MKT 322- Exam 3
SRBI Consulting Business Intelligence divides consumers into which of the following groups? A. Luxury is functional B. Luxury is indulgence C. Luxury is a reward D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following phrases is the best illustration of homogamy? A. Leave no stone unturned B. To the victor go the spoils C. Opposites attract D. Birds of a feather flock together
D. Birds of a feather flock together
________ group members tend to be tightly knit, and they infer meaning that goes beyond the spoken word. A. Mid-content culture B. Host culture C. Low-content culture D. High-content culture
D. High-content culture
Within groups, informal rules of behavior are called ________. A. norms B. values C. interpersonal dynamics D. beliefs
A. norms
People and institutions that teach the ways of a culture are called ________. A. ethnography facilitators B. progressive learning models C. acculturation agents D. host cultures
C. acculturation agents
A type of virtual community of consumption based on sharing online journals is called ________. A. globs B. boards C. blogs D. rings
C. blogs
The actual number of years a person has been alive is their ________ age. A. confirmed B. perceived C. chronological D. cohort
C. chronological
________ is a system in which we define people by what they do for a living. A. Social prestige B. Status hierarchy C. Social class D. Occupational prestige
D. Occupational prestige
A(n) ________ is a marketing intermediary retained by a consumer to guide what that consumer buys. A. surrogate consumer B. market maven C. opinion leader D. power user
A. surrogate consumer
Sophie tells Nick about a great new restaurant. Sophie is practicing ________. A. viral advertising B. word-of-mouth communication C. social advertising D. group advertising
B. word-of-mouth communication
Which American ethnic subculture is the fastest growing? A. Hispanic American B. American Indian C. Asian American D. African American
C. Asian American
________ are generally more involved in a product category and actively search for information. A. Innovators B. Reference groups C. Market mavens D. Opinion seekers
D. Opinion seekers
Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview? A. Socio-psychology B. Ideology C. Ecology D. Social structure
B. Ideology
A ________ is a very short-lived fashion. A. style B. trend C. fad D. classic
C. fad
Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals? A. Gestation B. Reformulation C. Convention D. Presentation
A. Gestation
Angela belongs to a film club that selects and views classic movies once a month. Angela won't watch scary movies on her own, but agrees to watch the classic vampire film with the club because almost all of the other club members voted to see it. This example demonstrates which factor of conformity? A. Group unanimity B. Principle of least interest C. Fear of deviance D. Cultural pressure
A. Group unanimity
________ is the degree to which a person is able to make other people do something. A. Identity power B. Social power C. Referent power D. Group power
B. Social power
Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________. A. ritual artifacts B. norms C. potlatch D. ritual script
A. ritual artifacts
________ are consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but they achieve on a budget. A. Cosmopolitanism B. Frugalistas C. Nouveau rich D. Fashionistas
B. Frugalistas
Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange. A. psychological B. stylistic C. economic D. transactional
C. economic
In advertising terms, a(n) ________ refers to a view or exposure to an advertising message. A. connection B. reference C. impression D. node
C. impression
One percenters are an example of ________. A. pay pay ratio B. plutonomy C. income inequality D. saving rate
C. income inequality
Phillipe is a member of a small Harley-Davidson motorcycle club. Members meet once a week to ride and talk about their bikes. This club might exert a ________ influence on Phillipe as he decides which model of bike he buys for his girlfriend. A. referent power B. legitimate power C. coercive power D. normative
A. referent power
Tory Burch flats, cage-free eggs, electric cars, selfies, and high tech furniture are part of the ________. A. cultural movement B. marketing concept movement C. value movement D. lifestyle movement
A. cultural movement
Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction? A. An art product B. A trial product C. A craft product D. A reality-engineered product
A. An art product
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic conflicts common to all teens? A. Idealism vs. activism B. Narcissism vs. conformity C. Autonomy vs. belonging D. Rebellion vs. conformity
A. Idealism vs. activism
Power that is granted by virtue or a social agreement, such as the authority we give to police officers, is called ________. A. referent power B. legitimate power C. information power D. expert power
A. referent power
________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. A. Myths B. Norms C. Rituals D. Theories
B. Norms
Most groups exhibit a structure called a ________ in which some members are somehow better off than others in terms of authority, power, or respect. A. mass class B. social class C. social array D. status hierarchy
D. status hierarchy
________ are frequently able to influence others' attitudes on behavior. A. Opinion leaders B. Norms C. Environmental cues D. Anti-brand communities
A. Opinion leaders
With respect to social organization, some barnyard animals exhibit signs of a dominance-submission hierarchy. Which of the following terms best illustrates such a hierarchy? A. Pecking order B. Social class C. King-of-the-hill D. Dog-eat-dog
A. Pecking order
The ________ Generation includes people who were born between the two World Wars. A. Silent B. War Baby C. Interbellum D. Baby Boomer
A. Silent
What is the most powerful age segment economically in the United States? A. The Baby Boomer Generation B. Generation X C. Generation Y D. The Silent Generation
A. The Baby Boomer Generation
Members of which of the following age cohorts are part of today's senior market? A. The War Baby Generation B. Generation X C. Generation Z D. Generation Y
A. The War Baby Generation
Maria Gomez is thrilled to be in the United States. After spending her childhood years in Mexico, she is looking forward to the freedom given to teenage girls in the United States. "I can wear shorts, pantsuits, and even halter tops and no one will think badly of me," says Maria. Maria is in the process of ________. A. adaptation B. resistance C. segregation D. maintenance
A. adaptation
As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________. A. altruistic B. reciprocal C. instrumental D. exchange oriented
A. altruistic
The ________ a group is, the more likely members are to engage in social loafing. A. bigger B. less homogenous C. smaller D. more homogeneous
A. bigger
Most religion-oriented marketing activity in America can be traced to the ________ community. A. born-again Christian B. Jewish C. Muslim D. Baby Boomer
A. born-again Christian
Shannon Reeves and Tish Phillips remember their days as student protesters in the 1960s. Shannon remembers seeing Jim Hendrix at Woodstock and Tish remembers burning her bra in front of the central administration building at Yale. These memories about cultural heroes and events are one of the chief characteristics of an age ________. A. cohort B. perception C. paradigm D. renaissance
A. cohort
The process whereby a product formerly associated with a specific ethnic group is detached from its roots and marketed to other subcultures is called ________. A. de-culturization B. de-ethnicization C. warming D. acculturation
B. de-ethnicization
According to Pierre Bourdieu, people's taste regarding entertainment and the arts serves as a status-making force or ________ that causes consumption preferences to cluster together. A. hierarchy B. habitus C. chav D. code
B. habitus
If a fireman told you to leave your apartment, you would comply because the fireman has ________ power. A. referent B. legitimate C. reward D. coercive
B. legitimate
Individuals with the ability to influence others' attributes or behaviors are considered ________. A. avoidance leaders B. opinion leaders C. experts D. reference groups
B. opinion leaders
All of the following are important components of social class except for ________. A. educational attainment B. income C. occupational prestige D. gender
D. gender
A nuclear family consists of ________. a mother and at least one child A. a mother and at least one child B. three generations of a family C. a mother, a father, and at least one child D. two generations of a family
C. a mother, a father, and at least one child
One of the goals of marketing to Gen Yers has been to allow them to remain free of the restraints of wires and cords, but still have media available at any time. The lifestyle created by this approach is referred to as ________. A. identity renaissance B. distinct-styling C. connexity D. cosplay
C. connexity
Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________. A. cultural mapping B. cooptation C. cultural selection D. diffusion
C. cultural selection
When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________. A. sacralization B. objectification C. desacralization D. defamation
C. desacralization
A component of a person's subculture is ________. A. race B. ethnic background C. age D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Recent research on opinion leadership has called into question the traditional view that there are ________ opinion leaders, whose recommendations people see for all purchases. A. polymorphic B. heterophilous C. monomorphic D. generalized
D. generalized
Japan is a very tightly knit culture with rich history and social identification. In this culture, people tend to infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word. This classifies Japan as a ________ culture. A. low-context B. progressive C. paradigm D. high-context
D. high-context
Vance comes from the lower-upper class as does Jeff. They are both madly in love with Julia, who is beautiful enough to do part-time modeling. According to the principle of ________, Julia could be attracted to both men. A. ascribed status B. restricted codes C. elaborated codes D. homogamy
D. homogamy
Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________. A. continuous innovation B. laggards C. early adopters D. innovators
D. innovators
A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________. A. ritual B. norm C. more D. myth
D. myth
A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________. A. convention B. cycle C. rite of passage D. sacralization
C. rite of passage
Sandra decided to become a nurse after several years as an elementary teacher. She still wanted to help people but in a different manner. Sandra's case is an example of which of the following? A. Horizontal mobility B. Upward mobility C. Downward mobility D. Status crystallization
A. Horizontal mobility
The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________. A. collecting B. prioritizing C. ritualizing D. hoarding
A. collecting
Harry was the lead singer in a band that hit it big. For his birthday, Harry had two hundred friends flown by chartered jets to a private island in the South Pacific. They ate the most expensive food, and every morning the bungalows were burned to the ground and rebuilt for the next night. Harry's party is a good example of ________. A. conspicuous consumption B. parody display C. ascribed status D. social mobility
A. conspicuous consumption
A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________. A. ritual B. myth C. more You Answered convention
A. ritual
An age cohort that describes kids who were born in the late 1990s to early 2000s is ________. A. Eco Boomers B. Generation Z C. Generation X D. Generation Y
B. Generation Z
Every summer, thousands of motorcycle enthusiasts converge at Sturgis, South Dakota, for a motorcycle rally. They fill up every campground, motel, and hotel, in the vicinity. This annual illustrates a(n) ________. A. aspirational group B. consumer tribe C. maven network D. normative clan
B. consumer tribe
Items such as Swiffer, Keurig, and Dove target ________. A. Gen Z B. Gen Y C. Baby Boomers D. Gen X
C. Baby Boomers
Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________. A. crescive B. profane C. sacred D. objectified
C. sacred
Jim is considered a part of the upper middle class, while Marcos is considered part of the lower upper class. Jim and Marcos have been identified in terms of ________. A. social rank B. occupational prestige C. social class D. cultural capital
C. social class
Trisha grew up in a drug-ridden inner city neighborhood. Through sheer determination and intelligence, Trisha is now a medical doctor teaching on the staff of a large university hospital. Trisha is proud of what she has accomplished, but sometimes she feels stressed and uncertain of who she really is. The concept of ________ assesses the impact of such inconsistencies. A. homogamy B. habitus C. status crystallization D. invidious distinction
C. status crystallization
A ________ is defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others. A. network B. micro culture C. subculture D. cohort
C. subculture
The cultural learning acquired through ________ leads immigrants to a process of adaptation. A. maintenance B. resistance C. translation D. segregation
C. translation
Which of the following statements about teenagers is true? A. The concept of a teenager began to appear in Western cultures about 200 years ago as a result of practices by Native American tribes. B. Most cultures have historically separated youth between the ages of 13 to 17 as being neither children nor adults. C. Most primitive cultures have isolated youth between the ages of 13 to 17 as being unstable and incapable of membership in adult life. D. The concept of being a teenager is a relatively new historical development that did not exist prior to about 60 to 70 years ago.
D. The concept of being a teenager is a relatively new historical development that did not exist prior to about 60 to 70 years ago.
The average American's standard of living continues to improve. These income shifts are linked to two key factors: ________. A. a shift from blue-collar to white-collar employment and an increase in computer usage B. a shift in population from the North to South and advances in human rights C. an increase in immigration to the U.S. and the increase of technical skills D. a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment
D. a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment
A reason why consumers conform is ________. A. fear of deviance B. cultural pressures C. commitment D. all of the above
D. all of the above
According to Dennis Rook, a key aspect of a ritual is ________. A. scripts B. artifacts C. performance roles D. all of the above
D. all of the above
An age ________ consists of people of similar ages who have undergone similar experiences. A. paradigm B. culture C. model D. cohort
D. cohort
In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________. A. cultural informers B. lead users C. innovators D. cultural gatekeepers
D. cultural gatekeepers
Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products. A. ideology B. socio-psychology C. social structure D. ecology
D. ecology
Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them. A. transcultural B. sacralized C. fighter D. fortress
D. fortress
________ are 8- to 14-year-old children. A. Gen Y B. Tweens C. Echo Boomers D. Millennials
B. Tweens
________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products. A. Culture production system (CPS) B. Culture program company (CPC) C. Culture production institution (CPI) D. Culture invention company (CIC)
A. Culture production system (CPS)
The first thing D'Andrea was asked when she went to work for an advertising firm is how to promote to African-Americans. After careful consideration, which of the following is the best advice D'Andrea could give her new employers? A. African American children tend to gravitate toward toys and characters that look like them. B. All promotions to this ethnic subculture should be distinct from promotions to other ethnic groups. C. Separate advertisements to this ethnic subculture are never done and should not be considered. D. All promotions to African-Americans have to take into account the market's income, which has been declining drastically over the last two decades.
A. African American children tend to gravitate toward toys and characters that look like them.
Evan was an aggressive, rich, and determined businessman originally from a working class family. He had become wealthier than he had ever imagined by buying and selling other businesses. Evan seemingly could do anything until he tried a hostile takeover of an established bank owned by several prestigious families. When his bid failed, Evan said "I always knew there was an elite, but up to now I thought I was part of it." What type of capital was Evan lacking? A. Cultural B. Sociological C. Economic D. Psychological
A. Cultural
Marketers must know the needs and wants of their customers. Which of the following presents the most accurate picture of the typical elderly consumer today? A. Most are active, interested in what life has to offer, and are enthusiastic consumers with the means and willingness to buy many goods and services. B. Most are old, infirm, depressed, stay-at-home people who live a hand-to-mouth existence. C. Most live with their children, have little savings, and have an increasingly difficult time adjusting to the changing technical world around them. D. Most have refused government support and are going through a hermitization process. They don't trust anyone under 60.
A. Most are active, interested in what life has to offer, and are enthusiastic consumers with the means and willingness to buy many goods and services.
The process of movement and adaption to one country's cultural environment by a person from another country is called ________. A. acculturation B. de-ethnicization C. immigration D. progressive learning
A. acculturation
The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system. A. ecology B. ideology C. dogma D. social structure
A. ecology
Luminaries from Amazon, Google, and Twitter tend to use ________. A. glamping B. social capital C. cultural capital D. hedonic adaptation
A. glamping
A tendency for people to marry in a social class similar to their own is called ________. A. homogamy B. social dating C. affluenza D. social stratification
A. homogamy
Anna and David both have the same college degree, belong to the same social class, and attend the same church. This situation illustrates ________. A. homophily B. positive reinforcement C. influence network D. referent power
A. homophily
The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________. A. ideology B. anthropology C. ecology D. social structure
A. ideology
A group composed of people that the consumer actually knows is called a(n) ________ reference group. A. membership B. tribal C. networked D. aspirational
A. membership
Peggy Simmons has a tough assignment. She is to live in Japan for the next five years and successfully introduce her company's line of cosmetics to Japanese women. Her company's management hopes that living in an average neighborhood, commuting to work every day, eating native food, and speaking Japanese will help Peggy involve herself in the society more quickly than if she stayed separate from her hosts. The company's management wants Peggy to use the ________ model. A. progressive learning B. life course paradigm C. warming D. consumer renaissance
A. progressive learning
When a Rolls-Royce, a Cartier diamond, and an Andy Warhol painting are bought and displayed as markers of social class, they are ________. A. status symbols B. social parameters C. psychological blocks D. social inhibitors
A. status symbols
When people are differentiated in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences, a ________ is being applied. A. taste culture B. consumption constellation C. culture code designation D. social cluster
A. taste culture
A member of ________ has recently gained personal wealth and may experience status anxiety. Such individuals may try to display symbols of their success to make up for an internal lack of assurance about the "correct" way to behave. A. the nouveau riche B. the taste culture C. an old money family D. the mass class
A. the nouveau riche
Fashion refers to ________. A. the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers B. a particular combination of attributes within style C. being positively evaluated by some reference group D. the norm
A. the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers
Through the process of ________, immigrants make the unfamiliar familiar by integrating symbols from their former lives into their new homes. A. warming B. maintenance C. assimilation D. resistance
A. warming
Blue-collar workers with relatively high-prestige jobs consider themselves as ________. A. working class lower middle B. upper lower class C. upper middle class D. lower lower class
A. working class lower middle
Advertising to teens typically depicts ________. qualified experts explaining product benefits to teens A. qualified experts explaining product benefits to teens B. "in" teens using the product C. respected adults recommending the product D. family members of two or three generations using the product together
B. "in" teens using the product
What modern American ceremony would come closest in intent to a Native American potlatch? A. A baptism B. A marriage C. The celebration ordered by a large company that has gained a new lucrative contract D. A university graduation
B. A marriage
James Otis wants to be "just like Mike" (basketball star Michael Jordan) and has for many years. James has purchased Jordan-gear, follows Jordan's career, and he has often thought about how to give back to his community the way MJ has. Which of the following reference group terms would apply to James Otis and his relationship with Michael Jordan? A. Tribal group B. Aspirational group C. Avoidance group D. Membership group
B. Aspirational group
The plain and simple fact is that Ralph has body odor. Worse than that, Ralph does not seem to care. Ralph's clothes are in shambles, and his personal hygiene could certainly be improved. For most people, Ralph would be in which of the following groups? A. Deindividualization groups B. Avoidance groups C. Aspirational group D. Cohesive group
B. Avoidance groups
Fred has been a farmer all his life. He inherited the family farm when he was 35, but that was twenty years ago. Due to the economy, Fred has lost the farm and has taken a manual labor job in the city to support his family. What form of mobility best describes Fred's position? A. Two-way stretch mobility B. Downward mobility C. Upward mobility D. Horizontal mobility
B. Downward mobility
________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil). A. Freud B. Levi-Strauss C. Hofstede D. Bettelheim
B. Levi-Strauss
________ refers to the factors that motivate people to physically uproot themselves from one location to another. A. Assimilation B. Movement C. Translation D. Adaptation
B. Movement
With respect to the acculturation process, what is the relationship between maintenance and segregation? A. The relationship is subtle. There is constant battle between new immigrants attempting to maintain their new identity and language and the dominant culture applying pressure to segregate new immigrants, thus separating them from the new culture. B. New immigrants often attempt to maintain their old cultural backgrounds be segregating themselves, living and shopping in physically separated areas from the main culture. C. Members of a subculture who have been in a larger culture for a long period of time maintain their alliance to the new culture by segregating themselves from new immigrants. D. People who belong to the dominant culture attempt to maintain their cultural superiority by isolating the subculture values of new immigrants and physically segregating members of new subcultures into separate groups.
B. New immigrants often attempt to maintain their old cultural backgrounds be segregating themselves, living and shopping in physically separated areas from the main culture.
The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match? A. Cosmological B. Psychological C. Metaphysical D. Anthropological
B. Psychological
Amos always felt that it was unfair that society created artificial divisions that discouraged him from having friends from different social structures. Which of the following terms describes the process that Amos is having difficulty with? A. Social anxiety B. Social stratification C. Reference group affiliation D. Bias
B. Social stratification
A person who receives rewards and status because of his hard work is said to have ________ status. A. hierarchical B. achieved C. nouveau riche D. longitudinal
B. achieved
A cultural production system is a ________. A. communication subsystem B. managerial subsystem C. creative subsystem B. all of the above
B. all of the above
Jim Smith, Don Carson, and Jeff Sweeney are all 54 years old, so they can be sorted into ________. A. Gen Z B. an age cohort C. nuclear family D. subculture
B. an age cohort
When companies use celebrities in their ads they are using the principle of ________ reference groups A. normative B. aspirational C. coercive D. membership
B. aspirational
According to the principle of least interest, the person who is least ________ has the most power in the relationship. A. susceptible to interpersonal influence B. committed to staying in the relationship C. susceptible to cultural pressures D. concerned about sanctions against nonconforming behavior
B. committed to staying in the relationship
John Jones purchases products to show visible evidence of his ability to afford luxury goods, John is practicing ________. A. homogamy B. conspicuous consumption C. brand prominence D. brand positioning
B. conspicuous consumption
Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right. A. congregation B. contamination C. reciprocity D. desacralization
B. contamination
The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________. A. style and cultural icons B. craft products C. low art products D. high art products
B. craft products
Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________. A. enacted norm B. cultural formula C. fashion cycle D. innovation process
B. cultural formula
A(n) ________ is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior. A. demographic group B. reference group C. focus group D. opinion group
B. reference group
Jeff had collected a nice wardrobe before graduating from college. All of his friends considered him "well dressed." After the first day at his new job, however, Jeff immediately went out and replaced most of his clothes with what was considered to be professional dress clothing. Jeff had just experienced the power of a new ________. A. brand community B. reference group C. avoidance group D.information cascade
B. reference group
Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________. A. rite of passage B. ritual C. symbolic exchange D. convention
B. ritual
British psychologist Frederic Bartlett used ________ to examine how information mutates. A. core information B. serial reproduction C. negative information D. transmission
B. serial reproduction
The ability of a person to pass from one social class to another is called ________. A. hedonic adaption B. social mobility C. plutonomy D. status hierarchy
B. social mobility
An extended family unit is characterized by ________ living together. A. one parent and at least one child B. three generations of a family C. two generations of a family D. two parents and at least one child
B. three generations of a family
Hundreds of millions of consumers around the world have the purchasing power to afford higher quality products. This consumer group, known as the ________, tend to buy affordable cars rather than luxury cars. A. plutonomy B. taste culture C. mass class B. leisure class
C. mass class
A church that serves 2000 or more congregants per week is called a ________. A. mainstream church B. mass church C. megachurch D. large church
C. megachurch
Jason is a marketing researcher working for a client who believes that social class will be an important segmenting device. Jason decides to find social class categories by simply asking respondents to pick their own category. Which of the following best supports Jason's approach? A. Most Americans don't mind talking about social class but are usually inaccurate in determining their own categories. B. American consumers are generally better able to identify their neighbors' social class than their own social class. C. American consumers generally have little difficulty accurately placing themselves in the lower-middle class or middle class. D. Most Americans will list the social class they wish to belong to rather than the one they actually occupy.
C. American consumers generally have little difficulty accurately placing themselves in the lower-middle class or middle class.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture? A. Psychological B. Sociological C. Anthropological D. Cosmological
C. Anthropological
Which of the following is a new kind of avoidance group that has grown in popularity through the Web? A. Virtual communities of consumption B. Consumer tribes C. Anti-brand communities D. Virtual worlds
C. Anti-brand communities
Which term refers to exchanges of resources, information, or influence among members of networks? A. Flaming B. Media multiplexity C. Flows D. Lurkers
C. Flows
________ refers to analytical techniques that combine data on consumer expenditures and other socioeconomic factors with geographic information. A. Perceived age B. Senior market C. Geodemography D. Consumer identity renaissance
C. Geodemography
________ foods are permissible under the laws of Islam. A. Tudung B. Kosher C. Halal D. Organic
C. Halal
China's economic boom has created 130 million people in what social class? A. Lower-upper class B. Upper-upper class C. Lower-middle class D. Upper-lower class
C. Lower-middle class
Nearly 60% of the Hispanic American population are of ________ descent. A. Dominican B. Cuban C. Mexican D. South American
C. Mexican
________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday. A. Sacred B. Objectified C. Profane D. Ritualized
C. Profane
________ argue(s) that each of us has several "selves that relate to groups." A. Social loafing B. Membership groups C. Social identity theory D. Cultural pressures
C. Social identity theory
________ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another. A. Social class B. Social prestige C. Social mobility D. Social affinity
C. Social mobility
_______ describes the capacity to alter the actions of others. A. Social pressure B. Social interaction C. Social power D. Social involvement
C. Social power
________ describes consumers in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences. A. An elaborated code B. A restricted code C. Taste culture D. Social culture
C. Taste culture
Which of the following best explains why marketers view teens as "consumers-in-training"? A. Teenagers have little influence on their families' purchase decisions, but they carefully watch and model the consumer behavior of their parents. B. Marketers typically do not begin targeting consumers until they are teenagers. C. Teenagers often develop brand loyalty during their adolescence, committing to a brand and continuing to purchase it for decades to come. D. Teenagers have little discretionary income, so they have few opportunities to make independent purchase decisions.
C. Teenagers often develop brand loyalty during their adolescence, committing to a brand and continuing to purchase it for decades to come.
________ proposes that a small group of influences disseminates information because they can modify the opinion of a large group. A. Influence cascades B. Opinion leaders C. Two-step flow model of influences B. Influence network
C. Two-step flow model of influences
________ refers to the strategy of getting visitors to a Web site to forward information on the site of their friends in order to make more consumers aware of a product. A. Guerrilla marketing B. Demand-based marketing C. Viral marketing D. Foot-in-door marketing
C. Viral marketing
Anna is a millionaire but she is constantly stressed and unhappy despite her wealth, Anna is experiencing ________. A. class warfare B. cosmopolitanism C. affluenza D. burnout
C. affluenza
In the process of ________, new immigrants adopt products, habits, and values they identify with the mainstream culture. A. maintenance B. segregation C. assimilation D. resistance
C. assimilation
The pressure to conform that escalates as more and more group members "cave in" is called ________. A. polarization B. homophily C. bandwagon D. loafing
C. bandwagon
The ________ influence is the reference group influence that helps the consumer make decisions about specific brands or activities. A. selective B. coercive C. comparative D. normative
C. comparative
Money available to a household over and above what is required to have a comfortable standard of living is called ________. A. average of earnings B. overtime pay C. discretionary income D. real income
C. discretionary income
A marketing manager who wants to identify opinion leaders for her product category should ________. A. find intellectuals who can write and speak well so that product communication will be facilitated B. find government officials who use the product C. find socially active persons who are intensely interested in the product category and who are similar to the other customers D. look for people who stand out in a crowd
C. find socially active persons who are intensely interested in the product category and who are similar to the other customers
Margaret stayed on top of what was happening in the marketplace, but she was not necessarily the first to purchase items when they first came out. Margaret would be classified as a(n) ________. A. market analyst B. innovator C. market maven D. opinion leader
C. market maven
Political candidates who get the most media coverage are more likely to win elections because of the effect of ________ in determining one's set of referents. A. propinquity B. group cohesiveness C. mere exposure D. reference bias
C. mere exposure
A set of socially relevant nodes connected by one or more relations is called a social ________. A. message B. group C. network D. graph
C. network
If a member of the upper class wore shredded Levi's jeans to a formal party, the person would be exhibiting a sophisticated form of conspicuous consumption known as ________. A. invidious distinction B. status anxiety C. parody display D. downsizing
C. parody display
Culture is best described as a society's ________. A. history B. attitude C. personality D. consciousness
C. personality
A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people. A. monarchy B. homogany C. plutonomy D. democracy
C. plutonomy
If a consumer admires the qualities of another person and copies his or her behaviors, the person that is copied has ________ power. A. legitimate B. informational C. referent D. coercive
C. referent
James' friend, whom he admires and respects, just purchased a new car. James decides to buy the same model. This situation illustrates the influence of ________. A. information power B. legitimate power C. referent power D. social power
C. referent power
A middle class person with an income at least 15 percent lower than the median middle class income, would be considered a(n) ________ consumer. A. conspicuous B. invidious C. underprivileged D. restricted
C. underprivileged
Reference groups influence us in three ways. These influences include informational, utilitarian, and ________ dimensions. A. reputational B. knowledge C. value-expressive D. descriptive
C. value-expressive
________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group. A. Myths B. Norms C. Theories D. Ideology
D. Ideology
________ is a myth that explains the origins of existence. A. Sociological B. Psychological C. Cosmological D. Metaphysical
D. Metaphysical
________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. A. Individualism B. Uncertainty avoidance C. Long-term orientation D. Power distance
D. Power distance
________ influence helps the consumer make decisions about specific brands or activities. A. Normative B. Coercive C. Selective D. Social cue
D. Social cue
________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life. A. Ideology B. Ecology C. Lifestyle D. Social structure
D. Social structure
Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings? A. Self-serving guilt B. Objectification C. Role transference D. The reciprocity norm
D. The reciprocity norm
Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information. A. innovators B. early adopters C. laggards D. gatekeepers
D. gatekeepers
In general, advertising is more effective when it ________ than when it ________. A. tries to create new product preferences; reinforces our existing product preferences B. relies upon viral marketing tactics; relies upon word-of-mouth strategies C. relies upon word-of-mouth tactics; relies upon viral marketing tactics D. reinforces our existing product preferences; tries to create new product preferences
D. reinforces our existing product preferences; tries to create new product preferences
Gen Y'ers are at home in ________, which communicates by texting and IMing. A. the gray market B. the tween market C. microculture D. thumb culture
D. thumb culture
When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________. A. meme theory B. trickle-down effect C. trickle-across effect D. trickle-up effect
D. trickle-up effect