per liter?
0-3 grams per liter Brut Nature wines may not contain any added dosage
Extra Brut grams per liter?
0-6 grams per liter
What is the residual sugar in Extra Brut Champagne?
0-6g/L
How long do Solera labeled brandies age?
1 year
How long is añejo Tequila aged?
1-3 years
Which Trappist Abbey is no longer in production?
Mariawald (Germany)
How much alcohol is generally acquired during the secondary fermentation?
1.2-1.3%
How long do Solera Gran Reserva labeled brandies age?
10 years
How long must vintage Armagnac age before release?
10 years
In terms of Missoula Deposits, today about _______% of the Willamette Valley's vineyards are on these low-lying, deep, fertile soils; they compose the valley floor and are best purposed for other forms of agriculture.
10%
Cognac may be labeled under an individual region, such as Grande Champagne, provided _____% of the eau-de-vie originated in the named area
100%
For a single vineyard wine approved by the VQA, what % of grapes must come from that vineyard?
100%
For wines further labeled by sub-viticultural area (i.e. Niagara River), ______% of the grapes must be grown in the stated sub-viticultural area.
100%
VQA wines from Ontario or British Columbia must be made from ______% of grapes grown in the respective province.
100%
What is required to qualify a wine as Estate Bottled?
100% of the wine must come from grapes grown on land owned or controlled by the winery, and the vineyards and the winery itself must be within the same AVA.
The CIVC set a limit on press yield in 1992. What is it?
102L/160kg of grapes, or 2550L/4000kg (4000kg is the capacity of a Coquard basket press)
Vino Generoso de Licor Cream: _______ g/l residual sugar, usually produced from Oloroso
115-140 g/l
Balthazar
12 L (16 bottles)
What is a Salamanazar?
12 bottles/9L
By law, all Champagne cannot be disgorged before what time elapses?
12 months from tirage.
Extra Dry grams per liter?
12-17 grams per liter
What is the residual sugar in Extra Dry Champagne?
12-17g/L
NM/ND/MA are prohibited from farming more than how much land (whether owned or rented)?
15 hectares
NV Champagne cannot be released to market before when?
15 months from tirage
Minimum Alcohol for Fino?
15-17% (the process of biological aging may reduce alcohol content below 15%)
Minimum alcohol for Medium/Dry Sherry?
15-22%
Minimum alcohol for Pale Cream/Cream Sherry?
15.5-22%
The simple beer formula was detailed as early as _______, in the Bavarian Purity Law (_________________), which codified the three ingredients authorized for beer production as barley, hops, and water—the action of yeast in fermentation was as of yet undiscovered, and wheat, a component of Hefe Weizen and White Beer styles, was reserved for the production of bread.
1516; Reinheitsgebot
What is a Balthazar?
16 bottles/12L
The final alcohol content of Amontillado must be between _______________.
16% and 22%.
Minimum alcohol for Amontillado?
16-22%
How many Champagne Grand Cru Villages are there?
17
Oloroso must range from _____% to _____% abv.
17% to 22%
What abv are gordura wines fortified to?
17-18%
Minimum alcohol for Oloroso and Palo Cortado?
17-22%
What is the residual sugar in Sec Champagne?
17-32 g/L
Base wines entered into the cabeceo must have a minimum abv of ______%.
17.5%
By early 2015, the state claimed ______ AVAs in whole or in part.
18 AVAs
Solomon
18 L (24 bottles)
Quarter Bottle (Piccolo)
187 ml
When did Sherry become a favorite for the British?
1870s
When did phylloxera hit Champagne?
1890
When was Champagne first delimited, and what was controversial about the decision?
1908; it originally excluded the Aube
When was the Aube added to the appellation?
1927
Jerez-Xeres-Sherry DO and Manzanilla Sanlucar de Barrameda DO were established in what year?
1933
When was the Malaga DO established?
1935
When was Champagne made an AOC?
1936
When was the Burgundy AOC established?
1937
When was Beaujolais Nouveau first authorized?
1951
In _______ Lett brought Pinot Noir to the Willamette Valley, establishing the original ________ Vineyard on a south-facing slope in the ___________ in 1966.
1965; Eyrie Vineyard; Dundee Hills
Top vintages in Bordeaux from 1970 to 1959
1966, 1962, 1961, 1959 (Bordeaux)
Worst vintages in Bordeaux from 1970 to 1959
1969, 1968, 1967, 1965, 1963, 1960 (Bordeaux)
Inaugural vintage for Pierre Peters' "Cuvee Speciale les Chetillons"?
1971 - released as 'Cuvée Spéciale, sold as Special Club 2000 - first vintage to include the vineyard name 'Les Chétillons' on the label
When was Special Club founded, and how many producers does it contain?
1971; 29 producers
David Adelsheim planted his first vines among the Chehalem Mountains in _______.
1972
Myron Redford planted the first vineyard in the Eola-Amity Hills in 1970 and launched Amity Vineyards in ________.
1974
When did Napa Valley gain AVA status?
1981
When was a minimum value of 80 set for the échelle de Crus?
1985
Top vintages for Cote Nuits from 1990 to 1952
1985, 1978, 1976, 1971, 1969, 1959 (Cote Nuits)
Top vintages for Champagne from 1990 to 1964
1985, 1982, 1979, 1971, 1964 (Champagne)
In ________, when Robert Drouhin purchased an estate in the Dundee Hills and declared that his family would grow Pinot Noir in two places—Burgundy and Oregon.
1987
Worst vintages in Bordeaux from 1990 to 1970
1987, 1977, 1974, 1972 (Bordeaux)
Top vintages in Napa from 1990 to 1968
1987, 1984, 1978, 1974, 1968 (Napa)
Poor vintages for Germany from 1990 to 1971
1987, 1984, 1982, 1981, 1980, 1978, 1977, 1974, 1972 (Germany)
What year was the Rehoboam discontinued?
1989
British Columbia established its VQA standards in ________.
1990
Phylloxera made its first recorded appearance in the Willamette Valley in _____, and many of the Willamette Valley's most historic, own-rooted vineyards now live with infestation.
1990
When did one's ranking in the échelle de Crus change from a set price to a recommendation of pricing?
1990
Top vintages for Germany from 1990 to 1949
1990, 1976, 1971, 1969, 1959, 1953, 1949 (Germany)
Top vintages for Southern Rhone from 1990 to 1966
1990, 1981, 1979, 1978, 1970, 1967, 1966 (Southern Rhone)
Top vintages for Northern Rhone from 1990 to 1964
1990, 1985, 1982, 1979, 1978, 1976, 1969, 1966, 1964 (Northern Rhone)
Top vintages in Piedmont from 1990-1965
1990, 1989, 1985, 1974, 1971, 1967, 1964, 1961 (Piedmont)
Top vintages in Bordeaux from 1990 to 1970
1990, 1989, 1986, 1985, 1982, 1975 (Bordeaux)
What was the last vintage of Musigny blanc?
1993
Poor vintages for Washington between 2016-1990
1996 and 1991
The Ontario VQA debuted in 1988 but it did not gain the force of law until __________.
1999
Canada's modern history of winemaking begins in the early _______ century, but _____________vines were not planted on a commercial scale until the 1970s
19th century Vitis vinifera
What is a Magnum?
2 bottles/1.5L
What is the minimum solera aging for sherry as of 2010? What was the previous minimum?
2 years as of 2010; previously 3 years.
What AVA was added to Washington in 2013, and where is it?
Ancient Lakes; in Columbia Valley, north of Wahluke Slope
For every liter drawn from a VOS solera, how many must remain?
20
What is a Nebuchadnezzar?
20 bottles/15L
Poor vintages for Sauternes
2000, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991
Poor vintages for Alsace
2003, 2000, 1999, 1993, 1992 Vintages for Alsace
Poor Vintages for Champagne from 2016 to 1990
2003, 2000, 1999, 1997, 1991, 1987, 1984 (Champagne)
What was the last harvest that aligote was authorized for the whites of Beaujolais?
2004
Poor vintages for Northern Rhone from 2016 to 1990
2008, 2002, 1993, 1992 (Northern Rhone)
Poor vintages for Southern Rhone from 2016 to 1990
2008, 2002, 1997, 1996, 1992, 1991 (Southern Rhone)
Top vintages for Austria from 2016 to 2001
2008, 2006 (Austria)
Top vintages in Chile
2009 and 2007
Good vintages for Sonoma and Napa CH
2009, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2002, 2001, 1999, 1997, 1996 Sonoma and Napa CH
Top vintages for Priorat between 2016 to 1990
2010, 2005, 2001
Top vintages in Tuscany from 2015-1985
2010, 2007, 2006, 2001, 1999, 1997, 1990, 1988, 1985 (Tuscany)
Good vintages for Sonoma PN
2010, 2009, 2007 (Sonoma PN)
Top vintages for Alsace
2010, 2009, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1997, 1990 Vintages for Alsace
Poor Vintages for Sonoma PN
2011, 2001, 2000, 1998, 1997, 1996 Sonoma PN
Poor vintages for Sonoma CH
2011, 2003, 1998 Sonoma CH
Top Port vintages from 2014 to 1900
2011, 2007, 2003, 1994, 1977, 1948, 1945, 1927
Poor vintages for Oregon PN between 2016-1990
2011, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991
Poor vintages from Barossa and McLaren Vale from 2016 to 1996.
2011, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2003, 2000 (Barossa and McLaren Vale)
Top vintages in Rioja from 2015 to 1990
2011, 2010, 2005, 2004, 2001*, 1992, 1991 (Rioja)
Poor vintages for Napa from 2016 to 1990
2011, 2010, 2009, 2001, 2000, 1998 (Napa)
Top vintages for Washington between 2016-1990
2012, 2005, 2002, 1999
Top vintages for Champagne from 2016 to 1990
2012, 2008, 2004, 2002, 1996, 1995, 1990 (Champagne)
Poor vintages for Germany from 2016 to 1990
2013, 2000, 1994, 1991 (Germany)
Worst vintages in Bordeaux from 2015 to 1990
2013, 2007, 1997, 1993, 1992 (Bordeaux)
Worst vintages in Piedmont from 2014-1990
2014, 2005, 2002, 1994, 1992, 1991 (Piedmont)
Poor vintage for Austria from 2016 to 2001
2014, 2010, 2003 (Austria)
Poor vintages for the Loire Valley between 2016 to 2000
2014, 2013, 2000 A lot of under-performing vintages during this time frame, except for 2016, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2002
Poor vintages for Priorat between 2016 to 1990
2014, 2013, 2007, 2003, 2002, 1991
Good vintages for Santa Barbara CH
2015, 2009, 2002, 1997, 1996
Top vintages in Piedmont from 2016-1990
2015, 2010, 2007, 2006, 2004, 2001, 2000, 1996, 1990 (Piedmont)
Top vintages in Bordeaux from 2015 to 1990
2015, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2000, 1995, 1990 (Bordeaux)
Top vintages for Cote Nuits from 2016 to 1990
2015, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1996 (Cote Nuits)
Top vintages for Germany from 2016 to 1990
2015, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005, 2001, 1990 (Germany)
Top vintages from Barossa and McLaren Vale from 2016 to 1996
2015, 2012, 2010, 2005, 2004, 1998, 1996 (Barossa and McLaren Vale)
Top vintages for Napa from 2016 to 1990
2015, 2013, 2012, 2007, 2005, 1997, 1995, 1994 (Napa)
Worst vintages in Tuscany
2015, 2014, 2002, 1992, 1984, 1980 (Tuscany)
Good vintages for Oregon PN
2015, 2014, 2012, 2010, 2008, 2002, Oregon PN
Top vintages for Chablis from 2016 to 1990
2015, 2014, 2012, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1997 (Chablis)
Top vintages for Sauternes
2015, 2014, 2013, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2007, 2001, 1999, 1990 Sauternes
Top vintages for Côte de Beaune
2015-2009, 2005 Cote de Beaune
Poor vintages for Cote de Beaune
2016, 2003, 1999, 1993, 1991 Cote de Beaune
Worst vintages for Chablis from 2016 to 1990
2016, 2003, 2000, 1999, 1994, 1993 (Chablis)
Top vintages for Loire Valley between 2016 to 2000
2016, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2002
Worst vintages for Cote Nuits from 2016 to 1990
2016, 2013, 2008, 2001, 2000, 1994, 1992, 1991 (Cote Nuits)
Top vintages for Northern Rhone from 2016 to 1990
2016, 2015, 2010, 2009, 2005, 1999, 1990 (Northern Rhone)
Top Vintages for Southern Rhone from 2016 to 1990
2016, 2015, 2012, 2010, 2009, 2007, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1990 (Southern Rhone)
Top vintages for Oregon PN between 2016-1990
2016-2012, 2006, 1999
Details on Bollinger's "R.D."?
23 crus (71% Grands crus and 29% Premiers crus), blend of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir, and fermented entirely in barrels. Inaugural vintage 1952. Bollinger is located in Ay
What is a Solomon?
24 bottles/18L
How many Champagne Special Club producers are there?
29
How is Calvados distilled and aged?
2x in a copper pot still. aged for a minimum of 2 years in oak casks.
What is the minimum pressure for Pays d'Auge cidre?
3 atmospheres
How long do Solera Reserva labeled brandies age?
3 years
How old is Vieux or Réserve Calvados?
3 years
Vintage Champagne cannot be released to market before when?
3 years from tirage
What do Vieux, Hors d'Age, and VO indicated on a bottle of Rhum Agricole?
3 years in oak
How long is extra añejo Tequila aged?
3+ years
Where is Sherry from
Andalucía on the southern coast of Spain
For every liter drawn from a VORS solera, how many must remain?
30
For every liter removed from a barrel VORS Sherry, how many liters must remain in the barrel?
30 liters must remain in the solera for every liter withdrawn.
Chardonnay accounts for how much of Champagne's acreage?
30%
Pinot Meunier accounts from how much of Champagne's acreage?
32%
What is the residual sugar in Demi-Sec Champagne?
32-50 g/L
Demi-Sec grams per liter?
32-50 grams per liter
Brandy is defined by the EU as a distillation of wine—not pomace—with a minimum abv of ______% and a minimum oak aging period of ________.
36% and a minimum oak aging period of six months.
What is the minimum abv for vodka in the EU?
37.5%
How many communes qualify for Beaujolais-Villages?
38
Pinot Noir accounts for how much of Champagne's acreage?
38%
What is a Jeroboam?
4 bottles/3L
How old is Vieille Réserve, VO, or VSOP Calvados?
4 years
The alcohol content of beer is generally low—____% to ____%—but more potent beers are available.
4% to 6%
Maximum Planting Density for Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO and Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda DO?
4,100 vines per hectare
Where is Roederer Estate?
Anderson Valley
Which premier crus of Ladoix produce red wines only?
Bois Roussot Les Buis Les Joyeuses
What is the minimum abv for Armagnac?
40%
All of Ontario's appellations are located between ____° and _____° in latitude, where the cool continental climate is mitigated by the lake effect of the Great Lakes
41° and 44° in latitude
How many Champagne Premier Cru Villages are there?
43
Vino Generoso de Licor - Pale Cream: ________ g/l residual sugar, usually produced from Fino
45-115 g/l
Part of the Willamette Valley's allure, reinforced by the Drouhin family's Dundee Hills purchase in 1987, is in its climatic similarity to Burgundy. The two regions nearly align in terms of latitude, as the _______ parallel runs right through the northern Willamette Valley.
45th
In accordance with their relative weights, lagers should be served at ________° F, whereas lighter ales and draught bitter beers should be served at a warmer temperature—_______° F.
48-52° F; 54-57° F
What parallel is Champagne situated on?
48th
Vino Generoso: dry in style (max. ? g/l of residual sugar)
5 g/l
While icewine currently represents about half of Ontario's exports, it accounts for less than _____% of production.
5%
Vino Generoso de Licor -Medium: ________ g/l residual sugar, usually produced from Amontillado
5-115 g/l
Vino Generoso de Licor -Dry: _______ g/l residual sugar
5-45 g/l
What is Boukha?
A fig eau-de-vie from Tunisia?
German law requires what % of wheat for weizen bier?
50%
What maximum percent of rice grain remains for Daiginjo?
50%
What is the residual sugar in Doux Champagne?
50+ g/L
What % is required to varietally label vitis labrusca wines?
51%
What is a Rehoboam?
6 bottles/4.5L
How many Grand Cru Villages are there in Cotes des Blanc?
6 total
How old is XO / Hors d'Age / Extra / Napoléon Calvados?
6 years
How long is reposado Tequila aged?
60 days to 1 year
What maximum percent of rice grain remains for a Ginjo?
60%
What was the traditional fermentation vessel for sherry? What is more common now?
600L American Oak Butts; nowadays, most producers use stainless steel
How large is Paso Robles?
666,618 acres
How many AOP regions for crémant wines are produced by the traditional method?
7 Crémant de Bordeaux, Crémant de Bourgogne, Crémant de Loire, Crémant de Limoux, Crémant de Die, Crémant du Jura, Crémant d'Alsace.
What is the maximum amount of liquid per 100kg of grapes allowed for use in Sherry?
72.5L per 100kg. The rest is used for distillate or non-classified wines.
In Oregon, much commercial focus is on Pinot Noir and Pinot Gris, which in 2013 accounted for a combined 18,250 acres, or _____% of the state's vineyards.
75%
What is a Methuselah?
8 bottles/6L
How much of the viticultural area of the commune of Vougeot is taken up by the Clos du Vougeot?
80%
What % of Jerez's vineyards are located in Jerez Superior?
80%
______% of the appellation's vines are located in Jerez Superior, and most pagos (vineyards) are located within the area of Jerez de la Frontera
80%
What is generally the maximum elevation vines in Willamette can be planted on?
800-900 ft
For wines further labeled by viticultural area (i.e Niagara Peninsula), ______% of the grapes must be grown in the stated area.
85%
If labeled with a more appellations and regional appellations, Ontario VQA wines must contain a minimum _____%
85%
The northern valley between Salem and Portland is home to almost _____% of the AVA's Pinot Noir, and all six of the Willamette Valley's smaller, nested AVAs are also located here, roughly encircling McMinnville.
85%
Varietal wines from both Ontario and British Columbia must contain a minimum _____% of the stated variety.
85%
With the exception of sparkling wines, all Ontario VQA wines must be labeled with a vintage date and contain a minimum _______% of grapes harvested in that year.
85%
How many Grand Cru Villages are there in Montagne de Reims?
9
Salmanazar
9 L (12 bottles)
If labeled with a more precise appellation, British Columbia VQA wines must contain a minimum _____% of grapes grown in the stated appellation
95%
What % is required to list a single vineyard?
95%
What % of vineyard acreage in Jerez is given over to Palomino? What are the sub-varieties?
95% of acreage. Sub-varieties are Palomino Fino (more prevalent) and Palomino de Jerez
How long must Cremant de Bourgogne and Bourgogne Mousseux be aged before release?
9mos en tirage for both. Bourgogne Mousseux may be released immediately, whereas Cremant de Bourgogne cannot be released before 1 year from tirage
What is the mandatory encépagement/assemblage for Pays d'Auge cidre?
>70% bitter varieties and >15% acidic varieties in the orchard. No one apple may make up more than 60% of the finished cider.
What is Cachaça?
A Brazilian spirit produced from fermented sugarcane.
What is a DVA?
A VQA Designated Viticultural Area, seen only in British Columbia
What is Vin de Curé?
A VQA wine made from dried grapes.
What is Vino de Color?
A blend of boiled, reduced syrup and fresh must.
What is Dulce de Almibar?
A blend of invert sugar and fino; very rare.
What is Pisco?
A brandy produced in Chile and Peru, not aged in wood.
What is a copper?
A brew kettle: the vessel for boiling the wort
Marque d'Acheteur (MA)
A buyer's own brand, often a large supermarket chain or restaurant, that purchases Champagne and sells it under its own label.
What is jonge Genever?
A cleaner, more neutral genever with less malt wine.
What is Blanche Armagnac AOC, and when did it gain status?
A clear spirit of Armagnac bottled 3mos after distillation. 2005.
What is vodka?
A clear, neutral liquor, distilled in a continuous still and usually charcoal filtered.
Commission de Châlons
A consortium of growers and merchants, was formed in 1935 to develop quality standards and regulate pricing
After prohibition in Canada, the wine industry was starting to transform itself through the introduction of French hybrids in the decades after prohibition, it was also undergoing a period of consolidation. What affect did this have on smaller/new wineries?
A delay was placed on new winery licenses, and larger wineries like Brights swallowed up the smaller producers who struggled through prohibition.
What is malt wine?
A distillate of corn, rye, and wheat.
Describe the solera process
A fractional blending technique wherein new añada (vintage) wines enter an upper scale, or tier, of butts known as a criadera. Several descending criadera scales separate the young wines from the solera—the tier of butts from which wine is drawn and bottled. For every liter of wine drawn from the solera, two (formerly three) must remain; thus the solera butts are only partially emptied, and refreshed with wines from the first criadera in movements of wine known as trasiegos.
What was Jean-Antoine Chaptal and Andre Francois responsible for in Champagne's history?
A fundamental understanding of the connection between sugar and the second fermentation, coupled with the pharmacist André François' measurement of the precise amount of sugar required to induce it without breaking the bottle, allowed Champagne houses to produce sparkling wines with greater confidence.
Récoltant Coopérateur (RC)
A grower whose grapes are vinified at a co-operative, but sells the wine under his own label.
Coopérative Manipulant (CM)
A growers' co-operative that produces the wine under a single brand.
What is pointage?
A historic practice of shaking the bottles pre-remuage to prevent sediment from sticking to the sides of the bottle (the need for this has been eradicated by newer strains of yeast)
Négociant Manipulant (NM)
A house that purchases grapes and or base wines from growers and other smaller houses. Some NM houses own a significant portion of their own vineyards; others own none at all. Large Champagne houses with the most international presence are invariably in this category: Moët et Chandon, Louis Roederer, Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin, Billecart-Salmon, Lanson, Taittinger, Pol Roger, Perrier-Jouët, Mumm, and Laurent-Perrier. Quality varies widely, although prices are uniformly high. Many houses often fall under the same corporate parentage; for example, Moët et Chandon, Krug, Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin, and Mercier fall under the umbrella of the luxury conglomerate LVMH.
What is Clos des Ruchottes?
A lieu-dit in Ruchottes-Chambertin owned solely by Armand Rousseau
What is Demerara rum?
A light rum from Guyana distilled from molasses and aged over a decade before release.
What is Willakenzie?
A loam/ash blend found in Ribbon Ridge
A maximum _____ liters of juice may be pressed from ____ kg of grapes for Sherry production
A maximum 72.5 liters of juice may be pressed from 100 kg of grapes for Sherry production. Note: any additional amount is relegated to the production of non-classified wines or distillate.
What is Charmat?
A method of producing sparkling wine in tank: after the primary fermentation comes to a close, liqueur de tirage is added to the tank, which is pressurized. Once the secondary fermentation is finished the wine is filtered and bottled.
Négociant Distributeur (ND)
A middleman company that distributes Champagne it did not make.
What does Palma Cortada indicate?
A more robust sherry with flourishing flor, which may emerge as amontillado.
The "Dry" style for Generoso Liqueur is described how?
A paler style that actually contains a fair amount of sweetness
What does Raya indicate?
A quality sherry that is not sustaining flor, which will be fortified further and made into oloroso.
What is Bourgogne Passetoutgrains?
A regional AOP for >30% Pinot Noir and >15% Gamay.
What is remuer's responsibility?
A remuer would fractionally turn and tilt each bottle over a period of about eight weeks, slowly inverting the bottles with the neck pointing downward.
The "Medium" style for Generoso Liqueur is describe how?
A rich amber Sherry that may include Amontillado in the blend.
What does Palo Cortado indicate?
A richly styled sherry with still-present flor. After sobretablas, the wine will be fortified to 17-18%, and will age oxidatively from then on.
What does Dos Rayas indicate?
A rough or coarse sherry that is not sustaining flor, characterized by high levels of VA. The wine will either be blended and sweetened for low-quality sherry, or become sherry vinegar.
What is Kvass?
A rye-based Russian beer usually fermented with fruit juices
What is a hopback chamber?
A sealed chamber between the copper and the chiller - hops are added, the hot wort is run through, and then immediately chilled, preserving the volatile hop aromas.
What is bouvreux?
A second crop in Champagne, which results when rain interrupts flowering. It is left on the vine, but rarely ripens
What is Connemara?
A single-malt, peat-fired Irish whiskey produced by Cooley.
What is a gyropalette?
A spanish invention for mass reumage, holding 504 bottles.
What is the Combe de Lavaux?
A steep-sided valley behind Gevrey-Chambertin, which acts as a funnel for bad weather, but also provides higher-elevation vineyard area that is usually above the frost line. Generally speaking, the site of Gevrey's most important premier crus.
What is a continuous still?
A still with two columns that uses steam rather than direct heat to vaporize the alcohol. It tends to create a cleaner, higher alcohol spirit with fewer cogeners.
What is Geuze?
A style of beer created by mixing 1 year old lambics with two to three year old beers. The beer is refermented with aged hops in the bottle.
What is sour mash?
A style of whiskey where a portion of spent mash is incorporated into the fermenting mash.
Where are the slopes of Jerez Superior located?
A sub-region between Sanlúcar de Barrameda and the Guadalete River
What is wort?
A sugar-rich liquid made from steeping malted grain in water.
What is Cuve Close?
A synonym for Charmat
What is "rebeche"
A third extraction, the rebêche, is required by law and must comprise 1-10% of the total. The rebêche is used for distillate, not Champagne.
Pajarete
A traditional style of Málaga (Vino de Licor or Vino Naturalmente Dulce) produced without the addition of arrope.
Lágrima
A traditional style of Málaga Vino de Licor produced without any mechanical pressing.
What is Jory?
A volcanic topsoil in Dundee Hills
When was Coteaux Champenois established?
AOC Established: 1974 (last updated 2010)
Name five premier crus of Chambolle-Musigny
AUX BEAUX BRUNS LES AMOUREUSES LES CHARMES LES CRAS LES FUÉES Aux Combottes, Aux Echanges, Derriere la Grange, La Combe d'Orveau, Les Baudes, Les Borniques, Les Carrieres, Les Chabiots, Les Chatelots, Les Combottes, Les Feusselottes, Les Groseilles, Les Gruenchers, Les Haut-Doix, Les Lavrottes, Les Noirots, Les Plantes, Les Sentiers, Les Veroilles
Name five premier crus of Vosne-Romanee
AUX BRÛLÉES AUX MALCONSORTS AUX RAIGNOTS CLOS DES REAS CROS PARENTOUX LES BEAUX MONTS LA CROIX RAMEAU LES SUCHOTS Au-dessus des Malconsorts, En Orveaux, Les Chaumes, Les Gaudichots, Les Petits Monts, Les Rouges
Name five premier crus of Gevrey-Chambertin
AUX COMBOTTES CLOS SAINT-JACQUES ESTOURNELLES-SAINT-JACQUES LA COMBE-AUX-MOINES LAVAUX SAINT-JACQUES LES CAZETIERS Au-Closeau, Bel Air, Champonnet, Cherbaudes, Clos des Varoilles, Clos du Chapitre, Clos Prieur, Craipillot, En Ergot, Fonteny, Issarts, La Boissiere, La Perriere, La Romanee, Les Champeaux, Les Corbeaux, Les Goulots, Les Petits-Cazetiers, Petite-Chapelle, Poissenot
Name three premier crus of Savigny-Les-Beaune
AUX GUETTES AUX SERPENTIÈRES LES JARRONS LES LAVIÈRES LES MARCONNETS LES NARBANTONS LES PEUILLETS Aux Clous, Aux Fourneaux, Aux Gravains, Basses Vergelesses, Batalliere, Champs Chevrey, Les Charnieres, La Dominode, Les Hauts Jarrons, Les Hauts Marconnets, Les Rouvrettes, Les Talmettes, Les Vergelesses, Petits Godeaux, Redrescul
What producer was Dom Perignon a cellar master for?
Abbey of Hautvillers from 1668 until his death in 1715
Zundert, Netherlands, certified for production in 2013. What Trappist Beer is this?
Abdij Maria Toevlucht
What lead to David Lett's decision to grow grapes in Dundee Hills?
According to his son (and current Eyrie winemaker) Jason Lett, David's attraction to the Dundee Hills' potential followed "years of careful climatic research."
What must happen to Palomino grapes before fermentation?
Acidification and Sulfuring
What is the modern method of acidifying and clarifying the must for sherry?
Adding tartaric acid, and racking before fermentation.
Bernard's clones, nicknamed "Dijon" from the shipping container's return address, made their (legal) debut in the United States in 1984. When were they available to plant?
After a short quarantine at Oregon State University, the new clones—including 113, 114, 115, 667, and 777—were made available for commercial planting in 1988.
After pressing the juice for Champagne, describe the settling process for the vin de cuvée (the first 2,050 liters).
After pressing, the juice is allowed to settle (débourbage) at a cool temperature for eight to fifteen hours, so that remaining solids (bourbes) in the must can be removed by racking prior to fermentation.
What phase does the sake go through once its been milled?
After the rice has been milled, it is rinsed, soaked in water, and steamed in successive stages.
When do the wines of Sherry begin there long aging process?
After the second classification (Palma, Palma Cortada, Palo Cortado, etc...)
What is the latin name for Blue Agave?
Agave tequiliana
"Vénus" Brut Nature (0.3 ha, Avize) 100% Chardonnay
Agrapart (RM, Avize)
What is California Common?
Aka Steam Beer - a lager fermented at warmer temperatures than normal
Who owns En la Perriere Noblot?
Alain Michelot (Nuits)
Who owns Clos des Perrieres (Meursault)?
Albert Grivault
Who owns Batalliere?
Albert Morot (Savigny)
What is Kölsch?
Ale from Cologne fermented at cooler than normal temperatures
What is the alternative name for the continuous still used in Armagnac?
Alembic Armagnacais
When were all the producers in Armagnac required to follow the new age statements made by the Bureau National Interprofessionel de l'Armagnac (BNIA)?
All producers were required to adopt these new definitions of aging by 2013
What is the minimum length of aging Sherry and what year did it change?
All wines must be aged in solera for a min. 2 years prior to release. Prior to 2010, wines were aged for a minimum of 3 years)
What three villages share the Grand Cru Corton?
Aloxe-Corton Pernand-Vergelesses Ladoix-Serrigny
What are the copper stills of Spain?
Alquitaras
mature Fino, oxidative aging follows biological aging
Amontillado
After a tasting panel has certified all VOS and VORS wines, what are the only styles permitted to carry these 2 age statements?
Amontillado, Oloroso, Palo Cortado, Pedro Ximénez
What styles are eligible for VOS/VORS?
Amontillado, Oloroso, PX, Palo Cortado
What is Kirsch de Fougerolles?
An AOC for distillate of red and black cherries in the Haut-Saône and Vosges départements west of Alsace
What is Bourgogne Mousseux?
An AOP for traditional method sparkling red wines; Gamay, Pinot Noir, and Cesar (Yonne only) must make up >51% of the blend.
What is Barack Palinka?
An apricot eau-de-vie from Hungary
Sobretablas
An intermediary stage for sherries developing with flor and it lasts for a period of six months to a year, during which the course of the wines' evolution may be redirected.
What is awamori?
An okinawan style of sochu distilled from rice.
Flavor and Origin of Pastis 51
Anise France
Flavor and Origin of Pernod
Anise France
Flavor and Origin of Ricard
Anise France
Flavor and Origin of Ouzo
Anise Greece
Flavor and Origin of Sambuca
Anise & Elderberry Italy
Flavor and Origin of Galliano
Anise/Herbs/Vanilla Italy
Honeymoon
Apple Brandy, Benedictine, Orange Curacao, Lemon Juice Up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
Coronation
Applejack, Apricot Brandy, Sweet Vermouth, Dry Vermouth Stirred up in a cocktail glass
Jack Rose
Applejack, Lemon Juice, Grenadine Up in a cocktail glass
Widow's Kiss
Applejack/Calvados, Benedictine, Yellow Chartreuse, Angostura Up in a cocktail glass Sliced Strawberry
Flavor and Origin of Amaretto
Apricot & Almond Italy
Stone Sour
Apricot Brandy, Orange Juice, Lemon Juice, Simple Syrup Up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
What departments are located in the Mediterranee IGP?
Ardeche, Drome, Haute-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Alpes-Maritimes, Var, Vaucluse, Bouches-du-Rhone
Who are the five owners of Clos Saint-Jacques?
Armand Rousseau Bruno Clair Jean Fourrier Louis Jadot Sylvie Esmonin
If Vino de Color is reduced to 1/5 it's original size, what is it called?
Arrope
Flavor and Origin of Cynar
Artichoke Italy
How is the alcohol content of a spirit legally required to appear on US and EU labels?
As abv.
Why doesn't Fino and Manzilla present an oxidative quality?
As flor requires contact with oxygen, it forms a film on the surface of the wine that will protect the liquid from oxidation.
The Willamette Valley was among the first areas of the Pacific Northwest to grow grapes. How did this happen?
As fur traders from Fort Vancouver retired, many traveled south across the Columbia and settled in the valley, bringing cuttings from the fort and establishing early vineyards near the Willamette River.
How did the Jory soils form in Willamette Valley?
As the Cascades rose upward some 15-17 million years ago, lava flows poured westward from the chain's highly active volcanoes, covering the still-submerged valley floor in basalt. Today's reddish volcanic soils are depleted and weathered, formed atop this underlying basalt parent rock.
After the degorgement process, explain the dosage method in making Champagne.
As the wines are fully fermented to total dryness, the bottles are then topped off with dosage, or liqueur d'expédition, a liquid mixture of sugar syrup and wine.
What enables MPF in sake, and what is it referred to as?
Aspergillus oryzae, a green, powdery mold. Commonly called koji-kin.
What are the requirements for Bourbon?
At least 51% corn, aged in charred new American oak casks for at least one day.
How long is the wort boiled? Why?
At least one hour, to stabilize and sterilize, darken the color, and evaporate excess water.
Macharnudo
At over 2000 acres, is the largest pago in Jerez.
What are the IGPs of France?
Atlantique IGP (Bordeaux, Cognac & Dordogne) Comté Tolosan IGP (Southwestern France) Comtés Rhodaniens IGP (Northern Rhône & Savoie) Méditerranée IGP (Rhône Valley & Provence) Pays d'Oc IGP (Languedoc & Roussillon) Val de Loire IGP (Loire Valley & Chablis)
Rosé des Riceys AOP is located in what department?
Aube
Soil type in Aube
Aube to the south clay is the dominant soil type.
What was America's first AVA?
Augusta, Missouri (1980)
Name five premier crus of Morey-Saint-Denis
Aux Charmes, Aux Cheseaux, Clos Baulet, Clos des Ormes, Clos Sorbe, Cote Rotie, La Bussiere, La Riotte Le Village, Les Blanchards, Les Chaffots, Les Charrieres, Les Chenevery, Les Faconnieres, Les Genavrieres, Les Gruenchers, Les Millandes, Les Ruchots, Les Sorbes, Monts Luisants
Which Gevrey premier cru is surrounded by Grand Crus?
Aux Combottes
Ayala Winery location:? Prestige Cuvee:? Blend:? Inaugural vintage:?
Ayala Winery location:Ay Prestige Cuvee:"Cuvée Perle d'Ayala" (Brut and Nature) Blend: 80% Chardonnay, 20% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage:N/A
Grand Cru villages for Vallée de la Marne
Aÿ Tours-sur-Marne (GC for red)
What are the Grand Cru Villages of the Vallée de la Marne?
Aÿ Tours-sur-Marne (red only)
What are the exceptions to Oregon's varietal law?
BDX varietals Rhone varietals Zinfandel Sangiovese Tempranillo Tannat
De Chaunac ended the reliance of his employer, Ontario's Brights Wines, on native grapes and introduced a number of other hybrids from his native France. What are some examples?
Baco Noir, Rosette, Maréchal Foch.
What is the Portuguese pomace spirit?
Bagaceira
What is Mexico's most important viticultural region?
Baja Peninsula
What AVA was added to Santa Barbara in 2013, and where is it?
Ballard Canyon; within Santa Ynez Valley, between Sta. Rita Hills (west) and Happy Canyon (east)
Flavor and Origin of Pisang Ambon
Banana Netherlands
Who developed remuage?
Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin in 1816.
Under the Bavarian Purity Law (1516), what are the three ingredients in beer?
Barley, Hops, Water (yeast was not yet understood to be part of fermentation)
What is the source of Poire William?
Bartlett Pear Cider
What is aquavit?
Basically vodka flavored with caraway root and other aromatics.
Name three premier crus of Ladoix-Serrigny
Basses Mourottes, Bois Roussot, En Naget, Hautes Mourottes, La Corvee, La Micaude, Le Clou d'Orge, Le Rognet et Corton, Les Buis, Les Grechons et Foutrieres, Les Joyeuses
Name the Grand Cru vineyards of Puligny-Montrachet
Batard-Montrachet Bienvenue-Batard-Montrachet Chevalier-Montrachet Montrachet
What is the soil makeup of Volnay?
Bathonian limestone subsoil overlaid with marl and scree.
Name five major premier crus on the left (south) bank of the Serein
Beauroy Chaume de Talvat Cote de Lechet Cote de Jouan Les Beauregards MONTMAINS Vau de Vey VAILLONS Vosgros Vau Ligneau
A wine marked "gordura" is destined to become what style and at what ABV?
Become Oloroso Sherries and fortified to 17-18%—a high level of alcohol that will not permit the growth of flor.
A wine marked "palo" is destined to become what style and at what ABV?
Become the more delicate Fino or Manzanilla styles and fortified to 15-15.5% abv
What does the term "Abbey Beer" imply?
Beer brewed in a style common to trappist breweries, but not in accordance with the conditions laid out by the International Trappist Association.
Before fermentation begins for Sherry what happens to the must?
Before fermentation commences, the must is acidified—Palomino provides a notoriously low-acid must—and sulfured, then allowed to settle.
derived from the fossilized remains of millions of extinct cephalopods, has a high limestone content, which allows vine roots to dig deeply and is linked to increased acidity.
Belemnite chalk
Belemnite chalk
Belemnite chalk, derived from the fossilized remains of millions of extinct cephalopods, has a high limestone content, which allows vine roots to dig deeply and is linked to increased acidity.
Flavor and Origin of Kümmel
Caraway Denmark
What are Lambics?
Belgian beers that are spontaneously fermented in open-top containers. Typically vinous, and sour. Aged from 1-3 years before release, losing their sparkle.
Who owns Clos de la Cave des Ducs?
Benjamin Leroux (Volnay)
Name five major premier crus on the right (north) bank of the Serein
Berdiot Cote de Vaubarousse FOURCHAUME Les Fourneaux MONT DE MILIEU MONTEE DE TONNERRE Vaucopain
Côte de Blancs Premier Cru Villages
Bergères-lès-Vertus Cuis Étréchy Grauves Pierry Val-des-Marais (Coligny) Vertus Villeneuve-Renneville-Chevigny Voipreux
Who owns Clos de la Perriere (Vougeot)
Bertagna, producing red wine only
What are the lieux-dits of Vaillons?
Beugnons Chatains Secher Les Lys Melinots Roncieres Les Epinottes
Beurot
Beurot (Pinot Gris) is permitted in many appellations as a minor grape for red blends but is rarely encountered
The names of large bottles, from Jeroboam forward, have ___________ connotations
Biblical
Details on Billecart-Salmon's "Elisabeth Salmon Rosé"
Billecart-Salmon (Mareuil-sur-Aÿ) "Elisabeth Salmon Rosé" is made of 58% Pinot Noir and 42% Chardonnay. Its inaugural vintage was in 1988.
Details on Billecart-Salmon's "Grande Cuvée"
Billecart-Salmon (Mareuil-sur-Aÿ) "Grande Cuvée" made from 60% Pinot Noir, 40% Chardonnay, and the inaugural vintage was 1982.
"Clos St-Hilaire" (1 ha, Mareuil-sur-Aÿ)
Billecart-Salmon (NM, Mareuil-sur-Aÿ) "Clos St-Hilaire" (1 ha, Mareuil-sur-Aÿ) 100% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage was 1995
The solera system is integral to what type of aging?
Biological
What is the biggest pest problem in Oregon and why?
Bird pressure is perennially high as the Willamette Valley is positioned in a migratory pathway.
What is the source of Kirsch/Kirschwasser?
Black Cherries
Flavor and Origin of Crème de Cassis
Black Currant France
Flavor and Origin of Chambord
Black Raspberry France
Styles of wines Coteaux Champenois AOP can release
Blanc Rosé Rouge
Describe Blanc de Blancs
Blanc de Blancs: 100% Chardonnay is required, but it is not always sourced from the Côte des Blancs. They may be vintage-dated or NV. The Blanc de Blancs category represents some of Champagne's most ageworthy bottlings; while austere and often steely in youth, better examples develop an intense bouquet with maturity.
Blanc de Noirs
Blanc de Noirs: White wine produced solely from black grapes. The wine usually displays richness, intensity, and weight, although it can lack the supreme elegance and finesse of Blanc de Blancs.
What are the styles and varietals of Saint-Bris AOP?
Blanc only: Sauvignon Blanc and Gris
All communal AOPs of the Macon are authorized for what style?
Blanc sec only.
What are the styles and varietals of Coteaux Bourguignons AOP?
Blanc/Blanc Primeur/Nouveau: Aligote, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Melon de Bourgogne Rose: Gamay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, plus Red: Gamay, Pinot Noir, Cesar (Yonne only), plus
Blanquette de Limoux AOP
Blanquette de Limoux AOP wines from the Languedoc region are also produced by the traditional method, from a minimum 90% Mauzac, Chardonnay, and Chenin Blanc.
What term replaces the old Scottish term "Pure Malt?"
Blended Malt Scotch Whisky
The sparge is combined with the wort in the copper, and hops are added. The wort is then brought to a sustained, roiling boil for at least one hour. Boiling the wort does what?
Boiling the wort stabilizes and sterilizes the brew, darkens the color, and causes excess water to evaporate.
Boizel Winery location:? Prestige Cuvee:? Blend:? Inaugural vintage:?
Boizel Winery location:Épernay Prestige Cuvee: "Joyau de France" (Brut and Brut Rosé) Blend: Pinot Noir and Chardonnay Inaugural vintage:1961
"Cuvée Prestige"
Bonnaire (Cramant) "Cuvée Prestige" 100% Chardonnay Inaugural vintage: N/A
Name three producers of Corton
Bonneau de Martray Chandon de Briailles Faiveley Jadot Rapet Bertrand Amboise Leroy de Montille Pousse d'Or Philippe Senard Tollot-Beaut
Name three producers of Corton-Charlemagne
Bonneau de Martray Chandon de Briailles Faiveley Jadot Rapet Coche-Dury
What Grand Cru is shared between Morey-Saint-Denis and Chambolle-Musigny?
Bonnes Mares
Name the Grand Crus of Morey-Saint-Denis
Bonnes Mares Clos de la Roche Clos de Tart Clos des Lambrays Clos Saint-Denis
Name the Grand Crus of Chambolle-Musigny
Bonnes Mares Musigny
What winemaking regions are located in the Atlantique IGP?
Bordeaux, Cognac and Dordogne
After fortification takes place what vessel is the palo and gordua transferred to?
Both sets of wines are transferred to old Sherry butts of American oak
What does Sur Pointe indicate?
Bottles held in an upside-down vertical position
What does Sur Latte indicate?
Bottles stored on their sides
Who owns Clos Saint-Landry?
Bouchard (Beaune)
Who owns Clos de la Mousse?
Bouchard (Beaune)
Who owns Fremiets - Clos de la Rougeotte?
Bouchard (Volnay)
What are the Grand Crus of Chablis from Northwest to Southeast?
Bougros Preuses Vaudesir Grenouilles Valmur Les Clos Blanchot
Horse's Neck
Bourbon, Ginger Ale, (Angostura) Highball glass over ice Lemon Twist
Regional Appellations for Burgundy
Bourgogne AOP Bourgogne Aligoté AOP Bourgogne Mousseux AOP Bourgogne Passe-Tout-Grains AOP Coteaux Bourguignons AOP Crémant de Bourgogne AOP
What wine is traditionally used in a kir?
Bourgogne Aligote
What previous AOP did Coteaux Bourguignons AOP replace?
Bourgogne Grand Ordinaire AOP
Which Chalonnaise AOP's produce white wine only?
Bouzeron (Aligote) Montagny
What is Brandy de Jerez?
Brandies distilled from Airén and Palomino grapes, aged in solera.
Brandy Alexander
Brandy, Creme de Cacao, Heavy Cream Up in a cocktail glass Grated Nutmeg
Savoy Corpse Reviver
Brandy, Fernet Branca, White Creme de Menthe Up in a cocktail glass
Porto Flip
Brandy, Ruby Port, Egg Yolk Up in a cocktail glass Grated Nutmeg
Stinger
Brandy, White Creme de Menthe Up in a cocktail glass
What are the yeasts used for Lambic beers?
Brettanomyces bruxellensis Brettanomyces lambicus
Examples of wild yeasts
Brettanomyces bruxellensis and Brettanomyces lambicus.
What is Tobingakoi sake?
Brewers selection - the best of the batch.
In 1951, Adhemar de Chaunac oversaw the successful introduction of 10 acres of Chardonnay at __________, predating ________________ achievement in New York by just a few years. Brights Wines' experimental vineyards of vinifera vines remained a small project, as French hybrids quickly came to dominate the Canadian wine landscape.
Brights Dr. Konstantin Frank's
What are the winemaking provinces of Canada?
British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec
What are the GIs of British Columbia?
British Columbia GI Fraser Valley GI Gulf Islands GI Okanagan Valley GI Similkameen Valley GI Vancouver Island GI
What is the first distillation of Cognac?
Brouillis, a spirit of 28-32% abv.
What are some examples of Ales?
Brown Ale Pale Ale Scotch Ale Mild Ale Burton Ale Old Ale Belgian Ale Trappist Ale Abbey Beer Stout Porter
"Nec-Plus-Ultra"
Bruno Paillard (Reims) "Nec-Plus-Ultra" Chardonnay and Pinot Noir 1990
0-12 grams per liter What designation of Champagne would this be?
Brut
Non-Dosé, Brut Sauvage, Ultra Brut, Dosage Zéro, Sans Sucre, and Pas Dosé are other terms used for what designation of Champagne?
Brut Nature
Brut Nature/Non-Dosé ____ grams per liter Extra Brut _____ grams per liter Brut _____ grams per liter Extra Dry _____ grams per liter Sec _____ grams per liter Demi-Sec _____ grams per liter Doux _____ grams per liter
Brut Nature/Non-Dosé 0-3 grams per liter Extra Brut 0-6 grams per liter Brut 0-12 grams per liter Extra Dry 12-17 grams per liter Sec 17-32 grams per liter Demi-Sec 32-50 grams per liter Doux 50+ grams per liter
Inaugural vintage for Veuve Clicquot-Ponsardin's "La Grande Dame"?
Brut: 1969, Rosé: 1988
What organization oversees production of Armagnac?
Bureau National Interprofessionel de l'Armagnac (BNIA)
In the Willamette Valley, growers have borrowed viticultural techniques and plant material from both ________ and _________, but the result has been to create a distinctive and evolving Pinot Noir culture for Oregon.
Burgundy and California
Traditionally, how did producers add acidity and clarify the wine?
By adding plaster and cream of tartar (which produces tartaric acid).
How is Calvados Domfrontais produced?
By continuous still.
Flavor and Origin of B&B
Bénédictine & Brandy France (Cocktail: New York)
Champs-Elysees
Cognac, Lemon Juice, Green Chartreuse, Simple Syrup, Angostura Up in a Cocktail Glass Lemon Twist
What % of grapes must be from the state to label Calfornia, Oregon, or Washington?
CA and OR: 100% WA: 95%
Name two premier crus of Givry
CELLIER AUX MOINES CLOS SALOMON SERVOISINE LE VIGRON
Name five premier cru vineyards of Puligny Montrachet
CHAMPS CANET CLAVOILLON LES DEMOISELLES LES PUCELLES Champ Gain, Clos de la Garenne, Clos de la Mouchere, Hameau de Blagny, Le Cailleret, Les Chalumaux, Les Combettes, Les Folatieres, La Garenne, Les Perrieres, Les Refers, La Truffiere, Sous le Puits
Name five premier crus of Beaune
CHAMPS PIMONT LE CLOS DES MOUCHES LES BRESSANDES LES FÈVES LES GRÈVES LES MARCONNETS A l'Ecu, Aux Coucherias, Aux Cras, Belissand, Blanches Fleurs, Clos de l'Ecu, Clos de la Feguine, Clos de la Mousse, Clos des Avaux, Clos des Ursules, CLOS DU ROI, Clos Saint-Landry, En Genet, En l'Orme, La Mignotte, Le Bas des Teurons, Les Aigrots, Les Avaux, Les Boucherottes, Les Cents Vignes, Les Chouacheux, Les Epenotes, Les Montrevenots, Les Perrieres, Les Reverses, Les Sceaux, Les Seurey, Les Sizies, Les Teurons, Les Toussaints, Les Tuvilains, Montee Rouge, Pertuisots, Sur les Greves, Sur les Greves-Clos Sainte-Anne
Name five premier crus of Meursault
CHARMES GENEVRIÈRES LES BOUCHÈRES LES GOUTTES D'OR LE PORUSOT PERRIÈRES Clos de la Perriere, Les Caillerets, Les Cras, Les Plures, Les Santenots Blancs, Les Santenots du Milieu
Name five premier crus of Nuits-Saint-Georges
CLOS ARLOTS LES CAILLES LES SAINTS-GEORGES LES VAUCRAINS Aux Argillas, Aux Boudots, Aux Bousselots, Aux Chaignots, Aux Champs-Perdrix, Aux Cras, Aux Murgers, Aux Perdrix, Aux Thorey, Aux Vignerondes, Chaines Carteaux, Chateau Gris, Clos des Argillieres, Clos des Corvees, Clos des Corvees Pagets, Clos des Forets Saint-Georges, Clos des Grandes Vignes, Clos de la Marechale, Clos des Porrets-Saint-Georges, Clos Saint-Marc, En la Perriere Noblot, Les Argillieres, Les Chaboeufs, Les Crots, Les Damodes, Les Didiers, Les Hauts-Pruliers, Les Perrieres, Les Porrets-Saint-Georges, Les Poulettes, Les Proces, Les Pruliers, La Richemone,, Les Terres Blanches, Les Vallerots, Ronciere, Rue de Chaux
Name five premier crus of Volnay
CLOS DES CHENES CLOS DES DUCS CLOS DE LA BOUSSE D'OR LES CAILLERETS LE VILLAGE TAILLE PIEDS Carelle sous la Chapelle, Champans, Clos des 60 Ouvrees, Clos de l'Audignac, Clos du Chateau des Ducs, Clos de la Barre, Clos de la Cave des Ducs, Clos de la Chapelle, Clos de la Rougeotte, Clos du Verseuil, En Chevret, Fremiets, Fremiets - Clos de la Rougeotte, Lassolle, Les Angles, Les Brouillards, La Gigotte, Les Lurets, Les Mitans, Le Ronceret, Pitures Dessus, Robardelle, Santenots
Carbonation method of sparkling wine making.
Carbonation: The cheapest method of sparkling winemaking involves a simple injection of carbon dioxide into still wine. The bubbles do not integrate into the texture of the wine at all, and fade quickly upon opening. This method is not used for quality wines.
Name five premier crus of Pommard
CLOS DES EPENEAUX EN L'ARGILLIÈRE LES FREMIERS LES GRANDS EPENOTS LES JAROLIÈRES LES PETITS EPENOTS LES PÉZEROLLES LES RUGIENS BAS LES RUGIENS HAUTS Clos Blanc, Clos de la Commaraine, Clos de Verger, Derriere Saint-Jean, Les Arvelets, Les Bertins, Les Boucherottes, La Chaniere, Les Chanlins-Bas, Les Chaponnieres, Les Charmots, Le Clos Micot, Les Combes Dessus, Les Croix Noires, La Platiere, Les Poutures, La Refene, Les Saussilles, Le Village
Name two premier crus of Mercurey
CLOS DES MYGLANDS LE CLOS DU ROI LE CHAMPS MARTIN LES RUELLES CLOS L'ÉVÊQUE
Name three premier crus of Santenay
CLOS DES TAVANNES CLOS ROUSSEAU LA COMME LES GRAVIÈRES LA MALADIÈRE Beauregard, Beaurepaire, Clos des Mouches, Clos Faubard, Grand Clos Rousseau, Passtemps
Name two premier crus of Rully
CLOS ST-JACQUES CLOUX GRESIGNY LE MEIX CADOT RABOURCÉ
A growers' co-operative that produces the wine under a single brand. What type of Champagne producer is this?
CM (Coopérative Manipulant)
What is the name for the process of blending and sweeting sherry?
Cabaceo
Lager fermented at warmer than normal temperatures (i.e. Anchor Steam)
California Common
What are the sub-AVA's of Napa Valley?
Calistoga Diamond Mountain Spring Mountain St. Helena Rutherford Oakville Yountville Stag's Leap Oak Knoll District Mount Veeder Los Carneros Howell Mountain Chiles Valley Atlas Peak Coombsville Wild Horse Valley
What are the three AOC of Calvados?
Calvados AOC Calvados Domfrontais AOC Calvados Pays d'Auge AOC
What is the newest region of production?
Calvados Domfrontais
What is the premier region of production in Calvados?
Calvados Pays d'Auge
Star Cocktail
Calvados, Sweet Vermouth, Peychaud's, Simple Syrup Up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
What is the appending subzone of Pays d'Auge for cidre?
Cambremer
Who owns la Micaude?
Capitain-Gagnerot (Ladoix)
What is the only region that does not need to list its Appellation Controlee (or Protegee) on the label?
Champagne remains the only AOC/AOP that does not need to include Appellation Contrôlée (or Protégée) on the label.
Death in the Afternoon
Champagne, Absinthe Champagne Flute
Kir Royale
Champagne, Creme de Cassis Champagne Flute Lemon Twist
Black Velvet
Champagne, Guinness Pint Glass or Champagne Flute
Buck's Fizz
Champagne, Orange Juice Champagne Flute Orange Twist
Mimosa
Champagne, Triple Sec, Orange Juice Champagne Flute Orange Twist
What are the lieux-dits of Montee de Tonnerre?
Chapelot Cote de Brechain Pied d'Aloup
VQA standards set limits on technical winemaking practices. What are some examples?
Chaptalization (it is not authorized for the production of late harvest or icewine), acidification, must weights, and other various technical aspects of winemaking.
________ is dominant in the Côte de Sézanne and almost exclusively planted, as its name indicates, on the southeast- and east-facing slopes of the Côte des Blancs.
Chardonnay
Major white grapes of British Columbia?
Chardonnay (24%), Pinot Gris (19%), Gewürztraminer (13%), Sauvignon Blanc (11%), Riesling (8%), Pinot Blanc (7.5%)
Which Grand Cru is almost entirely within Corton-Charlemagne?
Charlemagne
"Blanc des Millénaires"
Charles Heidsieck (Reims) "Blanc des Millénaires": 100% Chardonnay Inaugural vintage was 1983
"Champagne Charlie"
Charles Heidsieck (Reims) discontinued after 1985 vintage
Who founded the first winery in Napa Valley?
Charles Krug, in 1861.
"This method is appropriate and even preferred for sparkling wines emphasizing fruit and varietal aromatics rather than the flavors derived from autolysis. Most Asti DOCG and Prosecco bottlings are produced in this method." What method of sparkling wine making are they referring to?
Charmat method (aka "Tank method")
"Fiacre"
Chartogne-Taillet (Merfy) "Fiacre" 60% Chardonnay, 40% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage: N/A
Where is Ramonet based?
Chassagne
A 20-mile-long uplifted range of hills and ridges just 19 miles southwest of Portland, the ____________ Mountains protrude from the foothills of the Coast Range, framed by the Tualatin River and the Willamette Valley floor.
Chehalem Mountains
The ____________________ rise in elevation from 200 ft. to 1,633 ft. (the summit of Bald Peak, the highest point in the Willamette Valley) and collect more rain than the lower-lying areas of the valley floor.
Chehalem Mountains
What are the sub-AVAs of the Willamette Valley?
Chehalem Mountains Ribbon Ridge Yamhill-Carlton Dundee Hills McMinnville Eola-Amity Hills
Dick Erath planted the region's first vineyard in 1968, and Erath's fellow Willamette Valley pioneers Ponzi and Adelsheim are among the producers calling the ___________________ AVA home today.
Chehalem Mountains AVA
The Ribbon Ridge AVA is located within the __________________ AVA.
Chehalem Mountains AVA
Capped by madrone forests—which early pioneers mistook for laurel—the northern flanks and hillsides in the range are covered with wind-deposited Laurelwood soils, and experience the coolest average temperatures of any winegrowing hillsides on the western side of the valley. What AVA in Willamette Valley is this?
Chehalem Mountains AVA (est. 2006)
Where is Le Chapitre?
Chenove (between Marsannay and Dijon)
Which town has the greatest concentration of Moscatel plantings (and likely the sandiest soils)?
Chipiona
What communes may append their names to Bourgogne AOP? Where are they?
Chitry, Coulanges-le-Vineuse, Epineuil, Tonnerre, Vezelay. All are in the Yonne
Flavor and Origin of Godiva
Chocolate Belgium
Major Polish vodka producers?
Chopin, Belvedere
What are the Grand Cru Villages of the Côte des Blancs?
Chouilly Oiry Cramant Avize Oger Le Mesnil-sur-Oger
Name three producers in Vaudesir
Christian Moreau Alain Besson Gerard Tremblay Louis Michel
Name three producers in Les Clos
Christian Moreau Pinson Drouhin-Vaudon Vincent Dauvissat Benoit Droin Francois Servin Francois Raveneau Billaud-Simon Louis Michel
What is cidre bouché?
Cider bottled under champagne-style cork
Compare cidre and poire
Cidre is more tannic and full-bodied (like red wine), whereas poire is higher-acid and more elegant (like white wine).
What is the dominant soil type in the Aube?
Clay
What are the AVA's of Lake County?
Clear Lake Red Hills High Valley Big Valley Kelsey Bench Benmore Valley Guenoc Valley
What is seishu?
Clear/Clean sake
What are the three monopoles of Domaine de la Pousse d'Or?
Clos de 60 Ouvrees Clos de la Bousse d'Or Clos de l'Audignac (all Volnay)
What premier cru will you see both Louis Jadot and Pierre Andre label as monopole, and why?
Clos de la Commaraine. The vineyard is a monopole of Jaboulet-Vercherre, who sells fruit to both Jadot and Andre.
What is the southernmost premier cru in the Côte de Nuits?
Clos de la Marechale
Name the four premier crus of Vougeot
Clos de la Perriere Le Clos Blanc Les Cras Le Petits Vougeots
Name three premier crus of Aloxe-Corton
Clos des Marechaudes, Clos du Chapitre, Les Chaillots, Les Fournieres, Les Guerets, Les Paulands, Les Valozieres, Les Vercots, La Coutiere, La Marechaude, La Toppe au Vert, Les Moutottes, Les Petites Lolieres
Other name for Special Club Champagne
Club Trésors de Champagne (Special Club)
Flavor and Origin of Malibu
Coconut (Rum base) Barbados
Flavor and Origin of Tia Maria
Coffee (rum base) Jamaica
Flavor and Origin of Kahlúa
Coffee (rum base) Mexico
What are the alternative names for the continuous still?
Coffey, column, patent
What is Fine Champagne Cognac?
Cognac from wines produced exclusively in Grande Champagne and Petite Champagne, with at least 50% coming from Grande Champagne.
What is Supérieur Cognac?
Cognac with a minimum 3 years of aging
What do VVSOP and Grande Réserve indicate on a bottle of Cognac?
Cognac with a minimum 5 years of aging
Earthquake
Cognac, Absinthe Snifter or Wine Glass
French Connection
Cognac, Amaretto Rocks glass over ice
Corpse Reviver #1
Cognac, Calvados or Applejack, Sweet Vermouth Stirred up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
What is the smallest AVA in America?
Cole Ranch
What is Washington's largest AVA?
Columbia Valley (at 11 million acres!)
An organization that has a powerful force in the complex mediation between the large Champagne houses and the numerous smaller growers from whom they source grapes.
Comite Interprofessional du Vin de Champagne (CIVC)
CIVC
Comité Interprofessional du Vin de Champagne
Communes of production for Rose des Riceys AOP
Communes of Production: Les Riceys
Who owns Clos des Epeneaux?
Comte Armand (Pommard)
Who is the sole producer of Musigny Blanc?
Comte Georges de Vogue
Who is the largest landowner in Musigny?
Comte Georges de Vogüé: 6.46ha ~ 80% of the vineyard
Who founded La Paulée de Meursault?
Comte Jules Lafon, grandfather of Dominique Lafon
Pantomima
Concentrated grape must heated and reduced to 50% of its original volume.
Arrope
Concentrated grape must heated and reduced to one-third of its original volume.
There is evidence of winemaking in the mid-19th century, but it is unclear just how much actual wine was produced from these early American vineyards in the Willamette Valley—the favored grapes were V. labrusca varieties like ________ and __________, and the favored use was for the table.
Concord and Catawba
The _________________ may certify an indication of age of either 12 or 15 years for use on a label; in such cases the certification applies to the entire solera, not just a particular lot of wine.
Consejo Regulador
CM
Coopérative Manipulant A growers' co-operative that produces the wine under a single brand.
What does CM mean?
Coopérative Manipulant: a growers co-op that produces wine under a single brand
What is the traditional sherry glass?
Copita
What are the four permitting pruning techniques in Champagne?
Cordon de Royat, Chablis, Vallée de la Marne, Guyot (double and simple)
What is the AOC for cidre in Brittany?
Cornouaille AOC
Name the grand crus of Aloxe-Corton
Corton Corton-Charlemagne Charlemagne
What two Grand Crus produce both red and white wine?
Corton Musigny
Who owns Les Boucherottes?
Coste-Caumartin (Pommard)
What are the four departments of Burgundy?
Cote d'Or, Yonne, Rhone, Saone-et-Loire
What is the lieu-dit in Les Beauregards?
Cote de Cuisy
What are the lieux-dits of Fourchaume?
Cote de Fontenay L'Homme Mort Vaulorent Vaupulent
What are the lieux-dits of Beauroy?
Cote de Savant Troesmes
In 1965________ purchased an acreage and established his vineyards in the northernmost reaches of the valley, just northwest of the modern _____________ AVA boundary.
Coury; Chehalem Mountains
What AVA of Mendocino County is not encompassed by Mendocino AVA?
Covelo
What are the unofficial subzones of Vancouver Island GI in British Columbia?
Cowichan Valley, Nanaimo, Saanich Peninsula
Flavor and Origin of Bailey's
Cream & Chocolate Ireland
Flavor and Origin of Amareula
Cream & Marula Fruit South Africa
What is Cream Sherry a product of?
Cream is a Generoso Liqueur and is a darker, denser product of blended Oloroso
Inaugural vintage for "Cristal" and "Cristal Rose"?
Cristal: 1876 (not available commercially until 1945) Cristal Rosé: 1974
How is cru status in Champagne different than other wine regions in France?
Cru status is awarded to entire villages in Champagne, rather than individual vineyards or properties. However, the areas authorized for cultivation within each commune are strictly defined.
Other terms used for the Charmat Process
Cuve Close or Tank Method
Bergères-lès-Vertus Cuis Étréchy Grauves Pierry Val-des-Marais (Coligny) Vertus Villeneuve-Renneville-Chevigny Voipreux
Côte de Blancs Premier Cru Villages (9 total)
What two regions of Champagne have no Grand Cru villages?
Côte de Sézanne Côte des Bars (Aube)
Who owns La Tache?
DRC
If labeled ____________, the sake will be honjozo in style, with brewer's alcohol added. If no distilled alcohol is added, it will be labeled Junmai Daiginjo
Daiginjo
West Indian Punch
Dark Rum, Banana Liqueur, Orange Juice, Lime Juice, Pineapple Juice Highball glass over ice Grated Nutmeg
Planters Punch
Dark Rum, Lemon Juice, Grenadine, Soda Water, Angostura Highball glass over ice Lemon Slice, Orange Slice
Flavor and Origin of Tamara
Dates Israel
The modern story of the Willamette Valley begins in the mid-1960s with a cast of two: ___________ and __________.
David Lett and Charles Coury.
______________, a red French hybrid developed by Albert Seibel but introduced to Canada after World War II by ________________, became one of Canada's most planted varieties by the 1970s.
De Chaunac Adhemar de Chaunac
What is égrappage?
De-stemming
Delamotte Winery location:? Prestige Cuvee:? Blend:? Inaugural vintage:?
Delamotte Winery location: Le Mesnil-sur-Oger Prestige Cuvee: "Nicolas Louis Delamotte" Blend:90% Chardonnay and 10% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage:No longer produced
What is the name for Jerez's system of racking?
Desfangado
DVAs
Designated Viticultural Areas *British Columbia
"Amour de Deutz"
Deutz (Aÿ) "Amour de Deutz" 100% Chardonnay Inaugural vintage 1993
"Cuvée William Deutz" (Blanc/Rosé)
Deutz (Aÿ) "Cuvée William Deutz" (Blanc/Rosé) Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Pinot Meunier Inaugural vintage 1959
Continuous Method/Russian Continuous Method
Developed in the USSR, this method is similar to the tank method, but the base wine is pumped through a series of interconnected (continuous) tanks while undergoing the second fermentation. Liqueur de tirage is constantly added to the wine, and lees accumulate in the first several tanks, offering a higher degree of autolyzed flavors than the standard tank method. The majority of German Sekt is produced by either the tank method or the continuous method.
Dick Erath planted his first vineyard in ________, and Dick Ponzi founded Ponzi Vineyard in _____.
Dick Erath planted his first vineyard in 1969, and Dick Ponzi founded Ponzi Vineyard in 1970.
"Fleur de Passion"
Diebolt-Vallois (Cramant) "Fleur de Passion" 100% Chardonnay 1995
Understanding of a clone's impact on final wine character became more widespread with the arrival of the ________ clones in the 1980s.
Dijon
Where is Montrecul?
Dijon
What is light rum?
Distilled by the continuous method, filtered with charcoal, and typically see little aging in cask.
What are pomace spirits?
Distilled from pomace, rather than wine, and therefore not brandies.
What is dark rum?
Distilled twice in a pot still and aged for years prior to release. The color comes from caramel.
What wine created the category of "Prestige Cuvée," and when?
Dom Pérignon (Moët et Chandon), in 1921
Inaugural vintages for Ruinart's "Dom Ruinart" Blanc de Blanc and the rose
Dom Ruinart: 1959, Dom Ruinart Rosé: 1966
Who owns Clos de la Chapelle?
Domaine Clos de la Chapelle/Maison Champy (Volnay)
Who owns Issarts?
Domaine Faiveley (Gevrey)
Who is the major producer of aligoté from Mont Luisants?
Domaine Ponsot
Who owns Clos Arlot?
Domaine de l'Arlot (Nuits)
Who owns Clos des Forets Saint-Georges?
Domaine de l'Arlot (Nuits)
The _____________ AVA encompasses a 6,490-acre, vine-covered mass of hills rising above the flat northwestern Willamette Valley floor near the town of __________. The AVA's elevation ranges from 200 ft. to 1,067 ft.—the highest summit in the hills.
Dundee Hills; Dundee
"Femme de Champagne"
Duval-Leroy (Vertus) "Femme de Champagne" 89% Chardonnay and 11% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage 1990
Aging for Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO must be carried out where?
Either of the three: Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, El Puerto de Santa María
Name five premier crus of Chassagne
EN CAILLERET CHAMPSGAIN CLOS DE LA MALTROIE LES CHENEVOTTES LES VERGERS MORGEOT Blanchot Dessus, Bois de Chassange, Chassagne du Clos Saint-Jean, Clos Saint-Jean, Dent de Chien, En Remilly, La Grand Montagne, La Romanee, Les Baudines, Les Champs Gain, Les Chaumees, Les Embazees, Les Grandes Ruchottes, Les Macherelles, Les Murees, Tonton Marcel, Vide Bourse
Name two premier crus of Saint-Aubin?
EN REMILLY LA CHATENIÈRE LE CHARMOIS LES CASTETS LES FRIONNES LES MURGER DES DENTS DE CHIEN SUR LE CENTIER DU CLOU Bas de Vermarain a l'Est, Derriere Chez Edouard, Derriere la Tour, Echaille, En Creot, En la Ranche, En Montceau, En Vollon a l'Est, Es Champs, Le Bas de Gamay a l'Est, Le Puits, Les Champlots, Les Combes, Les Combes au Sud, Les Cortons, Les Perrieres, Les Traversde Marinot, Marinot, Pitangeret, Sous Roche Dumay, Sur Gamay, Vignes Moingeon, Village
Describe the secondary fermentation in Champagne.
Each bottle is affixed with a crown cap (equipped with a bidule, a plastic capsule that will serve to capture the sediment during remuage) or a cork after the liqueur de tirage is added, and yeast begins its work. The secondary fermentation lasts up to eight weeks, as the yeast slowly converts the additional sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxide.
The Niagara Peninsula is the largest viticultural area and is subdivided into two regional appellations: Niagara Escarpment and Niagara-on-the-Lake. How are these "regional" appellations broken down even further?
Each regional appellation is in turn divided into a number of smaller sub-appellations.
What is the largest Grand Cru in Vosne-Romanée/Flagy-Echézeaux, and what is its best climat?
Echézeaux; Echézeaux du Dessus
"Les Crayères" NV
Egly-Ouriet (RM, Ambonnay) "Les Crayères" NV 100% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage was 1989
Name the Grand Crus of Vosne-Romanee
Exchezeaux Grands-Echezeaux La Grand Rue Richbourg La Romanee Romanee-Conti Romanee-Saint-Vivant La Tache
0-6 grams per liter What designation of Champagne would this be?
Extra Brut
12-17 grams per liter What designation of Champagne would this be?
Extra Dry
T/F: The Primera Yema and Segunda Yema are fortified together
FALSE
Who owns Clos de l'Ecu?
Faiveley (Beaune)
Famous sites of Dundee Hills AVA
Famed sites include Maresh Vineyard, Abbey Ridge, and the Thomas Vineyard.
What is rum distilled from?
Fermented sugarcane or molasses.
What is the (very) general soil type of Sonoma County?
Fertile alluvial soils, particularly Goldridge sandy loam
Styles produced under Manzanilla Vino Generoso
Fina Pasada (Fino-Amontillado style) Olorosa
What Manzanilla Vino Generoso styles are there?
Fina Pasada (Fino-Amontillado style) Olorosa
How are young Calvados (less than 3 years) labeled?
Fine Calvados
_________ Champagne Cognac is distilled entirely from wines produced in the Grande Champagne and Petite Champagne regions, with Grande Champagne composing at least ____% of the blend.
Fine; 50%
What often happens to vin clair after primary and malolactic (if applicable) fermentation?
Fining, filtering, and cold-stabilization
__________ Sherry is a light, delicate, almond-toned style characterized by a high concentration of acetaldehydes, a salty tang, and a final alcohol content of 15-18%.
Fino
List the Generoso Sherry Styles
Fino Amontillado Oloroso Palo Cortado Manzanilla Fina Manzanilla Pasada Manzanilla Olorosa
Styles produced under Vino Generoso
Fino Amontillado Palo Cortado Oloroso
Sherry undergoes a two-part fermentation: what are they?
First, the Tumultuous Fermentation, a hot and vigorous phase lasting about a week. Second, the Slow Fermentation, a longer, cooler process of converting the last of the sugar into wine.
Communes of Fixin
Fixin Brochon
Biere de Garde
Flemish and Northern French bottle-conditioned beer
In Sherry making, how much wine is removed from each criadera during the solera process?
For every liter of wine drawn from the solera, two (formerly three) must remain; thus the solera butts are only partially emptied, and refreshed with wines from the first criadera
What are the lieux-dits of Montmains?
Forets Butteaux
What is necessary to encourage the growth of flor?
Fortification to 15-15.5%abv, warm, humid air, and the absence of fermentable sugars.
Who owns La Grand Rue?
Francois Lamarche
Name two producers in Blanchot
Francois Servin Francois Raveneau
What is primera yema, and what % of the mosto de yema does it comprise?
Free-run juice, comprising 60-70% of the total
How is Tito's Handmade Vodka made?
From corn in a pot still.
Mistela is produced from what in Jerez?
From the must of sunned Moscatel or Pedro Ximénez grapes. Pedro Ximénez is preferred, but expensive.
What are the communes of Pouilly-Fuisse AOP?
Fuisse Solutre-Pouilly Vergisson Chaintre
"Cuvée R. Lalou"
G.H. Mumm (Reims) "Cuvée R. Lalou" Chardonnay and Pinot Noir 1966 (discontinued in 1985, revived in 1998)
Golden Cadillac
Galliano, White Creme de Cacao, Cream Up in a cocktail glass
Most sherries are totally dry in character. What is the name for this style of wine?
Generoso
________________ wines produced by this blending process include Pale Cream, a lighter, fresher style blended from Fino wines
Generoso Liqueur
Undiluted sake
Genshu Sake
Flavor and Origin of Suze
Gentian Root & Herbs France
"All of the below wines must be produced from 100% Ontario grapes, and must be labeled with a ___________ and the __________."
Geographic Indication and the 'VQA' seal."
Which American settler planted the first California vineyard?
George Yount in 1839.
Who owns La Bussiere, and how do they label it?
Georges Roumier Clos de la Bussiere (Morey)
What is Weinbraund?
German brandy, produced by Asbach in a Charentais pot still using Cognac base wine.
What is green malt?
Germinated barley before drying
_____________ is a style produced by mixing one-year-old lambics with beers that have aged for two to three years. The blend is then refermented with aged hops in the bottle, giving the beer its sparkle.
Geuze
Are uncarbonated Geuzes common?
Geuze and pure, uncarbonated lambics are a rarity outside of Belgium—fruit lambics, such as Kriek, are more common, and are traditionally dry.
Where is Armand Rousseau based?
Gevrey
Where is Claude Dugat based?
Gevrey
Where is Jean Fourrier based?
Gevrey
Communes of Gevrey-Chambertin
Gevrey Brochon
Who is the sole owner of the premier cru portion of Les Veroilles?
Ghislaine Barthod
Singapore Sling
Gin, Cherry Heering, Benedictine, Cointreau, Pineapple, Lime, Grenadine, Angostura, Soda Water Highball glass with ice Cherry, Pineapple, Orange Slice
Delmonico
Gin, Cognac, Dry Vermouth, Sweet Vermouth, Bitters Up in a cocktail glass Orange Twist
White Lady
Gin, Cointreau, Lemon Juice Up in cocktail glass Cherry
Pegu Club
Gin, Cointreau, Lime, Bitters Up in a cocktail glass Lime Wedge
Parisienne
Gin, Dry Vermouth (Noilly Prat), Creme de Cassis Stirred up in cocktail glass (Flamed) Lemon Peel
Raquet Club Cocktail
Gin, Dry Vermouth, Orange Bitters Stirred up in cocktail glass
Dubonnet Cocktail
Gin, Dubonnet Rouge, Bitters Stirred up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
Napoleon
Gin, Fernet Branca, Grand Marnier, Dubonnet Blanc Stirred up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
Red Lion
Gin, Grand Marinier, Grenadine, Lemon Juice, Orange Juice Up in a cocktail glass
Satan's Whiskers
Gin, Grand Marnier, Dry Vermouth, Sweet Vermouth, Orange Juice, Orange Bitters Up in a cocktail glass
Greyhound
Gin, Grapefruit Juice Highball glass over ice
Last Word
Gin, Green Chartreuse, Maraschino, Lime Juice Up in a cocktail glass
Bees Knees
Gin, Honey, Lemon Juice Up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
Clover Club
Gin, Lemon Juice, Rasberry Syrup, Egg White Up in a cocktail glass
The Bramble
Gin, Lemon Juice, Simple Syrup, Creme de Mure (float) Highball glass with crushed ice Lemon Wedge or Blackberry
Silver Fizz
Gin, Lemon Juice, Simple Syrup, Egg White, Soda Water Highball glass with ice Lemon Slice
Southside
Gin, Lemon Juice, Simple Syrup, Mint Up in Cocktail Glass
Corpse Reviver #2
Gin, Lillet, Cointreau, Lemon, Absinthe rinse Up in a cocktail glass Cherry
Gin Rickey
Gin, Lime Juice, Soda Water Highball glass over ice Lime Twist
Ramos Gin/New Orleans Fizz
Gin, Orange Flower Water, Lemon, Lime, Vanilla Extract, Cream, Egg White, Soda Water Highball glass over ice
Monkey Gland
Gin, Orange Juice, Grenadine, Splash Ricard/Absinthe Up in a cocktail glass Flamed Orange Peel
Fine and Dandy
Gin, Triple Sec, Lemon, Orange Bitters Up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
Fallen Angel
Gin, White Creme de Menthe, Lemon Juice, Angostura Up in a cocktail glass Cherry
Prohibition Cocktail
Gin, White Wine, Splash OJ, Splash Apricot Brandy Crushed ice in Cocktail/Rocks glass Mint
Bijou
Gin, green chartreuse, sweet vermouth, orange bitters Stirred Up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
Abbey Cocktail
Gin, lillet, orange juice, bitters Up in a cocktail glass Cherry
Alexander
Gin, white creme de cacao, heavy cream Up in a cocktail glass Grated nutmeg
Death in the Gulfstream
Gin/Genever, Lime, Sugar, Bitters Stirred in Highball glass with ice Lime Wedge
What Departments does the Atlantique IGP carry?
Gironde, Charente-Maritime, Charente, Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne (partial)
Name two other types of sake rice than Yamada Nishiki
Gohyakumangoku Miyamanishiki Omachi Hattannishiki Dewasansan Kame no O Hanafabuki Haenuki Oseto
Zombie
Gold Rum, Dark Rum, 151 Rum, Pernod, Pineapple, Grapefruit, Lime, Grenadine, Falernum Syrup, Angostura Blended or Highball Glass over ice Mint, Seasonal Fruit
What additional terms are permitted for Medium Sherry?
Golden, Milk, Brown
2015, 2014, 2012, 2010, 2008, 2002, Oregon PN
Good vintages for Oregon PN
2010, 2009, 2007 (Sonoma PN)
Good vintages for Sonoma PN
2009, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2002, 2001, 1999, 1997, 1996 Sonoma and Napa CH
Good vintages for Sonoma and Napa CH
"Celebris" (Blanc de Blancs NV, Vintage Extra Brut Rosé and Vintage Extra Brut)
Gosset (Formerly Aÿ, now Épernay since 2010) "Celebris" "Celebris" Extra Brut: Pinot Noir and Chardonnay (blends vary widely with vintage.) Inaugural vintage was 1988
Total production for Grand Cru wines from Burgundy?
Grand Cru appellations, located only in the Côte d'Or and Chablis, account for less than 2% of the total production of Burgundy.
Sillery Puisieulx Beaumont-Sur-Vesle Verzenay Mailly-Champagne Verzy* Louvois Bouzy Ambonnay
Grand Cru villages in Montagne de Reims *There are 9 total
Name three lieux-dits of the Clos du Vougeot
Grand Maupertuis Petit Maupertuis Musigni
In descending order of quality, the six defined regions of Cognac production are what?
Grande Champagne, Petite Champagne, Borderies, Fins Bois, Bons Bois, Bois Ordinaires (Bois à Terroirs).
Tete de Cuvee for Laurent-Perrier
Grande Siecle
En Orveaux is adjacent to what Grand Cru?
Grands-Echezeaux
Although modern mechanical methods now reign on the production side of Sherry, what was considered the traditional way in the past?
Grapes were traditionally crushed and pressed under the feet of pisadores (laborers) wearing zapatos de pisar—cowhide boots with angled nails on the soles.
A distilled spirit made from pomace is known as what in Italy?
Grappa
What is the Italian pomace spirit?
Grappa
Grasshopper
Green Creme de Menthe, White Creme de Cacao, Cream Up in a cocktail glass
What is the name of the beer produced by Stift Engelszell?
Gregorius
What is the smallest Grand Cru in Chablis?
Grenouilles (9.38ha)
Smallest Grand Cru of Gevrey-Chambertin
Griotte-Chambertin
What is grist?
Ground malted barley (between drying and mashing)
What is the name of the river that flanks the northwest part of the Cadiz province?
Guadalquivir River
What are some examples of the Lambic style?
Gueuze: blend of one year-old and two year-old lambics, fermentation concludes in the bottle Mars: A mild lambic produced by reusing the malt from a previous lambic fermentation Faro: A mixture of lambic and a lighter brewed beer, Belgian candy sugar is added for sweetness Kriek, Framboise and other fruit lambics
"Cramant Grand Cru Cuvée Prestige"
Guy Larmandier (Vertus) "Cramant Grand Cru Cuvée Prestige" 100% Chardonnay
What are the three permitted training methods of Chablis?
Guyot (simple or double), Cordon de Royat, Taille Chablis
375 ml
Half Bottle (Demi)
What is a Demi?
Half bottle/375mL
Which three premier crus of Puligny-Montrachet are actually premier crus of Blagny?
Hameau de Blagny La Garenne Sous le Puits
Who owns La Boissiere?
Harmand-Geoffrey (Gevrey)
When does harvest occur in Jerez and is it performed mechanically or by hand?
Harvest typically occurs in late August, and many of the region's vineyards are harvested by machine.
What are the two types of training for apple and pear trees in Calvados?
Haut Tige (high stem, lower density) En Basse Tige (low stem, higher density)
It is the largest appellation in Armagnac, yet very few vines remain. Most farmers prefer to cover their flat, limestone parcels with wheat, soybeans, irrigated corn or whatever other crop the government is willing to subsidize. What appellation in Armagnac is this?
Haut-Armagnac
What are the three regions of Armagnac?
Haut-Armagnac Bas Armagnac Armagnac Tenarèze
Flavor and Origin of Frangelico
Hazelnut Italy
A slight amount of brewer's alcohol (pure distillate) is added to the sake before pressing and the maximum percent of rice remaining is at 70%. What style of sake is this?
Honjozo
Who is Adhemar de Chaunac?
He introduced the red French hybrid, De Chaunac. It was developed by Albert Seibel but introduced to Canada after World War II by Adhemar de Chaunac, became one of Canada's most planted varieties by the 1970s.
One story recalls a 16th century Dutch trader conceiving of brandy—derived from the Dutch brandewijn, or "burned wine"—as a method of preserving its essence, or soul, on voyages northward from Spain and France to Holland. How does the rest of the story go?
He surmised that he could simply reconstitute the wine with water upon his return. The trader, who kept the brandewijn in wooden casks during the voyage, was surprised to discover that his countrymen enjoyed the mellowed taste of the spirit—and brandy was born.
Flavor and Base of Drambuie
Heather Honey & Herbs Scotch
Flavor and Base of Glen Mist
Heather Honey & Herbs Scotch
Examples of Wheat Beers
Hefe Weizen: literally, "yeast-wheat" Dunkel / Dark Weizen Kristall Weizen: filtered, crystal clear wheat beer White Beer: often includes additions of orange peel and/or coriander
In 1847, amidst a treasure trove of other young fruit and nut trees that laid the foundation for many modern orchards, the settler __________________ brought a wealth of American vine cuttings to the valley.
Henderson Luellen
"Cuvée Julie" (NV)
Henri Billiot (Ambonnay) "Cuvée Julie" (NV) 50% Pinot Noir, 50% Chardonnay Inaugural vintage was 1999
"Cuvée Laetitia" (NV)
Henri Billiot (Ambonnay) "Cuvée Laetitia" (NV) Predominantly Chardonnay Inaugural vintage: N/A
Who owns Clos de la Mouchere?
Henri Boillot (Puligny)
Who owns Clos des Porrets-Saint-Georges?
Henri Gouges (Nuits)
"Cuvée des Enchanteleurs"
Henriot (Reims) "Cuvée des Enchanteleurs" Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
Flavor and Origin of Bénédictine
Herbs & Spices France
Flavor and Origin of Unicum (Zwack)
Herbs & Spices Hungary
Flavor and Origin of Chartreuse
Herbs/Plants/Roots/Spices France
Flavor and Origin of Campari
Herbs/Quinine/Rhubarb/Orange Italy
Flavor and Origin of Averna
Herbs/Roots/Citrus Italy
Flavor and Origin of Ramazzotti
Herbs/Roots/Orange Peel/Anise Italy
Flavor and Origin of Boonekamp
Herbs/Roots/Spices German
Flavor and Origin of Fernet Branca
Herbs/Roots/Spices Italy
Flavor and Origin of Jägermeister
Herbs/Spices/Fruits Germany
Why do Willamette producers choose not to till the vineyard?
Here growers don't need to return life to a dead soil; breaking up the topsoil only contributes to the spread of phylloxera, nematodes, and other undesirable bugs while ruining the water-holding capacity of a soil in Oregon's dry summers.
How is the hill of Corton divided?
Higher elevation vineyards are Corton "En Charlemagne" if red, Corton-Charlemagne if white; lower elevation vineyards are Corton and Corton Blanc.
Flavor and Origin of Krupnik
Honey Poland
Flavor and Base of Irish Mist
Honey & Herbs Irish Whiskey
Flavor and Base of Glayva
Honey/Tangerine/Spice Scotch
What is added to the copper before boiling?
Hops
Other than XO, what term indicates an Armagnac of at least 10 years of age?
Hors d'Age
Along with XO, what other terms indicate a Calvados with at least six years of age?
Hors d'Age Très Vieille Réserve Très Vieux Extra Napoléon
Who owns Les Didiers?
Hospices de Nuits
What was Napa Valley's first sub-AVA?
Howell Mountain
What are the prerequisites for the development of flor?
Humid air carried on the poniente wind, a moderate temperature between 60°-70° F, an absence of fermentable sugars, and a particular level of alcoholic strength (15-15.5% abv).
Name three premier crus of Pernand-Vergelesses
ILE DES VERGELESSES Clos Berthet, Creux de la Net, En Caradeux, Les Fichots, Sous Fretille, Vergelesses, Village de Pernand
_____________, a German style adopted in Niagara Peninsula by Inniskillin, remains one of the most acclaimed wines of the region.
Icewine
Bird pressure is perennially high as the Willamette Valley is positioned in a migratory pathway. What could this lead to?
If left unchecked, a single flock can peck apart an entire vineyard on its journey south, and birds are particularly damaging in later harvests.
Between ochoko or sakazuki, which cup would be more appropriate for hot sake?
If warm sake is requested, the tokkuri may be placed in a bath of hot water, followed by the ochoko.
What did Adhemar de Chaunac accomplish in Canada in 1951?
In 1951, he oversaw the successful introduction of 10 acres of Chardonnay at Brights, predating Dr. Konstantin Frank's achievement in New York by just a few years. Brights Wines' experimental vineyards of vinifera vines remained a small project, as French hybrids quickly came to dominate the Canadian wine landscape.
Walter Hanlie is credited for producing what out of Okanagan Valley?
In 1973, prior to Inniskillin's inception, Walter Hanlie produced icewine on a very small scale in Okanagan Valley, but the dessert style in general remains a minor aim for the province's producers.
What occurred in 1988, when Canada signed a free agreement with the US?
In 1988, Canada signed a free trade agreement with the US, which required Canadian producers to refocus on quality in order to compete in their own domestic market, and, when coupled with a government-sponsored "vine pull scheme", led to an even larger share in the vineyard for "vinifera grapes."
What happened in 2010 that changed the aging requirements?
In 2010, authorities decreased the minimum solera aging required before bottling from three years to two.
What sub-appellation is Pelee Island now considered a part of?
In 2016, this area was included in the South Islands sub-appellation within the Lake Erie North Shore VQA.
Name the two best examples of sparkling wine done in the tradional method found in Italy?
In Italy, the best traditional method sparkling wines are produced in Lombardy, within the DOCGs of Franciacorta and Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico.
The Missoula Floods that washed through Washington and poured out the Wallula Gap flooded the Willamette Valley as well, and the original AVA boundaries were marked to match the floodwaters' reach. How does that reflect itself in the vineyard?
In Washington, growers rely on the nutrient-rich soils but cope with extreme water stress—they need soil vigor because they are farming a desert. In the Willamette Valley, where soil moisture is rarely a problem, growers instead rely on nutrient-depleted soils to restrain vine vigor.
In the 1950s and 1960s, growers began moving away from native ________________ and American crosses like Concord and Niagara to ________________.
In the 1950s and 1960s, growers began moving away from "native labrusca" varieties and American crosses like Concord and Niagara to "French hybrids"
When did Canada transition from native labrusca varieties to French hybrids?
In the 1950s and 1960s, growers began moving away from native labrusca varieties and American crosses like Concord and Niagara to French hybrids
Who were responsible for producing stronger glass for Champagne bottles?
In the late 17th century, the English transferred Champagne from cask to stronger, coal-fired glass that could contain the pressure, and were likely the first to enjoy true sparkling Champagne—the merits of effervescence are praised in English literary works whose publication predates Pérignon's tenure. Pérignon and his contemporaries endeavored to lessen the probability of refermentation, rather than encourage it.
What style of wine did Inniskilin create a reputation for?
In the next several decades, Inniskillin would almost singlehandedly create an international reputation for Canadian icewine.
How does the soil change across Nuits-St-Georges?
In the north by Vosne, limestone and pebbles dominate with small amounts of clay. In the south by Prémeaux, deeper soils with a more equal mix of clay and limestone. Prémeaux is thinner topsoil over limestone.
Dom Pérignon's lasting contributions to modern Champagne lie in what category?
In the techniques of assemblage (blending) and viticulture, despite the persistent myth that anoints him as the inventor of sparkling winemaking.
As Fino matures, the flor may finally disappear. What happens next?
In this case, the Fino begins to age oxidatively, taking on a more robust, hazelnut character and slowly increasing in alcohol.
However, the end of the ban in 1974 signaled the beginning of a new era of small premium production and vinifera wines, with the founding of _________ in Niagara-on-the-Lake.
Inniskillin
Although good icewine can be fashioned from Vidal—the only French hybrid allowed for VQA icewine- what varietals did Inniskilin focus on?
Inniskillin produced their most noteworthy wines from European grapes like Riesling and Cabernet Franc
Name of AOP in the Yonne department that produces rouge?
Irancy
Why was yeso (plaster) once added to the grapes prior to pressing?
It aided clarification and—when combined with cream of tartar—produced tartaric acid.
Besides adding color to wine, what else does vino de color add to Sherry?
It also adds a level of sweetness to the wines.
Details on Bollinger's "La Grande Année"
It consists of 76% Grand Crus and 24% Premiers of Crus with a minimum aging of 5 years. Bollinger is located in Ay
Which of the three villages that share Corton does NOT also share Charlemagne?
Ladoix
The Guadalete river flows into what bay and where is that located?
It flows into the Bay of Cádiz just to the south of Jerez de la Frontera.
If the loss of a Fino's protective veil is not ruinous and the wine is of good quality, what are the possibilities?
It has the capacity to evolve into a Fino-Amontillado, finally becoming an Amontillado as its flavor, strength and color deepen.
While the normal yeasts responsible for alcoholic fermentation die as the wine's sugar is wholly consumed, what responsibility does the flor del vino have on Sherry?
It is a specialized set of yeast species (of the genus Saccharomyces) and it arrives to metabolize glycerin, alcohol, and volatile acids in the wine.
What makes Bollinger's "RD" ("Récemment Dégorgé") so special?
It is kept sur pointe (upside-down vertical position with the wine still resting on its lees) for a number of years, and only disgorged upon order.
What are the restrictions on the Mendocino Ridge AVA?
It only encompasses vineyards over 1200ft in elevation.
Sake typically reaches what alcohol level once fermentation is complete?
It reaches an alcohol content of approximately 20%—water is generally added back to lower the final alcohol level to around 17%.
How does the Willamette Valley compare to the Columbia Valley, its northeastern neighbor?
It shares some climatic features with the western Columbia Gorge, but its growing conditions are markedly different from most of Washington's wine regions.
Classically, Sherry base wines underwent alcoholic fermentation in new American oak butts of 600 liters. Why was this performed?
It was a seasoning technique that would both impart tannin to the wine and leech oak flavor, neutralizing the wood before it was employed in the aging processes.
Who owns Clos de la Marechale?
JF Mugnier (Nuits)
Who developed the alembic still?
Jabir ibn Hayyan, an Arabic chemist/alchemist in the 8th century.
Who are the two producers of Tennessee whiskey?
Jack Daniels and George Dickel
Who owns Clos de la Feguine?
Jacques Prieur (Beaune)
"Substance" NV
Jacques Selosse (Avize) "Substance" NV 100% Chardonnay
"Dizy Corne Bautray" (1 ha) "Aÿ Vauzelle Terme" (0.3 ha) "Dizy Terres Rouges Rosé" (1.35 ha) "Avize Champ Cain" (1.3 ha) Name the producer who makes these wines
Jacquesson
"Grand Vin Signature"
Jacquesson (Dizy) "Grand Vin Signature" 1981 (discontinued after the 2002 vintage)
Who owns Clos des Ursules?
Jadot (Beaune)
Who owns Clos de la Barre?
Jadot (Volnay)
Who was the French chemist and statesman for whom the process of chaptalization is named, identified the relationship between sugar and fermentation in a seminal 1801 work?
Jean-Antoine Chaptal
Who first identified the relationship between sugar and fermentation, and when? (and what winemaking practice is named for him?)
Jean-Antoine Chaptal in 1801 Chaptalization
Name three producers in Valmur
Jean-Claude Bessin Guy Robin Christian Moreau Francois Raveneau
The snow-white albariza soils are concentrated on the gentle slopes of ________________.
Jerez Superior
Where do you find the greatest concentration of Albariza soil?
Jerez Superior, between Sanlúcar de Barrameda and the Guadalete River.
Maximum Yields for Jerez Superior and Other Vineyards?
Jerez Superior: 80 hl/ha Other Vineyards: 100 hl/ha
The vineyards (pagos) Macharnudo, Anina, and Carrascal are located where in Jerez?
Jerez de la Frontera
What are the 9 towns of sherry production?
Jerez de la Frontera El Puerto de Santa María Sanlúcar de Barrameda Chiclana de Frontera Puerto Real Rota Chipiona Trebujena Lebrija
What are the three towns that make up the center of Sherry production?
Jerez de la Frontera, El Puerto de Santa María Sanlúcar de Barrameda
Aging for Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO must be carried out in what 3 communes?
Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, El Puerto de Santa María
Communes of Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO and Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda DO
Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, El Puerto de Santa María, Chipiona, Rota, Trebujena, Puerto Real, Chiclana de la Frontera, Lebrija
What is the hottest wine region in Spain and where is it located?
Jerez located within the coastal province of Cádiz
Sherry is the product of two DO zones. What are they?
Jerez-Xérès-Sherry and Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda
Sake from a smaller kura (brewery)
Jizake
Where is Cote Saint-Jacques?
Joigny (Yonne)
The Jory series, named for __________ in Salem, is the best-known volcanic soil type in the Willamette Valley (and the state's "official" soil, thanks to Scott Burns).
Jory Hill
Which major negociants are headquartered in Beaune?
Joseph Drouhin Bouchard Louis Jadot
If labeled Ginjo, the sake will be honjozo in style, with brewer's alcohol added. If no distilled alcohol is added, it will be labeled __________.
Junmai Ginjo
Provided the producer prints "semaibuai" on the label, and uses only water, rice and koji, the milling percentage may now be higher than 70%. What style of sake is this and what is the maximum percentatge of rice grain "remaining"?
Junmai and 70% (prior to 2004)
What two AVA's were added to Lake County in 2013, and where are they?
Kelsey Bench and Big Valley; Big Valley is directly sound of the eastern half of the lake, with Kelsey Bench just sound of that, bordering Red Hills on its eastern side.
___________ started Panther Creek in 1986.
Ken Wright
What is the prime soil type of Chablis?
Kimmeridgean limestone
A 10,000-acre extension southward, principally designed to incorporate the vineyards of ____________, Oregon's largest producer, was approved in 2016.
King Estates
Oregon's largest producer
King Estates
What is the warmest AVA in Sonoma?
Knights Valley
La Trappe, Netherlands, est. 1884 Name the Trappist beer.
Koningshoeven
Which Trappist Abbeys are not found in Belgium?
Koningshoeven (Netherlands) Stift Engelszell (Austria) Mariawald (Germany) Spencer (Massachusetts)
What is the name for aged sake?
Koshu
What is a sake brewery called?
Kura
Rye-based Russian beer usually fermented with fruit juices
Kvass
Ale from Cologne (Germany) fermented at cooler than normal temperatures
Kölsch
Name three producers in Grenouilles
La Chablisienne Philippe Testut Benoit Droin Louis Michel
Name three producers in Les Preuses
La Chablisienne Vincent Dauvissat Jean et Sebastien Dauvissat Billaud-Simon Francois Servin
What is the most recently promoted Grand Cru?
La Grand Rue, in 1992
Les Gaudichots is adjacent to what Grand Cru?
La Tache
What is the name of the beer produced by Konigshoeven?
La Trappe
What are the sub AVAs of Columbia Valley?
Lake Chelan Ancient Lakes Wahluke Slope Naches Heights Yakima Valley Horse Heaven Hills Walla Walla Valley Columbia Valley
What NY AVA is shared with Pennsylvania and Ohio?
Lake Erie
__________ beers, a unique specialty of Belgium, are spontaneously fermented in open-top containers with native wild yeasts, such as Brettanomyces bruxellensis and Brettanomyces lambicus.
Lambic
What winemaking regions are located in the Pays d'Oc IGP?
Languedoc and Roussillon
"Noble Cuvée" (Brut, Blanc de Blancs, NV Rosé)
Lanson (Reims) "Noble Cuvée" Brut. 60-70% Chardonnay, 30-40% Pinot Noir Rosé: 62% Chardonnay 32% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage was 1979
Flavor and Origin of Curaçao
Laraha Citrus Netherlands (Antilles)
Sovereign and Primat
Larger sizes, including the Sovereign and Primat, are extraordinarily rare. Many sources cite the 18 L bottle as a Melchior, as it is called in Bordeaux.
"Vieille Vigne de Cramant", "Terre de Vertus" What producer makes these wines?
Larmandier-Bernier (RM, Vertus) 100% Chardonnay (both)
Who are two major Armagnac producers?
Larressingle Château Laubade
Unlike the young loess soils of Washington, these reddish silt soils predate the last ice age and are often intermixed with basalt-derived soils and marine sediments rather than the more fertile flood sediments. What are some examples?
Laurelwood, Cornelius, Cascade series
"Alexandra" (Vintage Rosé)
Laurent-Perrier (Tours-sur-Marne) "Alexandra" (Vintage Rosé) 80% Pinot Noir, 20% Chardonnay Inaugural vintage was 1982
"Grand Siècle"
Laurent-Perrier (Tours-sur-Marne) "Grand Siècle" (typically NV) 50% Chardonnay, 50% Pinot Noir (approx.) first NV wine released in 1960
What is the largest premier cru in Gevrey?
Lavaux Saint-Jacques
What is considered the oldest bedrock in Willamette Valley?
Layered marine sediments thus form the oldest bedrock in the Willamette Valley.
What Ladoix premier cru extends into Corton?
Le Rognet et Corton
All the towns of Sherry production are in the province of Cádiz, except one. Which one, and where is it located?
Lebrija, in Seville
Flavor and Origin of Limoncello
Lemon Italy
Chartogne Taillet's 3 main monoparcel labels
Les Barres: 100% Meunier (Inaugural 2006) Les Orizeaux: 100% Pinot Noir (2007) Les Alliées: 100% Meunier (2008)
What are the premium premier crus of the Combe de Lavaux?
Les Cazetiers La Combe aux Moines Clos St-Jacques Lavaux St-Jacques Estournelles St-Jacques
What is the largest Grand Cru in Chablis?
Les Clos (25.87ha)
Which Puligny premier crus have acreage that is classed as Chevalier-Montrachet?
Les Demoiselles Le Cailleret
In 2011, Pommard petitioned the INAO to elevate two premier crus to Grand Cru. What were they?
Les Epenots Les Rugiens (all plots)
Where is Georges de Vogüé's parcel of chardonnay in Musigny? Why does he currently bottle it as Bourgogne Blanc?
Les Petits Musigny The youth of the vines
What premier cru may blend into and label as Les Cazetiers?
Les Petits-Cazetiers
Which three Savigny premier crus are within Les Vergelesses?
Les Talmettes Basses Vergelesses Batalliere
Who owns Les Echanges? Why will you see other producer bottlings?
Leymarie-Ceci (Chambolle) They often sell off the grapes
Who owns La Romanee?
Liger-Belair
Who owns Clos des Grandes Vignes?
Liger-Belair (Nuits)
Scorpion
Light Rum, Brandy, Dry Vermouth, Orange, Lemon, Orgeat Highball glass over ice Pineapple, Cherry
Mary Pickford
Light Rum, Maraschino, Pineapple Juice, Grenadine Up in a cocktail glass Lime Twist
What characterizes Fino sherry?
Light, delicate; almond-toned and salty. Final abv 15-18%
What is Old Tom Gin?
Lightly sweetened gin - the Tom in the Tom Collins cocktail.
Did Canada face prohibition?
Like the US, Canada suffered through prohibition in the early 20th century, in spite that it was on a provincial rather than national scale.
What is the soil like in Grande and Petite Champagne?
Limestone and soft chalk
Name two major producers for Lambics
Lindemans and Cantillon are two noteworthy producers, but vary greatly in style and quality.
Liqueur d'Expedition for Champagne AOP
Liqueur d'Expédition: The addition of liqueur d'expédition may not lead to an increase in volume of wine (expressed in percentage) higher than the sum of the percentage increase in alcoholic strength (multiplied by a coefficient of 1.266) and the grams per liter increase in sugar content (multiplied by a coefficient of 0.0666). See the following formula: Volume of Wine (%) = (1.266 × Alcohol Percent Increase) + (0.0666 × Sugar Increase)
What AVAs are between San Francisco and Monterey?
Livermore Valley Santa Cruz Mountains Ben Lomond Mountain Santa Clara Valley San Ysidro District San Francisco Bay
What are the AVAs of the Central Valley?
Lodi Dunnigan Hills Clarksburg Capay Valley Merritt Island
Laurelwood, Cornelius, and Cascade series are examples of what type soil in Willamette?
Loess
What winemaking regions are located in the Val de Loire IGP?
Loire Valley and Chablis
What departments does the Comtes Rhodaniens IGP carry?
Loire, Rhone, Ain, Haute-Savioe, Savoie, Isere, Ardeche, Drome
What departments are located in the Val de Loire IGP?
Loire-Atlantique, Vendee, Main-et-Loire, Sarthe, Vienne, Allier, Cher, Indre, Indre-et-Liore Loire-et-Cher, Nievre, Puy-de-Dome, Loiret
What are the AVAs of New York?
Long Island Hudson River Region Finger Lakes Lake Erie Niagara Escarpment
Which major champagne house has an outpost in Anderson Valley?
Louis Roederer
"Cristal" (Brut and Brut Rosé)
Louis Roederer (Reims) "Cristal" Cristal Brut: 55% Pinot Noir, 45% Chardonnay (approx.) Cristal: 1876 (not available commercially until 1945) Cristal Rosé: 1974
Which major sherry house has trademarked the term Almacenista?
Lustau
Who trademarked the term "almacenistas"?
Lustau
Lacrimae Christi
Lágrima (A traditional style of Málaga Vino de Licor produced without any mechanical pressing) wines aged a min. 2 years in oak.
A buyer's own brand, often a large supermarket chain or restaurant, that purchases Champagne and sells it under its own label. What type of Champagne producer is this?
MA (Marque d'Acheteur)
What is unique about sake fermentation?
Made by Multiple Parallel Fermentation: the conversion of starch to sugar and sugar to alcohol occurs simultaneously.
What are the principal types of agave for Mezcal?
Maguey (Agave americana) Espadin (Agave angustifolia)
Notable producers of Yamhill-Carlton District AVA
Major wineries within the AVA include Elk Cove, Ken Wright, and Penner-Ash.
Which moves through the solera faster: Fino, or Manzanilla?
Manzanilla
_________________ is similar in style to Fino, although the harvest occurs about a week earlier, and the resulting wines are lower in alcohol and fortified to a lower degree.
Manzanilla Fina
Sanlúcar de Barrameda has its own classifications for generoso wines. What are they?
Manzanilla Fina, Manzanilla Pasada, Manzanilla Olorosa.
_________________, like Fino-Amontillado wines, lose the protection of flor and begin to show some oxidative characteristics.
Manzanilla Pasada
What is Manzanilla Pasada?
Manzanilla that has lost its flor and is showing some oxidative characters. Similar to Fino-Amontillado.
Between the two DO zones for Sherry, which one is required to be aged closer to the seaside town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda?
Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda Note: the other DO zone is Jerez-Xérès-Sherry
What is the French pomace spirit?
Marc
What is the largest pago in Jerez?
Marchanudo
What are the only two Premier Crus with a 99% rating?
Mareuil-sur-Ay (Vallée de la Marne) Tauxières (Montagne de Reims)
What is Dulce Pasa?
Mistela produced from sunned Palomino, used for sweetening Generoso Liqueur Sherry
Dulce pasa
Mistela produced from sunned Palomino—is the most common sweetening agent in modern Jerez.
What is used for fortification in sherry?
Mitad y Mitad: a mix of grape spirit and mature sherry.
What are the sub-AVAs of Lodi?
Mokelumne River Cosumnes River Jahant Borden Ranch Alta Mesa Sloughhouse Clements Hills
Who owns Clos de Tart?
Mommessin
Which two vineyards in Morey produce the most white wine, and why?
Mont Luisants (premier cru) En la Rue de Vergey (village) High gravel and iron content in the soil, with very little clay.
France, est. 1826, beer production began 1848, commercialized in 1896, halted production in 1905. Production began again in 2011, but is now made at Scourmont Abbey/Chimay in Belgium. What Trappist beer is this?
Mont des Cats
Avenay-Val-d'Or Bezannes Billy-le-Grand Chamery Chigny-les-Roses Cormontreuil Coulommes-la-Montagne Écueil Jouy-lès-Reims Ludes Les Mesneux Montbré Pargny-lès-Reims Rilly-la-Montagne Sacy Sermiers Taissy Tauxières-Mutry Trépail Trois-Puits Vaudemange Villers-Allerand Villers-aux-Nœuds Ville-Dommange Villers-Marmery Vrigny
Montagne de Reims Premier Cru Villages (26 total)
The 357 villages authorized to grow grapes for Champagne are split between five districts, what are those 5 distracts?
Montagne de Reims, Vallée de la Marne, Côte des Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, Côte des Bars (the Aube).
What are the AVAs of Monterey County?
Monterey Carmel Valley Santa Lucia Highlands Arroyo Secco Chalone San Bernabe San Lucas San Antonio Valley Hames Valley
Name the Grand Crus of Chassagne-Montrachet
Montrachet Batard-Montrachet Criots-Batard-Montrachet
Where is aligote authorized in Morey-Saint-Denis?
Monts Luisants climat
What AVA was added to Sonoma in 2013, and where is it?
Moon Mountain; in Sonoma Valley, north of the city of Sonoma in the Mayacamas foothills.
A cidre with an abv of 9% will produce more or less Calvados than one with 4.5% abv?
More
What side of Willamette Valley will you find Uplifted Marine Sediment?
More common on the western side of the valley, these nutrient-poor soils are derived from sandstone and shale that once composed the ocean floor—the entirety of western Oregon was under the sea until the rise of the Coast Range and Cascades about 15 million years ago.
Why do the vineyards of Gevrey-Chambertin extend farther to the east (across RN74) than other villages?
More soil complexity, due to the rocky debris washed down from the Combe de Lavaux over the centuries.
What are the lieux-dits of Les Fourneaux?
Morein Cote de Pres Girots
Where is Dujac based?
Morey-Saint-Denis
Where is Ponsot based?
Morey-Saint-Denis
Over 30% of Chassagne's 1er Cru acreage is covered by what vineyard?
Morgeot
Muscat of Alexandria in Jerez
Moscatel
_____________ is mainly cultivated in the arenas soils near Chipiona.
Moscatel
Which varietals are often used to sweeten sherry?
Moscatel and Pedro Ximénez. Note: varietal bottlings of either grape are extremely rare in Jerez.
When does the precipitation mostly occur in Willamette?
Most of its precipitation, however, occurs in the winter months, whereas more than 50% of Burgundy's annual rains fall during the growing season.
Today, what is the common way Sherry producers clarify their must before fermentation?
Most producers add tartaric acid directly and utilize a system of racking (desfangado) to clarify the must before fermentation begins.
What is the name for grape must in Jerez?
Mosto de Yema
What is an example of a light sipping rum?
Mount Gay (Barbados) - time in barrel gives more flavor and complexity.
What is MCR?
Mout Concentre Rectifie (concentrated and rectified grape must), often from the Languedoc or other high-volume regions, processed into neutrality and used for dosage.
Major 18th century Champagne Houses
Moët et Chandon Veuve Cliquot Taittinger Delamotte
"Dom Pérignon", "Dom Pérignon Oenothèque" (both Brut/Brut Rosé)
Moët et Chandon (Épernay) Chardonnay and Pinot Noir 1921 (Rosé in 1959)
____________________ relies on the combined activities of yeast and a mold, the koji-kin (Aspergillus oryzae) to undergo both crucial processes of fermentation at once.
Multiple Parallel Fermentation (MPF)
What are the requirements for Ontario Icewine? (varietal requirements, minimum RS, winemaking techniques)
Must be produced from vinifera or Vidal blanc. Must be naturally frozen on the vine, and harvested at no more than -8º C. No cryo-extraction or concentration allowed. Sussreserve is allowed: max 15%, and the minimum must weight must equal the wine. Minimum RS: 125 g/L
A middleman company that distributes Champagne it did not make. What type of Champagne producer is this?
ND (Négociant Distributeur)
A house that purchases grapes and or base wines from growers and other smaller houses. What type of Champagne producer is this?
NM (Négociant Manipulant)
Elevage for NV Champagne wines?
NV wines: Min. 15 months from date of tirage
Unpasteurized Sake
Namazake
levante
Name of the hot winds in Jerez. The hot, dry levante wind intensifies the region's heat.
Other than VSOP, what term indicates an Armagnac of at 4-9 years of age?
Napoléon
Along with XO, what terms currently indicate a Cognac with at least 6 years of age?
Napoléon Extra Royal Très Vieux Vieille Réserve
15 L (20 bottles)
Nebuchadnezzar
Rather than Jory, this is a shallower volcanic soil.
Nekia series
Yamhill-Carlton District AVA (est. 2004) has what type of soil and what is its elevation?
Nestled in the foothills of the Coast Range, the AVA's soils are derived entirely from uplifted marine sediments, and the appellation ranges from 200-1,000 ft. in elevation.
May cidre produced in Pays d'Auge AOC contain any pears?
No, it must be 100% apples
Are most Sherries still fermented in the classic style of being placed in new American oak butts of 600 liters?
No, most Sherry is fermented in temperature-controlled stainless steel tanks of 50,000 liter capacity.
Would palo (Fino or Manzanilla) or gordura (Oloroso) both be fortified rapidly after fermentation?
No, neither wine is fortified directly with spirit, rather a gentler mixture of grape spirit and mature Sherry, mitad y mitad, is used to avoid shocking the young wine.
Will you come across a lot of wines from Okanagan Valley that showcase botrytis?
No, only a handful of botrytis wines are made.
Do you see a lot of plantings of Pedro Ximenez planted in the Jerez?
No, plantings of Pedro Ximénez in Jerez have diminished so greatly that the Consejo Regulador has granted special dispensation allowing producers to import Pedro Ximénez must from the nearby Montilla-Moriles DO.
Are the pimera yema and segunda yema fermented together?
No, the free-run primera yema and pressed segunda yema are fermented separately.
Does sake get better with bottle age?
No. Sake is generally meant for consumption shortly after the bottling date, as it does not usually improve with bottle age
What are the sub-AVAs of Long Island?
North Fork of Long Island The Hamptons, Long Island
Loess is mostly found where in Willamette?
Northeast
What winemaking regions are located in the Comtes Rhodaniens IGP
Northen Rhone and Savoie
How long is blanco Tequila aged?
Not at all - bottled immediately after distillation.
What are the four regional lieux-dits of Burgundy?
Notre Dame La Chapelle Montrecul Cote-St-Jacques Le Chapitre
Authorized grapes for Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DO and Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda DO
Palomino Fino, Palomino de Jerez, Pedro Ximénez, Moscatel (only allowed for varietal Moscatel wines)
Hopeful producers declare their intent to produce icewine to the VQA in ____________, and allow grapes to remain on the vine into the winter, finally harvesting the frozen grapes at night, when temperatures reach at least ______ C.
November; -8° C.
The architecture of the Pinot Noir vineyard in the early days was also borrowed from California: the earliest vineyards were own-rooted, planted at low densities with 10-12 ft. between rows, and trained along high trellises. What is it like nowadays?
Nowadays, one sees different approaches. Most new Pinot Noir vineyards are planted on phylloxera-resistant and devigorating rootstocks. Spacing between the vines, while rarely as tight as the 1x1 meter (3x3 ft.) plantings of the Côte d'Or, has shrunk considerably: modern vineyards often leave 3.5-7 ft. between rows and 3-5 ft. from one vine to the next.
Who owns Clos du Chapitre?
Nuiton Beaunoy (Gevrey)
Where is Domaine de Perdrix based?
Nuits
Where is Henri Gouges based?
Nuits
Where is Jean-Jacques Confuron based?
Nuits
Where is Joseph Faiveley based?
Nuits
ND
Négociant Distributeur A middleman company that distributes Champagne it did not make.
What does ND mean?
Négociant Distributeur: a middleman company that distributes Champagne it did not make
NM
Négociant Manipulant A house that purchases grapes and or base wines from growers and other smaller houses
What does NM mean?
Négociant Manipulant: a house that purchases grapes or base wines from other smaller houses
Where is Mezcal primarily produced?
Oaxaca
The _________________ is one of the world's most northerly wine regions, reaching northward of the 49th parallel, and the most developed region in British Columbia
Okanagan Valley
What is the largest wine region in British Columbia, by production?
Okanagan Valley
What are the DVAs of British Columbia?
Okanagan Valley Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Fraser Valley Similkameen Valley
The Okanagan Valley GI of British Columbia has what unofficial subones and sub-appellation GI?
Okanagan Valley GI Golden Mile GI (est. 2014) Unofficial subzones of Okanagan Valley: Black Sage/Osoyoos, Kelowna, Naramata, Okanagan Falls
Martinez
Old Tom Gin, Sweet Vermouth, Maraschino, Boker's Bitters Stirred up in a cocktail glass Lemon or Orange Twist
How long will the moromi ferment for?
Once the final addition has been made, the sake will ferment for up to 45 days
DO regulations require Sherry to be matured in and shipped from where?
One of the 3 municipalities. Jerez de la Frontera, El Puerto de Santa María Sanlúcar de Barrameda
What is an almacenista?
One who purchases young wines and matures them, then sells them to shippers at full maturity.
Explain the vara y pulgar training method
One year's vara (stick) will be pruned back after harvest to become the following year's pulgar (thumb).
Sherry with Certified Age Designation must be of what style?
Only Amontillado, Oloroso, Palo Cortado, and Pedro Ximénez Vino Dulce Natural are authorized
Ontario Icewine has a minimum residual sugar level of _______g/l. (______ g/l prior to 2014.)
Ontario Icewine has a minimum residual sugar level of 100 g/l. (125 g/l prior to 2014.)
2014, 2010, 2003 (Austria)
Poor vintage for Austria from 2016 to 2001
Ontario VQA wines require ____% for appellations and regional appellations, and ______% for sub-appellations (in Niagara Peninsula).
Ontario VQA wines require "85%" for appellations and regional appellations, and "100%" for sub-appellations (in Niagara Peninsula).
_______________ and ________________, respectively Canada's first and second most important wine regions, are the only areas with VQA status today.
Ontario and British Columbia
What Canadian provinces were the last to repel prohibition in 1927 and 1929?
Ontario and Nova Scotia were the last winemaking provinces to repeal prohibition, in 1927 and 1929.
De Chaunac ended the reliance of his employer, _________________, on native grapes and introduced a number of other hybrids from his native France, including Baco Noir, Rosette, and Maréchal Foch.
Ontario's Brights Wines
The lenta fermentation
Or slow fermentation, in which high temperatures subside and any remaining sugar in the wine is converted to alcohol over a period of weeks.
Flavor and Origin of Cointreau
Orange France
Flavor and Origin of Amer Picon
Orange & Gentian France
Flavor and Origin of Grand Marnier
Orange (Cognac base) France
Flavor and Origin of Aperol
Orange/Gentian/Rhubarb Italy
Who oversees the AVA system?
Originally the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF); Currently the Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)
What are the current operating Trappist Abbeys?
Orval Chimay Westvleteren westmalle Rochefort Achel Koningshoeven Stift Engelszell Spencer (2013)
Name all of the Trappist Beers
Orval (Belgian, est. 1931) Chimay (Belgian, est. 1863) Westvleteren (St.-Sixtus, Belgian, est. 1838) Rochefort (Belgian, est. 1595) Westmalle (Belgian, est. 1836) Achel (Belgian, est. 1998) Koningshoeven (La Trappe, Netherlands, est. 1884) Stift Engelszell (Austria, est. 1293, beer production began in 1925, then stopped in 1929. Production began again in 2012) Mariawald (German, ceased production in 1956) St.-Joseph's Abbey (Spencer, Massachusetts, certified for production in 2013) Abdij Maria Toevlucht (Zundert, Netherlands, certified for production in 2013) Mont des Cats (France, est. 1826, beer production began 1848, commercialized in 1896, halted production in 1905. Production began again in 2011, but is now made at Scourmont Abbey/Chimay in Belgium) Tre Fontane (Abbazia delle Tre Fontane, Rome, Italy, certified for production in 2015)
Which varieties typically submit to soleo?
PX and Moscatel. Palomino may be sunned briefly (<24 hours), but frequently is not at all.
What are the Generoso Liqueur sherry types?
Pale Cream: lighter and fresher, from Fino wines Cream: darker and denser, from Oloroso Dry: a paler style, still with RS Medium: rich amber sherry, sometimes from Amontillado
Fine, delicate Sherry in which the flor has flourished, protecting the wine from oxidation. Such wines will generally develop as Fino styles. What style is this?
Palma
A more robust Fino, which may eventually emerge as Amontillado. What style is this?
Palma Cortada
A rarity. Although flor is still present, the wine's richness leads the cellar master to redirect the wine toward an oxidative aging path. The wine will be fortified after Sobretablas to at least 17% abv, destroying the veil of flor that protects it from oxygen. What style is this?
Palo Cortada
The rare _______________ combines the rich body and color of an Oloroso with the penetrating yet delicate bouquet of an Amontillado, and is greatly prized by Sherry aficionados.
Palo Cortado
a Fino, redirected toward oxidative aging during the second classification
Palo Cortado
Listán
Palomino
Three white grapes are authorized for the production of Sherry
Palomino (Listán), Pedro Ximénez (PX) Moscatel (Muscat of Alexandria).
_________________, the grape used for the majority of Sherry wines, must be pressed quickly after picking as it is prone to rapid oxidation.
Palomino Fino
2003, 2000, 1999, 1993, 1992 Vintages for Alsace
Poor vintages for Alsace
Between the two sub-varieties of Palomino Fino and Palomino de Jerez, which one is more prevalent and why?
Palomino de Jerez, because it is prized for its higher yields and disease resistance.
Almacenistas is to Sherry, as _____________ is to Madeira.
Partidistas
What is the Portuguese equivalent of almacenistas?
Partidistas (Madeira)
What are the AVAs of San Luis Obispo?
Paso Robles York Mountain Edna Valley Arroyo Grande Valley
Name 5 Special Club producers
Paul Bara (Bouzy) Roland Champion (Chouilly) Charlier et Fils (Montigny) Gaston Chiquet (Dizy) Forget-Chemin (Ludes) Fresnet-Juillet (Verzy) Pierre Gimonnet (Cuis) Henri Goutorbe (Aÿ) Grongnet (Etoges) Bernard Hatté et Fils (Verzenay) Marc Hébrart (Mareuil-sur-Aÿ) Hervieux-Dumez (Sacy) José Michel (Moussy) Vincent Joudart (Férebrianges) Juillet-Lallement (Verzy) Lamiable (Tours-sur-Marne) Larmandier Père et Fils (Cramant) J. Lassalle (Chigny-les-Roses) Launois Père et Fils (Mesnil-sur-Oger) Joseph Loriot Pagel (Festigny) A. Margaine (Villers Marmery) Moussé Fils (Cuisles)
Flavor and Base of Southern Comfort
Peach/Orange/Spice American Whiskey (neutral)
PX
Pedro Ximenez
A fourth appellation of Ontario, _____________ (Canada's southernmost point and smallest viticultural area, situated several miles off the shoreline of Lake Erie), was in existence until 2013, when it was formally deregulated.
Pelee Island
Which VQA was deregulated in 2013?
Pelee Island
Permitted Actual Alcohol Ranges: Fortified and Liqueur Wines: __________% Vin de Curé: _______% All Other Wines: ________%
Permitted Actual Alcohol Ranges: Fortified and Liqueur Wines: 14.9-20% Vin de Curé: 7-20% All Other Wines: 7-14.9%
Permitted training methods for Champagne AOP?
Permitted Training Methods: Chablis, Cordon de Royat, Vallée de la Marne (allowed for Meunier only), Guyot (simple or double)
"Belle Époque/Fleur de Champagne (USA)" (Brut, Brut Rosé, and Blanc de Blancs)
Perrier-Jouët (Épernay) "Belle Époque/Fleur de Champagne (USA)" 1964 2002 - Last vintage for Fleur de Champagne label
List the Chablis and the Yonne Départements
Petit Chablis AOP Chablis AOP Chablis Grand Cru AOP Irancy AOP Saint-Bris AOP
What is the minimum potential alcohol for the four AOPs of Chablis?
Petit Chablis: 9.5% Chablis: 10% Chablis 1er Cru: 10.5% Chablis Grand Cru: 11%
"Clos des Goisses"
Philipponnat (NM, Mareuil-sur-Aÿ) "Clos des Goisses" (5.5 ha, Mareuil-sur-Aÿ) 70% Pinot Noir, 30% Chardonnay Inaugural vintage was 1935
Folle Blanche is a synonym for what?
Picpoul (and Vermentino)
2016, 2003, 1999, 1993, 1991 Cote de Beaune
Poor vintages for Cote de Beaune
"Cuvée Spéciale les Chétillons" What producer makes this wine?
Pierre Peters (RM, le Mesnil-sur-Oger) 100% Chardonnay
What are some examples of Lagers?
Pilsner Bock (including Doppelbock, Eisbock, Maibock) Märzen/Fest Beer Vienna Style Dortmunder Black/Schwartz Munich Helles Pale Lager
Pimm's Cup
Pimm's #1, lime juice, lemon juice, simple syrup, gin, soda Up in a highball glass Cucumber/mint garnish
What is the Burgundian synonym for Pinot Gris?
Pinot Beurot
What are the four minor grapes of Champagne?
Pinot Blanc Vrai, Fromenteau (Pinot Gris), Petit Meslier, Arbane
_______ is the prominent grape in both Montagne de Reims and the Aube
Pinot Noir
"Rare"
Piper-Heidsieck (Reims) "Rare" Chardonnay and Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage was 1976
The traditional method of crushing Palomino grapes was pisadores with zapatos de pisar. What are pisadores and zapatos de pisar?
Pisadores: laborers Zapatos de Pisar: cowhide boots (shoes) with angled nails on the soles
Pisco Sour
Pisco (brandy), lime/lemon juice, simple syrup, egg white, Angostura Up in rocks glass
Gin-Gin Mule
Plymouth Gin, Simple Syrup, Lime Juice, Ginger Beer, Mint (Muddled) Highball glass over ice Mint
What is the difference in style between Plymouth and London Dry?
Plymouth is fuller in body, and more aromatic.
Pink Lady
Plymouth, Egg White, Grenadine, Lemon Juice, Simple Syrup Up in a cocktail glass Cherry
Where does the California coastline turn east?
Point Conception
"Cuvée Sir Winston Churchill"
Pol Roger (Épernay) "Cuvée Sir Winston Churchill" Pinot Noir and Chardonnay Inaugural vintage was 1975
Which three communes of the Cote de Beaune produce only red wine?
Pommard Volnay Blagny
Who released the first brut Champagne on the market and when?
Pommery put the first brut Champagne, Pommery "Nature," on the market in 1874.
Who created the first brut Champagne?
Pommery, in 1874, called "Nature"
What is the humid wind that blows off the Atlantic and encourages the growth of flor?
Poniente
2003, 2000, 1999, 1997, 1991, 1987, 1984 (Champagne)
Poor Vintages for Champagne from 2016 to 1990
2011, 2001, 2000, 1998, 1997, 1996 Sonoma PN
Poor Vintages for Sonoma PN
What type of soil is found Champagne and how does that affect the vine?
Porous, belemnite chalk subsoil is pushed to the surface on the appellation's slopes, absorbing heat to protect the vines at night and providing excellent drainage in the wet climate.
What is the lesser soil type of Chablis?
Portlandian limestone
What is segunda yema?
Press wine
What is moruka?
Pressed sake that has been separated from the less, but not carbon-filtered.
Who owns Clos des Corvees?
Prieure-Roch (Nuits)
Where is Tequila produced?
Primarily around the city of Tequila in Jalisco. Other states of production are: Guanajuato Tamaulipas Nayarit Michoacán
To the north of the Niagara Peninsula , much of ____________________ is separated from the mainland by water, and the vineyards occupy a fractured landmass of well-drained soils, interspersed with inlets and coves. Pinot Noir and Chardonnay are common amidst the region's handful of wineries.
Prince Edward County
Viticultural Areas of Ontario
Prince Edward County Niagara Peninsula Lake Erie North Shore Pelee Island (deregulated in 2013)
What is Rhum Agricole?
Produced from sugarcane juice in a column still on Martinique.
What are the requirements for Scotch?
Produced in Scotland. Distilled a minimum of two times. Aged at least three years. Minimum 40% abv.
What are the requirements for Tennessee Whiskey?
Produced in Tennessee, filtered with maple charcoal prior to aging. It is a sour mash style.
Bellini
Prosecco, White Peach Puree, Raspberry Puree Champagne Flute
What Washington AVA is NOT contained within Columbia Valley?
Puget Sound
Where is Domaine Leflaive based?
Puligny
Where is Louis Carillon based?
Puligny
What is percolation?
Pumping alcohol through the flavoring material.
What departments are located in the Pays d'Oc IGP?
Pyrenees-Orientales, Aude, Herault, Gard, Lozere
What Departments does the Comté Tolosan IGP carry?
Pyrennes-Atlantiques, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, Gers, Hautes-Pyrenees, Haute-Garonne, Ariege, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne
Who was the first bourbon producer?
Rev. Elijah Craig
List bottle sizes in order
Quarter Bottle (Piccolo) Half Bottle (Demi) 375 ml Bottle 750 ml Magnum 1.5 L (2 bottles) Jeroboam 3 L (4 bottles) Rehoboam (discontinued in 1989) 4.5 L (6 bottles) Methuselah 6 L (8 bottles) Salmanazar 9 L (12 bottles) Balthazar 12 L (16 bottles) Nebuchadnezzar 15 L (20 bottles) Solomon 18 L (24 bottles)
What is a Piccolo?
Quarter bottle/187mL
Who owns Village de Pernand?
R. Rapet
A grower-producer who makes Champagne from estate-grown fruit. 95% of the grapes must originate in the producer's own vineyards. What type of Champagne producer is this?
RM (Récoltant Manipulant)
Who has a wetter climate Willamette or Burgundy?
Rainfall may dip slightly in the western areas nearest the Coast Range, but overall the Willamette Valley has a wetter climate than Burgundy.
What is the source of Framboise?
Raspberries
What are the sub-AVAs of Yakima Valley?
Rattlesnake Hills Red Mountain Snipes Mountain
Smoked beer, famously produced in Bamberg (Franken, Germany)
Rauchbier
Despite its initial promise, flor growth is anemic, or the protective yeast has died completely. The wine's robust character is reinforced by further fortification to 17-18%, and the wine emerges from Sobretablas as an Oloroso. What style is this?
Raya
David Adelsheim had convinced ___________ to share his new clones of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay with Oregon's young winemaking scene years earlier during a visit to Burgundy, and his efforts finally bore fruit
Raymond Bernard
What are the sub-AVAs of Southern Oregon AVA?
Red Hills Douglas County Umpqua Valley Elkton Oregon Rogue Valley Applegate Valley
What is Washington's smallest AVA?
Red Mountain
What are the styles and authorized villages for Cote de Nuits-Villages?
Red and white. Fixin, Brochon, Corgoloin, Comblanchien, Prissey
What are the requirements for Cote de Beaune-Villages wines?
Red only. Sourced from anywhere in the Cote de Beaune but Pommard, Volnay, Aloxe-Corton, and Beaune.
How is Santenots labeled for red and white wine?
Red: Volnay-Santenots White: Meursault-Santenots
They are broadly similar in both degree-day averages—Burgundy and the Willamette Valley both fall into ________________—and annual growing season temperatures.
Region I
Why would there be trash littered throughout Champagne?
Remnants of bags used to ship composted trash. The Champenoise have a long history of relying on recycled Parisian garbage to fertilize their vineyards. Composting is admirable, but the portion of inorganic and toxic waste grew over time, and the practice was outlawed in 1998. Les bleus de ville remain, a reminder to a new generation of growers and caretakers.
What are Les bleus de ville?
Remnants of blue plastic bags used to ship composted trash in the vineyards of Champagne
What is ebourgeonnage?
Removal of excess buds (bourgeon = bud)
Cote de Beaune North to South
Savigny-les-Beaune Pernand-Vergelesses Ladoix-Serrigny Aloxe-Corton Chorey-les-Beaune Beaune Pommard Volnay Monthelie Auxey-Duresses Saint-Romain Meursault Blagny Puligny-Montrachet Saint-Aubin Chassagne-Montrachet Santenay Maranges
What are some other Very Old California wineries?
Schramsberg (1862) Beringer (1876) Inglenook (1879)
What are bourbes?
Sediments/solids in the must or wine
What is débourbage?
Settling of must or wine, prior to racking
What was one of the first protected Spanish appellations and when?
Sherry in 1933 with the establishment of a Consejo Regulador
What are the sub-appellations of Niagara Escarpment?
Short Hills Bench Beamsville Bench Twenty Mile Bench
Grand Cru villages in Montagne de Reims
Sillery Puisieulx Beaumont-Sur-Vesle Verzenay Mailly-Champagne Verzy* Louvois Bouzy Ambonnay
What are the Grand Cru Villages of the Montagne de Reims?
Sillery Puisieulx Beaumont-sur-Vesle Verzenay Mailly Verzy Louvois Bouzy Ambonnay
What is the Continuous Method?
Similar to Charmat, except that the wine is pumped through a series of interconnected tanks through the secondary fermentation, with more liqueur de tirage added constantly. As the lees accumulate, they create a higher degree of autolyzed flavors in the wine.
Who is the major producer of whisky in Japan?
Suntory
What are some plum eaux-de-vie?
Slivovitz Mirabelle Quetsch Prunelle
Flavor and Origin of Sloe Gin
Sloe Berries (Sweetened Gin base) England
Sloe Gin Fizz
Sloe Gin, Lemon, Sugar, Soda Water, Egg White Highball glass over ice
What is Rauchbier?
Smoked beer, famously from Bamberg
What AVA does Oregon share with Idaho?
Snake River Valley
Wines that undergo biological aging go through an intermediary stage. What is this stage called, and what is its purpose?
Sobretablas: a period of six months to a year where the wine is monitored and classified for a second time.
What does SR mean?
Sociéte de Récoltants: A firm of related growers who share resources to make their wines and market them under their own separate brands
SR
Société de Récoltants A firm, not a co-operative, set up by a union of often related growers, who share resources to make their wines and collectively market several brands.
What are the AVA's of Sonoma County?
Sonoma Coast Fort Ross-Seaview Pine Mountain-Cloverdale Peak Rockpile Dry Creek Valley Chalk Hill Russian River Valley Green Valley Carneros Alexander Valley Knights Valley Sonoma Valley Bennett Valley Sonoma Mountain Moon Mountain Northern Sonoma
Name two premier crus of Meursault in Blagny (white wines only)!
Sous Blagny Sous le Dos d'Ane Les Ravelles La Piece sous le Bois Les Jeunellotte Blagny
Are Corgoloin, Comblanchien, and Prissey in the north or south of the Cote de Nuits?
South
What winemaking regions are located in the Comte Tolosan IGP?
Southwestern France
All Ontario VQA wines must be labeled with a vintage date and contain a minimum 85% of grapes harvested in that year. What wine style is not obligated to follow this rule?
Sparkling doesn't have to follow this rule
Icewine Dosage
Sparkling wine for which a min. 10% Icewine is added as dosage, with a min. 20 g/l of residual sugar
What is Icewine Dosage?
Sparkling wine in which min. 10% ice wine is added as dosage; minimum 20g/L RS.
Cable Car
Spiced Rum, Orange Curacao, Lemon, Simple Syrup Up in a cocktail glass Cinnamon & sugar rim, Orange Twist
What characterizes Oloroso?
Spicy, walnut tones and smooth, rich mouthfeel. Final abv 17-22%.
Spencer, Massachusetts, certified for production in 2013. What Trappist Beer is made here?
St.-Joseph's Abbey
Santa Ynez Valley encompasses what three sub-AVAs?
Sta. Rita Hills Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara Ballard Canyon
What is infusion?
Steeping a flavoring agent in alcohol at higher temperatures (swift and hot).
What is maceration?
Steeping a flavoring agent in alcohol at lower temperatures (slow and cold).
Austria, est. 1293, beer production began in 1925, then stopped in 1929. Production began again in 2012. What trappist beer is this?
Stift Engelszell
Which Trappist Abbey stopped production from 1929 to 2012?
Stift Engelszell (Austria)
What is VQA Blanc de Noirs?
Still white wine made from a minimum 85% red grapes.
What comprises liqueur de tirage?
Still wine, yeasts, sugar, and fining agents
Major Russian vodka producers?
Stolichnaya, Ikon
Styles of wines produced from Rose des Riceys AOP?
Styles and Encépagement: Rosé (tranquille): 100% Pinot Noir
What relationship do the Sherry terms "Golden," "Milk," or "Brown" have to do with England?
Such terminology reinforces the longstanding importance of the British market—and the historic British control of the shipping houses and bodegas of Jerez.
What is the climate like in Okanagan Valley?
Summers are hotter than in California's coastal regions, and winters are much colder, bringing annual fears of significant vine damage.
Sweetness descriptors and residual sugar ranges for Ontario Sparkling Wine: Brut: max. ____ g/l Extra Dry: _______ g/l Dry: ______ g/l Semi-Dry:_______g/l Sweet: min. ______ g/l
Sweetness descriptors and residual sugar ranges for Ontario Sparkling Wine: Brut: max. 15 g/l Extra Dry: 15-25 g/l Dry: 25-35 g/l Semi-Dry: 35-50 g/l Sweet: min. 50 g/l
With the Van Duzer Corridor's impact recalling Mistral winds in McMinnville, this may be an interesting location for _______ in the future.
Syrah
T/F: Sake is typically filtered and pasteurized.
TRUE
Who produces Domaine Carneros?
Taittinger
"Les Folies de la Marquetterie" NV (Pierry)
Taittinger 55% Chardonnay, 45% Pinot Noir First NV release in 2006
"Comtes de Champagne" (Blanc de Blancs and Rosé)
Taittinger (Reims) "Comtes de Champagne" (Blanc de Blancs and Rosé) Blanc de Blanc Rosé: 70% Pinot Noir, 30% Chardonnay CdC: 1952 CdC Rosé: 1973
"Taittinger Collection"
Taittinger (Reims) "Taittinger Collection" Collection: 50% Chardonnay 50% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage for "Collection": 1978
Flavor and Origin of Van der Hume
Tangerine South Africa
"La Vigne d'Or", "La Vigne d'Antan", "La Vigne Royale", "Cuvée Louis" (NV) What producer makes these wines?
Tarlant (RM, Oeuilly)
Sake aged in wooden barrels
Taruzake
Flavor profile on Pinot Noir on volcanic soil
Tasters often ascribe a lighter color and a red fruit profile to Pinot Noir wines produced on volcanic soils here.
What is mixto Tequila?
Tequila that is not 100% blue agave.
Paloma
Tequila, Lime, Grapefruit Soda HIghball glass over ice Salt Rim, Lime Wedge
Tequila Sunrise
Tequila, Orange Juice, Grenadine Highball glass over ice Orange Slice, Cherry
Matador
Tequila, Pineapple, Lime Up in a cocktail glass or champagne flute
Rules for "Special Club" Wines
The "Special Club" is the top-of-the-range, prestige cuvée for all members The Club Trésors will declare a vintage as being worthy of "Special Club" prestige cuvées, then each member may decide individually whether or not to produce a "Special Club" wine All base wines and finished "Special Club" wines must undergo tasting analysis All "Special Club" bottles share an identical label and bottle shape
How are the summer temperatures different in the Cote d'Or than the Willamette Valley?
The Côte d'Or's season is compressed and shorter; it sees summer temperature spikes that surpass those of Willamette Valley, and its temperatures rise and fall more sharply in the spring and fall.
What is genever?
The Dutch precursor to gin, produced in a pot still and sweeter and less alcoholic than London Dry Gin.
One of the clearest distinctions drawn between Washington and the Willamette Valley, however, is a line in the soil. Why is that?
The Missoula Floods that washed through Washington and poured out the Wallula Gap flooded the Willamette Valley as well, and the original AVA boundaries were marked to match the floodwaters' reach.
What does Moet & Chandon's "Oenothèque" mean?
The Moët & Chandon Brut Champagne Cuvée Dom Pérignon Oenothèque is a wine that's late-disgorged after spending extra years in the cellar. In this case, "Oenothèque" refers to the place where the wine was stored for the extra time.
What geographical feature cools Napa Valley?
The Petaluma Gap, allowing cool ocean air across the San Pablo Bay and up through the valley.
What does honjozo imply?
The addition of brewer's alcohol (pure distillate).
How much alcohol and pressure is created during secondary fermentation in Champagne?
The alcohol content of the wine rises approximately 1.2-1.3%, and the carbon dioxide creates a pressure inside the bottle of five to six atmospheres.
What are the two columns of the continuous still?
The analyzer and the rectifier
How are bottles stored during secondary fermentation?
The bottles are usually stored horizontally ("sur latte").
What are bubbles like in wines made in the Charmat method?
The bubbles, or bead, in tank method wines will be larger and coarser, and the wine will have a less uniform texture than wines made by the traditional method.
Who was Dom Pérignon, and what is his contribution to Champagne?
The cellarmaster at the Abbey of Hautvillers from 1668-1715, and a master of assemblage.
At the conclusion of fermentation, the wine is classified: what does a circle mean, and what is the destiny of the wine?
The circle indicates the wine has been classified as Gordura, and is destined to be aged oxidatively as an oloroso.
What is a pièce?
The classic Burgundy barrel - 228L
Dividing line between the Côte de Nuits and the Côte de Beaune
The communes of Corgoloin and Ladoix-Serrigny
Mendocino wine country is centered around what geographic feature?
The confluence of the Russian and Navarro Rivers
What is the flavor profile of PNs from McMinnville AVA?
The constant gusts do reduce fungal issues and create denser, more tannic Pinot Noir wines, loaded with darker fruit flavors and pigment.
What is seimaibuai?
The degree to which the rice has been milled.
After the two fermentation cycles take place, tumultuous and lenta, what then happens to the wine?
The delicate base wine of 11-12.5% abv is then separated from its lees, and the process of transformation begins.
What promotes the growth of flor?
The humid Atlantic poniente wind alternates with the levante, and promotes the growth of flor, a film-forming yeast necessary in the maturation of Sherry.
Is it possible to see more still wine being exported moving forward?
The increasing quality and local interest in dry wines is likely to spur increasing exports of the region's table wines.
Approval for VOS/VORS applies to the individual lot of drawn wine, or the whole solera?
The individual lot.
What is Fino-Amontillado sherry?
The intermediate stage between Fino and Amontillado, where the sherry has lost its flor, and begins to age oxidatively.
In the 17th century, what struggles did the cellar masters in Champagne deal with?
The irrepressibly cold winters of the region created a danger: as the weather cooled off in the autumn and the yeasts became dormant, fermentation would sometimes prematurely stop, and the wines would be bottled with fermentable sugars still present. With the spring thaw and rising temperatures, yeasts would awaken inside the bottle, and refermentation occurred. The resulting sparkle was a fatal flaw, as the weak, wood-fired French glass of the past could not withstand the mounting gas pressure, and bottles would explode, often causing a chain reaction throughout the cellar.
How does the act of drying the malted barley impact the style of beer?
The length and degree of roasting will affect the character of the malt - heavy roasting for porters, light toasting for pale ales, etc.
What do positive and negative numbers indicate on a bottle of sake?
The level of dryness: positive numbers are increasingly drier, and negative numbers are increasingly sweeter.
What is Pommeau de Normandie?
The mistelle of Normandy, produced from apple must and AOC Calvados, aged at least one year in oak.
What is dégorgement à la glace?
The modern method: bottles are dipped in a freezing brine solution to freeze the sediment and a small portion of wine before disgorging.
Why is albariza soil considered the best in Jerez?
The moisture-retentive albariza retains water from autumn and winter rains, while the friable soil structure allows vine roots to penetrate deeply in a search for water trapped beneath its baked, impermeable surface during the arid growing season.
How long does the koji-kin grow on the first batch of inoculated steamed rice?
The mold grows on the steamed rice for about two days
What makes the fermentation process different for Vino Dulce Natural, or "naturally sweet wine"?
The moniker is misleading, as the wines are fortified after a partial fermentation. Sugar content for both wines ranges from 180 to 500 grams per liter.
How long does it take to develop the starter, or moto, in sake production?
The moto develops over a period of two weeks before it is moved to a larger vessel for fermentation.
The movement of wine from one butt to another provides ____________; the addition of añada (year) wines provides a constant influx of ____________ for the flor to prosper.
The movement of wine from one butt to another provides "oxygen;" the addition of añada (year) wines provides a constant influx of "nutrients" for the flor to prosper.
Describe the primary fermentation process in Champagne.
The must, which is often chaptalized, will then undergo primary fermentation, resulting in high-acid base wines (vins clairs) with an approximate alcohol content of 11%. Primary fermentation may occur in either stainless steel or oak—typically used barrels, although some producers do use a percentage of new wood.
Where is Okanagan Valley positioned in British Columbia?
The narrow valley, located between the Cascades and the Monashee Mountains, enjoys long daylight hours and a true continental climate, despite some mitigation of extremes by the nearby Lake Okanagan.
What is the volume of the Vin de Taille?
The next 500L
What is a bidule?
The plastic cap inserted into a champagne bottle pre-secondary fermentation, intended to catch the sediment during remuage
shinpaku
The pure starchy heart of the rice grain
What is deblocage?
The release of reserved wine for use in a vintage
What is the flavor profile for Icewine from Niagara Peninsula?
The resulting wine is concentrated, intensely sweet, and rich, yet they retain acidity for balance.
What characterizes Palo Cortado?
The richness and body of Oloroso, with the delicate bouquet of Amontillado.
If a sake is labeled ginjo or daiginjo without the modifier of junmai, what does that mean?
The sake is honjozo in style.
What measure occurs after sake has fermented?
The sake is then pressed, and is usually filtered and pasteurized.
Arenas soils
The sandy arenas soils are most common in coastal areas.
How much wine does the Okanagan Valley supply its province, British Columbia?
The valley supplies 82% of the province's wine.
At the conclusion of fermentation, the wine is classified: what does a vertical slash mean, and what is the destiny of the wine?
The vertical slash indicates the wine has been classified as Palo, and is destined to become Fino or Manzanilla
vin de taille
The vin de taille is usually richer in pigment and tannin, and many producers sell off this lesser component of the must or include it in a minor proportion as a structural element in a blend.
How are the vineyards in Montagne de Reims positioned and why?
The vineyards of the Montagne de Reims are, surprisingly, divided between south- and north-facing slopes. The plain beneath the northern Montagne de Reims is too cold for viticulture, but the higher slopes of the region's plateau enjoy a pocket of warm air that allows the grapes to ripen.
How many criaderas (tiers of butts) can you find within the solera method?
There may be as few as three to four criaderas, or as many as fourteen.
How did Willamette obtain Missoula Flood Sediment?
These flood-borne sediments arrived as recently as 12,000 years ago, as the cyclical Missoula Floods roared through the Wallula Gap and the Columbia Gorge, spilling out into the valley.
What effect do the breezes from the Atlantic have on Jerez?
They alleviate the heat of the region, but the effect quickly dissipates as one moves inland.
barros soils
They are more fertile—but more difficult to work—barros soils have a higher proportion of clay and are prominent in low-lying valleys.
What is unique about Champagne's labeling?
They are the only AOC/AOP that is not required to include "appellation contrôlée/protégée" on the label.
How do hops behave through the boiling process?
They become more bitter as they boil longer, and lose aromas.
Describe the Champagne process "dégorgement à la glace"
This involves dipping the neck of bottle in a freezing brine solution. The bottle can then be turned upright. The force of internal pressure will expel the semi-frozen sediment (and a small portion of wine) as the crown cap is removed.
How does the Sake Value Meter (nihonshudo) establish its value?
This scale is a measure of the sake's specific gravity, or density in contrast to that of water.
In the Willamette Valley, there are four major soil types derived from four different underlying geologies. _______ of them—uplifted marine sediments, volcanic soils, and loess—are reasonably nutrient-poor and important for quality wine production.
Three
How are the 18 AVAs within Oregon spread out?
Three skirt the borders of Oregon and Idaho in eastern Oregon; the remainder fall along the western side of the Cascade Range, stretching from California to Washington in three nearly parallel growing regions, the Willamette Valley, Umpqua Valley, and Rogue Valley.
How many times are koji, water, and steamed rice added to the moto?
Three times
What are the requirements for Canadian whiskey?
Three years of aging. Typically a high % of rye; all Canadian whiskey is referred to as "rye."
Tirage process of Champagne AOP
Tirage: Secondary fermentation (prise de mousse) is accomplished in glass bottles Tirage may not occur until at least January 1 of the year following the harvest Volume of wine may not increase by more than 1.12% per 1% increase in alcohol during secondary fermentation Wines may not be disgorged until at least 12 months after the date of tirage Finished wines are marketed in the same bottle in which tirage occurred, except for bottle sizes with a volume smaller than 375 ml or larger than 3 liters. For NV bottlings, up to 20% of 375 ml bottles may also be transferred into new bottles.
What are the guidelines that a producer must follow if they want to label their wine as a single vineyard?
To be labeled with a single vineyard in either province, a VQA wine must solely contain grapes grown in the stated vineyard.
In the Willamette Valley, where soil moisture is rarely a problem, growers instead rely on nutrient-depleted soils to restrain vine vigor. How does the producer restrain a vine's vigor?
To do this, most vineyards are planted on slopes above 275 ft., raising them up from the flood-deposited soils and frost-prone valley floor. 800-900 ft. is generally the maximum elevation for quality red wine vineyards in the Willamette Valley.
Why do they mill sake rice?
To remove the protein-rich outer shell, revealing the starchy heart of the rice.
What is a sake brewer called?
Toji
How is special designation or premium sake labeled?
Tokutei meisho-shu
Along with Fine, what terms indicate a Calvados from Pays d'Auge of at least two years age?
Trois Étoiles Trois Pommes VS
A Sherry house may also adjust the color of the final wine with vino de color, a non-alcoholic concoction produced by a combination of boiled, reduced syrup and fresh must. True or False?
True
About 50% of Oregon's total vineyard acreage has been certified as sustainable through third-party agencies like LIVE, but the Willamette Valley faces its fair share of pest problems. True or False?
True
Ale fermentation is quick, usually lasting less than a week. True or False?
True
Although Sherry may be bottled as a dry generoso wine directly from the solera, it is more likely to be sweetened and blended before sale. True or False?
True
Approval to use either VOS or VORS on a label only applies to an individual lot of drawn wine, not the entire solera. True or False?
True
In sake production, rice starch is converted to fermentable sugars, yet the conversion of starch to sugar and sugar to alcohol occurs simultaneously in the same vessel. True or False?
True
In very general terms, average yields can be higher for sparkling wines than for still wines, partly because there is no imperative to achieve high sugar levels. True or False?
True
Cognac is distilled from low alcohol, acidic base wine produced primarily from ____________, which accounts for nearly _______% of the vineyard acreage in the appellation.
Ugni Blanc (St. Émilion); 98%
What word does whiskey derive from?
Uisgebeatha (water of life)
What did Madame Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin accomplish?
Under her leadership, the house pioneered the process of remuage, or riddling
What is genshu sake?
Undiluted sake
What are bottle-conditioned beers?
Unfiltered beers that undergo partial fermentation in bottle.
What is nigorizake?
Unfiltered sake (or sometimes filtered sake with the lees added back in)
Is it common to till the vineyards in Willamette Valley?
Unlike Burgundy, where soil tilling is usually a necessary part of the sustainable arsenal, tilling has become an unfashionable practice in the Willamette Valley.
The Gulf Islands GI of British Columbia has what unofficial subzones?
Unofficial subzones of Gulf Islands: Gabriola, Saturna Island
What is namazake?
Unpasteurized sake
What are the four major soil types found in Willamette Valley?
Uplifted Marine Sediments Volcanic Soils Loess Missoula Flood Deposits
What is the world's largest demarcated appellation? Where is it, and how big is it?
Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA, spanning 30,000 miles in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois
What container is used for sobretablas?
Used 600L American Oak butts.
What type of casks are used for Brandy de Jerez?
Used American oak sherry casks comprise the solera, which allows Brandy de Jerez producers to achieve excellent consistency year after year.
Along with VSOP, what terms indicate a cognac with at least four years of age?
VO Réserve
Along with VSOP, what terms indicate a Calvados with at least four years of age?
VO Vieille Réserve
What would be the certified age statement for a Sherry that the solera wines has an average age of over 30 years.
VORS (Vinum Optimum Rare Signatum, or "Very Old Rare Sherry")
For every liter of _______ Sherry drawn from the solera, at least 20 liters must remain.
VOS
In 2000, the Consejo Regulador for Jerez created two new categories for Sherry Wines of Certified Age. What are they?
VOS and VORS
VQA standards are legally enforced in _____________, but voluntary in ____________—approved bottlings will always carry the stylized VQA logo.
VQA standards are legally enforced in "Ontario," but voluntary in "British Columbia"—approved bottlings will always carry the stylized VQA logo.
Cognac labels may give an designation of age. What are they?
VS ("Very Special") or *** indicates at least two years in cask, VSOP ("Very Special, or Superior, Old Pale") indicates at least four years in cask, XO ("Extra Old") currently indicates at least six years in cask.
What are the current requirements for aging Armagnac? When did this change?
VS / ***: 1-3 years VSOP: 4-9 years XO / Hors d'Age: 10+ years 2013.
Previously, what were the aging requirements for Armagnac?
VS: 2 years VSOP: 5 years XO: 6 years
What do VSOP and XO indicate (respectively) on a bottle of Rhum Agricole?
VSOP: 4 years in oak XO: 6 years in oak
Inaugural vintages for Larmandier-Bernier's "Vieille Vigne de Cramant", "Terre de Vertus"?
VV de Cramant: 1990 Terre de Vertus: 1995
What are the subregions of the Baja Peninsula?
Valle de Guadalupe Valle de Santo Tomas Valle de San Antonion de las Minas Valle de San Vincente
Vallée de la Marne Premier Cru Villages
Vallée de la Marne Premier Cru Villages (7 total): Bisseuil Champillon Cumières Dizy Hautvillers Mareuil-sur-Ay Mutigny
Some Pinot Noirs are more tannic than others, driven in part by a vineyard's proximity to the windy ___________ Corridor.
Van Duzer
A gap in the Coastal Mountains through which cool, constant Pacific winds blow.
Van Duzer Corridor
On Canada's Pacific Coast, British Columbia supports five VQA Designated Viticultural Areas (DVAs). What are they?
Vancouver Island, Fraser Valley, Similkameen Valley, Gulf Islands, Okanagan Valley.
Flavor and Origin of Licor 43
Vanilla/Herbs/Spice Spain
What is the traditional method of training in Jerez?
Vara y Pulgar (stick and thumb)
What does the VQA control?
Varietal selection, plus some aspects of winemaking: chaptalization acidification must weights etc.
Oregon has higher % requirements than the national average. What are they?
Varietal wines (with some exceptions) must contain 90% of the stated varietal. AVA wines must contain a minimum of 95% of grapes from the stated appellation.
What is the lieu-dit within Vosgros?
Vaugiraut
What is the lieu-dit within Vau de Vey?
Vaux Ragons
What is VSOP?
Very Special/Superior Old Pale: Cognac aged at least 4 years in cask
What is VSOP?
Very Special/Superior Old Pale: Cognac aged at least 4 years in cask.
What is VS or ***?
Very Special: Cognac aged at least 2 years in cask.
What five villages were elevated to Grand Cru status in 1985?
Verzy Chouilly Oiry Oger Le Mesnil-sur-Oger
Madame Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin's nickname
Veuve ("widow") Clicquot
"La Grande Dame" (Brut and Brut Rosé)
Veuve Clicquot-Ponsardin (Reims) "La Grande Dame" (Brut and Brut Rosé) Brut: 60-65% Pinot Noir, 30-35% Chardonnay Brut: 1969, Rosé: 1988
The only French hybrid allowed for VQA icewine
Vidal
What is the only French hybrid allowed for VQA icewine?
Vidal
What two terms indicate a Calvados with at least three years age?
Vieux Réserve
Which premier crus of Pernand produce white wine only?
Village de Pernand Sous Fretille Clos Berthet
How did the Comité Interprofessional du Vin de Champagne's (CIVC) echelle (scale) work when grading villages for grand cru and premier cru status?
Villages that achieved the maximum échelle ("scale") of 100 were classified as grands crus; villages that achieved an échelle of 90 through 99 were classified as premier cru. Also, villages with a rating below 90 were simply crus. Originally, the Échelle de Crus was a true percentile system; in 1985 a revision set the minimum rating of the scale at 80.
"Coeur de Cuvée"
Vilmart & Cie (Rilly-la-Montagne) "Coeur de Cuvée" 80% Chardonnay, 20% Pinot Noir Inaugural vintage was 1989
Styles of wines allowed under Champagne AOP
Vin Mousseux Blanc Vin Mousseux Rosé (either saignée or blending prior to tirage is authorized)
What are the three pressings of Champagne?
Vin de Cuvée, Vin de Taille, Rebêche
What are the sub-appellations of Niagara Peninsula?
Vinemount Ridge Creek Shores Lincoln Lakeshore
How are the vineyards positioned in McMinnville AVA and why?
Vineyard sites often occupy east-facing slopes in shelter from the west winds.
Does the Okanagan Valley focus on white or red wines?
Vineyards are almost evenly divided between white and red grapes, with Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Merlot, and Pinot Blanc enjoying significant acreage.
What is the vinification requirement for Rose des Riceys?
Vinification Requirements: Grapes are vinified as whole bunches (semi-carbonic maceration)
Although the role of Moscatel and Pedro Ximénez in Sherry production is often supporting, wines produced solely from sunned grapes are occasionally sold as ________________, or "naturally sweet wine."
Vino Dulce Natural
What is the term for wines produced solely from sunned PX and Moscatel?
Vino Dulce Natural (still fortified, like the French VDN)
Vino Generoso blended with _________________ or concentrated must
Vino Dulce Natural or concentrated must
Vino Generoso de Licor
Vino Generoso blended with Vino Dulce Natural or concentrated must
Vino Generoso: dry in style (max.___ g/l of residual sugar)
Vino Generoso: dry in style (max. 5 g/l of residual sugar) This category holds the following styles: Fino: matured by biological aging Amontillado: mature Fino, oxidative aging follows biological aging Palo Cortado: a Fino, redirected toward oxidative aging during the second classification Oloroso: matured by oxidative aging
Malaga DO Dulce Vino de Licor includes the following categories: Vino Maestro Vino Dulce Natural Vino Tierno
Vino Maestro: fresh grapes, fortified before fermentation starts Vino Dulce Natural: fresh grapes, fortified after fermentation starts with 4-7% naturally acquired alcohol, 212 g/l min. must weight Vino Tierno: "sunned" grapes, fortified after fermentation starts, 350 g/l min. must weight (after "soleo" drying process
Is it common to come across Vintage Cognac?
Vintage Cognacs, while now legal, are rare.
Details on regulations for vintage dated Champagne
Vintage Dated Wines: Max. 80% of a year's harvest may be sold as vintage Champagne Vintage-dated wines must contain 100% of a stated vintage (with the exception of wine and products contained in the liqueur de tirage or the liqueur d'expédition)
Elevage for vintage dated Champagne wines?
Vintage Wines: Min. 36 months from date of tirage
Between Armagnac and Cognac, which one is more likely to produce a vintage bottling and how long must that be aged in cask for?
Vintage bottlings in Armagnac are more common than in Cognac, and must be aged a minimum of ten years in cask before release.
Details on vintage Champagne
Vintage: 100% of the blend must come from the stated vintage, yet a maximum 80% of a year's harvest may be sold as vintage Champagne. The better houses declare a vintage only in exceptional years. These are usually brut in style, and good examples can age for a decade or more.
What are the required % for County or State labeled wines?
Vintage: 85% Varietal: 75% Location: 75%
VQA %'s
Vintage: 85% Varietal: 85% Location: 100% in province. 95% for BC VQA areas 85% for Ontario VQA areas, 100% for sub-appellations (in the Niagara Peninsula)
What are the required % for AVA labeled wines?
Vintage: 95% Varietal: 75% Location: 85%
What is the VQA?
Vintner's Quality Alliance, an appellation and quality control system launched in 1988.
VQA
Vintners' Quality Alliance
In the same year of signing the free trade agreement with the US (1988), an appellation and quality control system known as the __________________ was launched in Ontario.
Vintners' Quality Alliance (VQA)
What does VORS indicate with regards to sherry?
Vinum Optimum Rare Sigantum: Solera wines with an average age of over 30 years.
VORS
Vinum Optimum Rare Signatum, or "Very Old Rare Sherry"—may be applied to solera wines with an average age of over 30 years.
VOS
Vinum Optimum Signatum, or "Very Old Sherry"—may be applied to solera wines with an average age of over 20 years.
What does VOS indicate with regards to sherry?
Vinum Optimum Signatum: Solera wines with an average age of over 20 years.
Who owns Derriere Saint-Jean?
Violot-Guillemard (Pommard)
What are the five communal appellations of the Macon?
Vire-Clesse Saint-Veran Pouilly-Fuisse Pouilly-Loche Pouilly-Vinzelles
General Rules for Membership of Special Club Champagne
Viticulture must occur on the estate (only RM producers may join) Vinification and bottling must occur on the estate Members must respect and uphold the Club's charter
What are the major American grape species?
Vitis Labrusca (Concord) Vitis Aestivalis (Norton) Vitis Rotundifolia (Scuppernong)
In Ontario, Icewine must be produced from __________varieties or _________
Vitis vinifera Vidal Blanc.
Godmother
Vodka, Amaretto Rocks glass over ice
Bull Shot
Vodka, Beef Broth, Tabasco, Worchestershire, Celery Salt, Pepper Highball glass with ice Lime wedge
Harvey Wallbanger
Vodka, Galliano, Orange Juice Highball glass over ice Orange Slice
Moscow Mule
Vodka, Ginger Beer, Lime Juice Copper Mug over ice. Lime Wedge
Sex on the Beach
Vodka, Peach Schnapps, Chambord, Pineapple, Cranberry Highball glass over ice. Lime Wedge
Woo Woo
Vodka, Peach Schnapps, Cranberry Highball glass over ice Orange Slice
Bloody Mary
Vodka, Tomato Juice, Worcestershire, Horseradish, Tabasco, Salt, Pepper, Lemon Highball Glass over Ice Celery Stick
What are cogeners?
Volatile molecules like esters, aldehydes, and other alcohols
Where is Hubert de Montille based?
Volnay
Where is Anne Gros based?
Vosne
Where is Domaine Leroy based?
Vosne
Where is Emmanuel Rouget based?
Vosne
Where is Jean Grivot based?
Vosne
Where is Meo Camuzet based?
Vosne
Where is Michel Gros based?
Vosne
Other than the Crémants, what AOPs in France produce Traditional Method sparkling wine?
Vouvray, Montlouis-Sur-Loire, Saumur Vin de Savoie, Seyssel Blanquette de Limoux
What AVAs does Oregon share with Washington?
Walla Walla Valley Columbia Valley Columbia Gorge
In 1973, prior to Inniskillin's inception, ______________ produced icewine on a very small scale in Okanagan Valley, but the dessert style in general remains a minor aim for the province's producers.
Walter Hanlie
St.-Sixtus, Belgian, est. 1838 Name the Trappist beer.
Westvleteren
Why is pinot meunier popular in the Vallée de la Marne?
What is blocage?
Description of Wheat Beers
Wheat Beers: produced with up to 60% wheat instead of barley (German law requires at least 50%), wheat beers are typically cloudy and unfiltered
When pressing grapes for Champagne, extraction is limited to _____ liters from ____ kg of grapes, or ____ liters from _____ kg.
When pressing grapes for Champagne, extraction is limited to 102 liters from 160 kg of grapes, or 2,550 liters from 4,000 kg.
Do all beers improve with age?
While beer does not generally improve with age, some higher alcohol beers, such as the strong ales of England and the Trappist Ales of Belgium and Holland, may show additional complexity with cellaring.
How did the Canadian wine industry change after prohibition and what varietals were they focused on?
While the wine industry was starting to transform itself through the introduction of French hybrids in the decades after prohibition, it was also undergoing a period of consolidation.
What is Straight Whiskey (Bourbon, Rye, etc.)?
Whiskey aged in barrel for at least two years.
Cuba Libre
White Rum, Coke Highball glass over ice Lime Slice
Pina Colada
White Rum, Cream of Coconut, Pineapple Highball glass with crushed ice, or blended Pineapple, Cherry
Hurricane
White Rum, Dark Rum, Lime Juice, Passionfruit Nectar, Orange Juice, Pineapple Juice, Angostura Highball glass over ice Pineapple (or other tropical)
Hemingway Daiquiri
White Rum, Lime, Grapefruit, Maraschino, Simple Syrup Highball glass with crushed or whole ice, or Up in cocktail glass Lime Wheel
Daiquiri Floridita
White Rum, Lime, Sugar, Maraschino Up in cocktail glass Lime Slice
El Presidente
White Rum, Orange Curacao, Dry Vermouth, Grenadine Stirred up in cocktail glass Orange Twist
The _____________ series in the northern Willamette Valley and the ___________series in the south are examples of soils derived from uplifted marine sediment. They tend to be sandier and thinner than the volcanic soils.
Willakenzie (North) Bellpine (south)
Soils on Ribbon Ridge are predominantly ______________ series, and rainfall is slightly lower than in the nearby Dundee Hills and Yamhill-Carlton District AVAs.
Willakenzie series
What's the collective name for the alluvial soils of the Willamette Valley?
Willamette Silt - found over older volcanic and sedimentary bedrock
The ____________, a broad valley bounded by the Coast Range on the west and the Cascades on the east, was the end of the road for thousands of 19th-century pioneers traveling westward by wagon along the Oregon Trail.
Willamette Valley
What are the AVAs of Willamette Valley
Willamette Valley, Dundee Hills, Eola-Amity Hills, McMinnville, Ribbon Ridge, Chehalem Mountain, Yamhill-Carlton District
Name three producers in Bougros
William Fevre Thierry Mothe Guy Robin Francois Servin
Quebec has its own enforced system, and Nova Scotia has a private producers' association (______________) that has created certification marks for its members.
Wines of Nova Scotia
Vendimia Asoleada
Wines produced solely from Pedro Ximénez and/or Moscatel dried through the "soleo" method. (Malaga DO)
What was the significance of adding the Dijon clone to Oregon wine?
With the introduction of the Dijon clones, Willamette Valley Pinot Noir producers could significantly expand the winemaking palette for Pinot Noir.
What is the primary series of Missoula Flood Deposits found in Willamette?
Woodburn
The valley's oldest Pinot Noir vineyards were planted by UC Davis grads with the __________ (UCD 1A and 2A) and __________(UCD 4 and UCD 5) clones of Pinot Noir—cuttings taken from their alma mater.
Wädenswil (UCD 1A and 2A) and Pommard (UCD 4 and UCD 5) clones
What was Washington's first AVA?
Yakima Valley (1983)
What is the popular type of rice for sake?
Yamada Nishiki
What type of rice is frequently used in sake making?
Yamada Nishiki
Shea Vineyard is the AVA's most important site.
Yamhill-Carlton Distract AVA
The horseshoe-shaped AVA surrounds the communities of Yamhill and Carlton, located north of McMinnville and west of the Dundee Hills AVA.
Yamhill-Carlton District AVA (est. 2004)
Are the Manzanilla wines entered through the solera in a faster pace than the standard Fino?
Yes
Is VQA approval mandatory?
Yes in Ontario. No in British Columbia.
Is draught beer pasturized?
Yes usually, with the exception of cask ales.
With the exception of sparkling wines, all Ontario VQA wines must be labeled with a vintage date and contain a minimum 85% of grapes harvested in that year. Does British Columbia follow this same requirement?
Yes, British Columbia VQA vintage-dated wines, the minimum requirement is also set at 85%.
All of Ontario's appellations are located between 41° and 44° in latitude, where the cool continental climate is mitigated by the lake effect of the Great Lakes. Does this effect vary from different appellations?
Yes, the effect dissipates quickly as one travels away from the coast.
Is chaplization legal in Oregon?
Yes, unlike in California.
Is bottled beer pasteurized?
Yes, usually.
Do Oloroso Sherries have their own solera system?
Yes, while not necessary for oxidative aging, many Oloroso wines are nonetheless aged in their own solera systems.
Will you see Palomino gone through the soleo process?
Yes. Palomino may also be sunned, but rarely for longer than 24 hours and often not at all.
Is the gyropalette used in Champagne?
Yes. The modern remuage operation is shortened to a week or less through the use of a Spanish invention, the gyropalette, an automated device that holds 504 bottles. The gyropalette has replaced hand-riddling at all of the major houses, although some prestige cuvée bottlings are still handled manually.
Where is Domaine Chandon?
Yountville
Who owns Clos du Verseuil?
Yvon Clerget (Volnay)
tokkuri
a ceramic, narrow-neck flask
Albariza
a chalky, porous, limestone-rich soil of brilliant white color, produces the best Sherry.
What are the benefits of hops in beer?
a flower that adds flavor and bitterness, and has both preservative and antiseptic qualities that prohibit bacterial growth.
tumultuous fermentation for Sherry
a hot and vigorous initial phase lasting up to a week
Details on Palomino (Listan)
a neutral grape that usually yields lackluster, low-acid table wines, is overwhelmingly preferred for Sherry and constitutes approximately 95% of the vineyard acreage in Jerez.
vino de color
a non-alcoholic concoction produced by a combination of boiled, reduced syrup and fresh must.
bidule
a plastic capsule that will serve to capture the sediment during remuage.
Wines destined to undergo biological aging are sourced from grapes grown in the finer _________ soils
albariza
Principle Soils in Jerez-Xeres-Sherry DO and Manzanilla Sanlucar de Barrameda DO.
albariza (limestone), barros (clay), arenas (sand)
What are the three principal soil types that characterize the Jerez region?
albariza, barros, arenas
Once the grain begins to germinate, or sprout, it is transferred to compartments with controlled temperature and moisture levels. As the sprout grows to nearly an inch in length, the enzyme __________ is produced, which will convert the starchy carbohydrates of the grain into the fermentable sugars ________ and _________.
amylase; maltose and dextrin
If the vino de color (a non-alcoholic concoction produced by a combination of boiled, reduced syrup and fresh must) is reduced down to one-fifth what is that called?
arrope
On average, budbreak in the Willamette Valley occurs one week __________ budbreak in the Côte d'Or, yet véraison and harvest typically begin _______, five to seven days after commencing in Burgundy.
before; later (in Willamette Valley)
Fino and Manzanilla styles undergo ____________ aging.
biological
Two divergent paths of ______________ and ______________ aging divide Sherry wines.
biological and oxidative
The second distillation, or___________, is divided into several parts: the tête (heads), coeur (heart), secondes (second cuts) and queue (tails).
bonne chauffe
The _________________ yeasts, which tend to clump together at the bottom of the vessel, ferment slower and at lower temperatures. After fermentation, the beer is transferred to conditioning tanks or casks, and often pasteurized prior to bottling.
bottom-fermenting
Sidecar
brandy, Cointreau, lemon juice Up in a cocktail glass Sugar rim, Lemon Twist
The final blend of Sherry is assembled on a small scale—often in a glass or test tube—and then applied proportionally to the wine at large. This process is known as what?
cabeceo
Capirinha
cachaca, half a lime, sugar Rocks glass over crushed ice Lime Wedge
The volcanic soils in the Willamette Valley tend to contain more ________ and therefore have a higher water-holding capacity than other soil series in the region.
clay
Along with VS and ***, what terms indicate a Cognac with at least two years of age?
de Luxe Grand Choix Surchoix
As in any other Pinot Noir-growing region, one can find adherents for whole cluster fermentations (e.g. Cristom and White Rose) but the "classic" style is more likely ______________
de-stemmed.
The Bureau National Interprofessionel de l'Armagnac (BNIA) changed the age statement of "XO" or "Hors d'Age" to what?
denotes spirits that spend at least 10 years in barrel
Vin de Curé
dried grape wine
Removing the lees from Champagne is known as process?
dégorgement
In France, brandy is considered ___________—again, the "water of life"—of grapes.
eau de vie
moromi
fermenting mash
In practice, the better producers age their brandies much longer, and many XO Cognacs will be aged for at least _________ or _______ years prior to release.
fifteen or twenty years
The darker Oloroso, meaning "_________," demonstrates spicy, walnut tones and a smooth mouthfeel.
fragant
primera yema
free-run juice, accounting for 60-70% of the total mosto de yema (must).
These styles—Fino, Amontillado, Oloroso, and Palo Cortado—are ___________ wines, totally dry in character.
generoso
Vesper
gin (dry), vodka, Lillet Blanc Stirred up in cocktail glass Lemon Peel
Gibson
gin, dry vermouth stirred up in a cocktail glass cocktail onions
Tom Collins / Gin Fizz
gin, lemon juice, simple syrup, soda water Highball glass with ice Cherry and Orange Slice
Aviation
gin, maraschino liquor, lemon juice, creme de violette Up in a Cocktail glass Cherry
French 75
gin, simple syrup, lemon juice, Champagne Champagne flute Lemon Twist
Negroni
gin, sweet vermouth, Campari Rocks glass with ice Orange Twist
Gimlet
gin, sweetened lime juice Up in a cocktail glass Lime Wedge
Soleo process
grape bunches are dried in the sun on esparto grass mats prior to pressing.
This "_________" is then roasted with hot air in a kiln to halt further growth. The style of beer desired will determine the length and degree of roasting: heavy roasted black malts, for instance, are used for porter-style beers, whereas pale malt, dried at low temperatures and very light in color, is used for pale ales.
green malt
Once the grain is malted, the malt is ground, or cracked, in a mill to produce ___________
grist.
In order to retain fleeting, volatile hop aromas, the wort may pass through a ____________ prior to chilling. Fresh hops encounter the hot wort, and contribute fresh aroma. The wort is then strained, leaving spent hops behind, and chilled to an appropriate temperature for fermentation.
hopback chamber
What does a vintage indicate on a bottle of Cognac?
if a Cognac carries a vintage date, the vintage indicates year of harvest, not year of distillation
What time of year does the flor become thin and turn gray?
in the heat and cold of the summer and winter
The Bureau National Interprofessionel de l'Armagnac (BNIA) changed the age statement of "VS" or "***" to what?
indicates that the spirit rested in barrel for between 1 and 3 years
The steamed rice upon which the mold is cultivated is the __________.
koji
A first batch of steamed rice is inoculated with the ________, a green, powdery mold.
koji-kin
Aspergillus oryzae
koji-kin
Most grappa is clear in color; however, some wood-aged examples may be found. What would these wood aged examples be labeled as?
labeled riserva, stravecchia, vecchia or invecchiata.
What is effeuillage?
leaf thinning
Other name for dosage
liqueur d'expedition
A windblown soil, ___________ swept into the Willamette Valley over the last 2.6 million years and is now anchored onto many of the northeastern-facing hillsides of the northern valley.
loess
Pinot Noir wines produced on _______________ soils are typically noted as darker in color and fruit profile.
marine sedimentary
The grist is combined with hot water in a ________.
mash tun
Beer predates wine as one of the oldest alcoholic beverages known to man (only _________ surpasses it in age), and the "discovery" of the fermentation of grain is closely linked to the transition from a nomadic to a settled agricultural society during the __________ Revolution.
mead; Neolithic Revolution
"Supérieur" for Cognac means what?
min. 3 years old
VO / VSOP / Réserve means what for Cognac?
min. 4 years old
VVSOP / Grande Réserve means what for Cognac?
min. 5 years old
"Fine Champagne" means what in Cognac?
min. 50% eaux-de-vie sourced from Grande Champagne, with the remainder sourced from Petite Champagne
XO / Napoléon / Extra / Royal / Très Vieux / Vieille Réserve means what Cognac?
min. 6 years old (As of 2018 "XO" will indicate Cognac aged for a min. 10 years -- the original deadline of 2016 was protested to ensure consistency of stocks.)
Koji, water, and steamed rice are added to the moto in three successive stages, creating the ___________, or fermenting mash, which doubles in size with each addition.
moromi
Yeast, additional rice and water are added to koji to create the _________, or starter.
moto
tête de cuvée
prestige cuvée—a premier bottling often carrying a vintage date.
Other name for Methode Ancestrale
méthode rurale
Vino Dulce Natural
naturally sweet wine fortified after partial fermentation of "sunned" (soleo) grapes, often bottled varietally as Pedro Ximénez or Moscatel
When it comes to the Sake Value Meter (nihonshudo), negative values indicate __________, with positive values indicating __________; zero is neutral.
negative values indicate sweetness, with positive values indicating dryness; zero is neutral.
The solera system is integral to biological aging, as flor requires certain ____________ and ___________ to survive.
nutrients and oxygen
The mashing process lasts __________ hours, converting and extracting sugar from the malt, and results in the flavor-, sugar- and color-rich wort. The wort liquid is drawn off the grains and filtered into the brew kettle, or "_________."
one to two; copper
Brandy de Jerez labeled Solera will have been aged for ______ on average
one year on average
remuage
or riddling—a procedure that allows sediment to be easily removed from a bottle during dégorgement (disgorgement).
bouvreux
or second crop, that rarely ripens and is left on the vine.
Oloroso Sherry undergoes _____________ aging.
oxidative
At the conclusion of fermentation, the wine destined to become Sherry is classified: each tank is either classified as _________ and marked with a vertical slash, or as ___________, marked with a circle.
palo (marked with a vertical slash) or gordura (marked with a circle)
A mixture of distilled water and Armagnac (_________) is added to the blend prior to bottling, to achieve the appropriate strength of spirit—a minimum _____% abv.
petites eaux; minimum 40% abv.
Historically, producers performed an operation called _______, in which each bottle would be briskly shaken in order to prevent the sediment from sticking to the sides of the bottle.
pointage
mosto prensa
poorer quality press wine for distillation
Willamette Valley faces greater pressure from _________ and __________ than eastern Washington.
powdery mildew and botrytis
segunda yema
press wine
Wines destined to undergo biological aging are sourced from what press cyle?
primera yema
The must (mosto de yema) is divided into three stages of quality. What are they?
primera yema (free-run juice, accounting for 60-70% of the total mosto de yema) segunda yema (press wine) mosto prensa (poorer quality press wine for distillation)
Two large wooden planks fastened together in an upright "A" shape, with sixty angled holes cut into each plank of wood. What is this tool called?
pupitre
desfangado
racking
Burgundy AOP system consists of a four-tier hierarchy of appellations. What are they?
régionale, village, premier (1er) cru, and grand cru
Bons Bois and Bois Ordinaires are dominated by what soil?
sand
The first criadera is then refreshed with wines from the _______ criadera, and so forth. In this manner a solera—derived from the Latin solum, or "floor"—will theoretically continue some small portion of its original wine, regardless of its age.
second
What is Lett's winemaking perspective?
seemingly more artisanal and introspective.
Sherries destined for the oxidative aging path of the Oloroso are produced from the pressed ____________ must.
segunda yema
Term used that references the milling rate
seimaibuai
The Bureau National Interprofessionel de l'Armagnac (BNIA) changed the age statement of "VSOP" to what?
signifies 4 to 9 years of age
By 1974, only ______ wineries remained in business in the Canada.
six wineries
ochoko
small cylindrical vessels
Most Sherry enter a system of fractional blending known as the __________.
solera
Fruit lambics are refermented with added fruits, such as ________________ for Kriek styles or ____________ for Framboise.
sour Morello cherries; raspberries
Additional sugar and flavor may be extracted from the spent grains by __________—rinsing with fresh water—although this may lead to unwanted bitterness in the finished brew.
sparging
Description of a Lambic style
spontaneously fermented (with Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Brettanomyces lambicus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus, and others) over a long period of time; aged hops provide antibacterial qualities, not bitterness
The flor grows vigorously in the __________ and __________ months, forming a frothy white veil over the wine's surface.
spring and autumn
Blanc de Noirs in Ontario
still white wine in which a min. 85% red grapes must be used
What is évasivage?
suckering
Champagne Cocktail
sugar cube, 2 dashes Angostura, Cognac, Champagne
Is there a shift in temperature between Jerez de la Frontera than Sanlucar de Barraneda?
summer average temperatures may be nearly 20° F higher
queue
tails
Brandy de Jerez labeled Solera Gran Reserva must be aged for an average _________.
ten years
For "XO" (Extra Old), the minimum requirement will raise to ______ years in ________ (raised from an original deadline of 2016 in order to ensure stocks remained consistent).
ten years; 2018
Margarita
tequila, Cointreau, one lime, simple syrup Highball glass over ice Salt Rim, Lime Slice
Ontario, Canada's largest producer with approximately 15,000 acres devoted to vinifera grapes, is divided into three main appellations, or viticultural areas. What are they?
the Niagara Peninsula, Lake Erie North Shore, Prince Edward County.
The aim of the brewing process is twofold: what is it?
the brewer must derive the wort, a sugar-rich liquid, from malted grain, and then ferment the wort.
At the heart of the biological aging process in Sherry is the film-forming yeast known as the ___________________
the flor del vino—the "flower."
In the past, what determined a Sherry's future?
the growth of flor
pomace
the remnants left after pressing grapes
What are the two fermentation cycles that Sherry goes through?
the tumultuous fermentation and the lenta
Méthode Ancestrale
this is the oldest and most rudimentary of sparkling winemaking procedures. A single fermentation begins in tank, but the wine is transferred to bottles before the process is complete—liqueur de tirage is unnecessary. Yeasts continue to ferment the remaining sugars in the bottle, giving the wine its sparkle. The residual sweetness of the finished wines varies by appellation, but dosage is not allowed. Typically, the wine is disgorged, filtered and rebottled in clean glass prior to sale.
Classic lambics are almost vinous in character, distinctively sour, and aged prior to release—often up to__________ in cask. Generally, lambics are blended before release
three years
All Spanish Cava and the highest quality German Sekt are produced by the _________ method.
traditional method
Wines made in the fashion of Champagne but produced elsewhere may be labeled as what?
traditional method (méthode traditionnelle) or classic method (méthode classique)
When the solera butts are only partially emptied, and refreshed with wines from the first criadera in movements of wine, what is this process known as?
trasiegos
Barley—the cereal grain of choice for most beers—is steeped in water for approximately _______ days to promote _________ of the grain.
two days; germination
How does Coteaux Bourguignons differ from Bourgogne AOP and Bourgogne Passe-tout-grains AOP?
v. Bourgogne AOP: allows gamay in red blends v. Passe-tout-grains: also authorized for blanc/rose styles
What is the name of the traditional way to train a vine in the Jerez?
vara y pulgar
Pruning system in Jerez-Xeres-Sherry DO and Manzanilla Sanlucar de Barrameda DO?
vara y pulgar ("stick and thumb")
The _____ is usually richer in pigment and tannin, and many producers sell off this lesser component of the must or include it in a minor proportion as a structural element in a blend.
vin de taille
In 1988, Canada signed a free trade agreement with the US, which required Canadian producers to refocus on quality in order to compete in their own domestic market, and, when coupled with a government-sponsored ______________, led to an even larger share in the vineyard for _____________.
vine pull scheme vinifera grapes
sancocho
vino de color (a non-alcoholic concoction produced by a combination of boiled, reduced syrup and fresh must) that is reduced down to one-third of its original volume.
White Russian
vodka, Kahlua, heavy cream Rocks glass over ice
French Martini
vodka, chambord, pineapple juice Up in a cocktail glass Lemon Twist
Sea Breeze
vodka, cranberry, grapefruit Highball glass over ice Lime Wedge
Kamikaze
vodka, lime juice, triple sec (orange) Up in a cocktail glass Lime slice
Cosmopolitan
vodka, triple sec, cranberry, lime juice Up in a cocktail glass Lime Twist
What are the four raw ingredients used to make beer?
water, yeast, a starch source, and hops
Mai Tai
white rum, dark rum, one lime, orange curacao, orgeat syrup (sweet almond & orange) Highball glass over ice Mint, Lime, Pineapple, Cherry
Mojito
white rum, half lime, mint leaves, sugar, soda water Highball glass over ice Mint, Lime
Daiquiri
white rum, lime juice, simple syrup Up in cocktail glass Lime Slice
Who is responsible for creating the pupitre?
widow Clicquot
muselet
wire-cage used in packaging Champagne bottles.