MKT 322- Exam 3

SRBI Consulting Business Intelligence divides consumers into which of the following groups? A. Luxury is functional B. Luxury is indulgence C. Luxury is a reward D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following phrases is the best illustration of homogamy? A. Leave no stone unturned B. To the victor go the spoils C. Opposites attract D. Birds of a feather flock together

D. Birds of a feather flock together

________ group members tend to be tightly knit, and they infer meaning that goes beyond the spoken word. A. Mid-content culture B. Host culture C. Low-content culture D. High-content culture

D. High-content culture

Within groups, informal rules of behavior are called ________. A. norms B. values C. interpersonal dynamics D. beliefs

A. norms

People and institutions that teach the ways of a culture are called ________. A. ethnography facilitators B. progressive learning models C. acculturation agents D. host cultures

C. acculturation agents

A type of virtual community of consumption based on sharing online journals is called ________. A. globs B. boards C. blogs D. rings

C. blogs

The actual number of years a person has been alive is their ________ age. A. confirmed B. perceived C. chronological D. cohort

C. chronological

________ is a system in which we define people by what they do for a living. A. Social prestige B. Status hierarchy C. Social class D. Occupational prestige

D. Occupational prestige

A(n) ________ is a marketing intermediary retained by a consumer to guide what that consumer buys. A. surrogate consumer B. market maven C. opinion leader D. power user

A. surrogate consumer

Sophie tells Nick about a great new restaurant. Sophie is practicing ________. A. viral advertising B. word-of-mouth communication C. social advertising D. group advertising

B. word-of-mouth communication

Which American ethnic subculture is the fastest growing? A. Hispanic American B. American Indian C. Asian American D. African American

C. Asian American

________ are generally more involved in a product category and actively search for information. A. Innovators B. Reference groups C. Market mavens D. Opinion seekers

D. Opinion seekers

Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview? A. Socio-psychology B. Ideology C. Ecology D. Social structure

B. Ideology

A ________ is a very short-lived fashion. A. style B. trend C. fad D. classic

C. fad

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals? A. Gestation B. Reformulation C. Convention D. Presentation

A. Gestation

Angela belongs to a film club that selects and views classic movies once a month. Angela won't watch scary movies on her own, but agrees to watch the classic vampire film with the club because almost all of the other club members voted to see it. This example demonstrates which factor of conformity? A. Group unanimity B. Principle of least interest C. Fear of deviance D. Cultural pressure

A. Group unanimity

________ is the degree to which a person is able to make other people do something. A. Identity power B. Social power C. Referent power D. Group power

B. Social power

Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________. A. ritual artifacts B. norms C. potlatch D. ritual script

A. ritual artifacts

________ are consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but they achieve on a budget. A. Cosmopolitanism B. Frugalistas C. Nouveau rich D. Fashionistas

B. Frugalistas

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange. A. psychological B. stylistic C. economic D. transactional

C. economic

In advertising terms, a(n) ________ refers to a view or exposure to an advertising message. A. connection B. reference C. impression D. node

C. impression

One percenters are an example of ________. A. pay pay ratio B. plutonomy C. income inequality D. saving rate

C. income inequality

Phillipe is a member of a small Harley-Davidson motorcycle club. Members meet once a week to ride and talk about their bikes. This club might exert a ________ influence on Phillipe as he decides which model of bike he buys for his girlfriend. A. referent power B. legitimate power C. coercive power D. normative

A. referent power

Tory Burch flats, cage-free eggs, electric cars, selfies, and high tech furniture are part of the ________. A. cultural movement B. marketing concept movement C. value movement D. lifestyle movement

A. cultural movement

Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction? A. An art product B. A trial product C. A craft product D. A reality-engineered product

A. An art product

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic conflicts common to all teens? A. Idealism vs. activism B. Narcissism vs. conformity C. Autonomy vs. belonging D. Rebellion vs. conformity

A. Idealism vs. activism

Power that is granted by virtue or a social agreement, such as the authority we give to police officers, is called ________. A. referent power B. legitimate power C. information power D. expert power

A. referent power

________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. A. Myths B. Norms C. Rituals D. Theories

B. Norms

Most groups exhibit a structure called a ________ in which some members are somehow better off than others in terms of authority, power, or respect. A. mass class B. social class C. social array D. status hierarchy

D. status hierarchy

________ are frequently able to influence others' attitudes on behavior. A. Opinion leaders B. Norms C. Environmental cues D. Anti-brand communities

A. Opinion leaders

With respect to social organization, some barnyard animals exhibit signs of a dominance-submission hierarchy. Which of the following terms best illustrates such a hierarchy? A. Pecking order B. Social class C. King-of-the-hill D. Dog-eat-dog

A. Pecking order

The ________ Generation includes people who were born between the two World Wars. A. Silent B. War Baby C. Interbellum D. Baby Boomer

A. Silent

What is the most powerful age segment economically in the United States? A. The Baby Boomer Generation B. Generation X C. Generation Y D. The Silent Generation

A. The Baby Boomer Generation

Members of which of the following age cohorts are part of today's senior market? A. The War Baby Generation B. Generation X C. Generation Z D. Generation Y

A. The War Baby Generation

Maria Gomez is thrilled to be in the United States. After spending her childhood years in Mexico, she is looking forward to the freedom given to teenage girls in the United States. "I can wear shorts, pantsuits, and even halter tops and no one will think badly of me," says Maria. Maria is in the process of ________. A. adaptation B. resistance C. segregation D. maintenance

A. adaptation

As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________. A. altruistic B. reciprocal C. instrumental D. exchange oriented

A. altruistic

The ________ a group is, the more likely members are to engage in social loafing. A. bigger B. less homogenous C. smaller D. more homogeneous

A. bigger

Most religion-oriented marketing activity in America can be traced to the ________ community. A. born-again Christian B. Jewish C. Muslim D. Baby Boomer

A. born-again Christian

Shannon Reeves and Tish Phillips remember their days as student protesters in the 1960s. Shannon remembers seeing Jim Hendrix at Woodstock and Tish remembers burning her bra in front of the central administration building at Yale. These memories about cultural heroes and events are one of the chief characteristics of an age ________. A. cohort B. perception C. paradigm D. renaissance

A. cohort

The process whereby a product formerly associated with a specific ethnic group is detached from its roots and marketed to other subcultures is called ________. A. de-culturization B. de-ethnicization C. warming D. acculturation

B. de-ethnicization

According to Pierre Bourdieu, people's taste regarding entertainment and the arts serves as a status-making force or ________ that causes consumption preferences to cluster together. A. hierarchy B. habitus C. chav D. code

B. habitus

If a fireman told you to leave your apartment, you would comply because the fireman has ________ power. A. referent B. legitimate C. reward D. coercive

B. legitimate

Individuals with the ability to influence others' attributes or behaviors are considered ________. A. avoidance leaders B. opinion leaders C. experts D. reference groups

B. opinion leaders

All of the following are important components of social class except for ________. A. educational attainment B. income C. occupational prestige D. gender

D. gender

A nuclear family consists of ________. a mother and at least one child A. a mother and at least one child B. three generations of a family C. a mother, a father, and at least one child D. two generations of a family

C. a mother, a father, and at least one child

One of the goals of marketing to Gen Yers has been to allow them to remain free of the restraints of wires and cords, but still have media available at any time. The lifestyle created by this approach is referred to as ________. A. identity renaissance B. distinct-styling C. connexity D. cosplay

C. connexity

Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________. A. cultural mapping B. cooptation C. cultural selection D. diffusion

C. cultural selection

When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________. A. sacralization B. objectification C. desacralization D. defamation

C. desacralization

A component of a person's subculture is ________. A. race B. ethnic background C. age D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Recent research on opinion leadership has called into question the traditional view that there are ________ opinion leaders, whose recommendations people see for all purchases. A. polymorphic B. heterophilous C. monomorphic D. generalized

D. generalized

Japan is a very tightly knit culture with rich history and social identification. In this culture, people tend to infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word. This classifies Japan as a ________ culture. A. low-context B. progressive C. paradigm D. high-context

D. high-context

Vance comes from the lower-upper class as does Jeff. They are both madly in love with Julia, who is beautiful enough to do part-time modeling. According to the principle of ________, Julia could be attracted to both men. A. ascribed status B. restricted codes C. elaborated codes D. homogamy

D. homogamy

Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________. A. continuous innovation B. laggards C. early adopters D. innovators

D. innovators

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________. A. ritual B. norm C. more D. myth

D. myth

A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________. A. convention B. cycle C. rite of passage D. sacralization

C. rite of passage

Sandra decided to become a nurse after several years as an elementary teacher. She still wanted to help people but in a different manner. Sandra's case is an example of which of the following? A. Horizontal mobility B. Upward mobility C. Downward mobility D. Status crystallization

A. Horizontal mobility

The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________. A. collecting B. prioritizing C. ritualizing D. hoarding

A. collecting

Harry was the lead singer in a band that hit it big. For his birthday, Harry had two hundred friends flown by chartered jets to a private island in the South Pacific. They ate the most expensive food, and every morning the bungalows were burned to the ground and rebuilt for the next night. Harry's party is a good example of ________. A. conspicuous consumption B. parody display C. ascribed status D. social mobility

A. conspicuous consumption

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________. A. ritual B. myth C. more You Answered convention

A. ritual

An age cohort that describes kids who were born in the late 1990s to early 2000s is ________. A. Eco Boomers B. Generation Z C. Generation X D. Generation Y

B. Generation Z

Every summer, thousands of motorcycle enthusiasts converge at Sturgis, South Dakota, for a motorcycle rally. They fill up every campground, motel, and hotel, in the vicinity. This annual illustrates a(n) ________. A. aspirational group B. consumer tribe C. maven network D. normative clan

B. consumer tribe

Items such as Swiffer, Keurig, and Dove target ________. A. Gen Z B. Gen Y C. Baby Boomers D. Gen X

C. Baby Boomers

Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________. A. crescive B. profane C. sacred D. objectified

C. sacred

Jim is considered a part of the upper middle class, while Marcos is considered part of the lower upper class. Jim and Marcos have been identified in terms of ________. A. social rank B. occupational prestige C. social class D. cultural capital

C. social class

Trisha grew up in a drug-ridden inner city neighborhood. Through sheer determination and intelligence, Trisha is now a medical doctor teaching on the staff of a large university hospital. Trisha is proud of what she has accomplished, but sometimes she feels stressed and uncertain of who she really is. The concept of ________ assesses the impact of such inconsistencies. A. homogamy B. habitus C. status crystallization D. invidious distinction

C. status crystallization

A ________ is defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others. A. network B. micro culture C. subculture D. cohort

C. subculture

The cultural learning acquired through ________ leads immigrants to a process of adaptation. A. maintenance B. resistance C. translation D. segregation

C. translation

Which of the following statements about teenagers is true? A. The concept of a teenager began to appear in Western cultures about 200 years ago as a result of practices by Native American tribes. B. Most cultures have historically separated youth between the ages of 13 to 17 as being neither children nor adults. C. Most primitive cultures have isolated youth between the ages of 13 to 17 as being unstable and incapable of membership in adult life. D. The concept of being a teenager is a relatively new historical development that did not exist prior to about 60 to 70 years ago.

D. The concept of being a teenager is a relatively new historical development that did not exist prior to about 60 to 70 years ago.

The average American's standard of living continues to improve. These income shifts are linked to two key factors: ________. A. a shift from blue-collar to white-collar employment and an increase in computer usage B. a shift in population from the North to South and advances in human rights C. an increase in immigration to the U.S. and the increase of technical skills D. a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment

D. a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment

A reason why consumers conform is ________. A. fear of deviance B. cultural pressures C. commitment D. all of the above

D. all of the above

According to Dennis Rook, a key aspect of a ritual is ________. A. scripts B. artifacts C. performance roles D. all of the above

D. all of the above

An age ________ consists of people of similar ages who have undergone similar experiences. A. paradigm B. culture C. model D. cohort

D. cohort

In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________. A. cultural informers B. lead users C. innovators D. cultural gatekeepers

D. cultural gatekeepers

Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products. A. ideology B. socio-psychology C. social structure D. ecology

D. ecology

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them. A. transcultural B. sacralized C. fighter D. fortress

D. fortress

________ are 8- to 14-year-old children. A. Gen Y B. Tweens C. Echo Boomers D. Millennials

B. Tweens

________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products. A. Culture production system (CPS) B. Culture program company (CPC) C. Culture production institution (CPI) D. Culture invention company (CIC)

A. Culture production system (CPS)

The first thing D'Andrea was asked when she went to work for an advertising firm is how to promote to African-Americans. After careful consideration, which of the following is the best advice D'Andrea could give her new employers? A. African American children tend to gravitate toward toys and characters that look like them. B. All promotions to this ethnic subculture should be distinct from promotions to other ethnic groups. C. Separate advertisements to this ethnic subculture are never done and should not be considered. D. All promotions to African-Americans have to take into account the market's income, which has been declining drastically over the last two decades.

A. African American children tend to gravitate toward toys and characters that look like them.

Evan was an aggressive, rich, and determined businessman originally from a working class family. He had become wealthier than he had ever imagined by buying and selling other businesses. Evan seemingly could do anything until he tried a hostile takeover of an established bank owned by several prestigious families. When his bid failed, Evan said "I always knew there was an elite, but up to now I thought I was part of it." What type of capital was Evan lacking? A. Cultural B. Sociological C. Economic D. Psychological

A. Cultural

Marketers must know the needs and wants of their customers. Which of the following presents the most accurate picture of the typical elderly consumer today? A. Most are active, interested in what life has to offer, and are enthusiastic consumers with the means and willingness to buy many goods and services. B. Most are old, infirm, depressed, stay-at-home people who live a hand-to-mouth existence. C. Most live with their children, have little savings, and have an increasingly difficult time adjusting to the changing technical world around them. D. Most have refused government support and are going through a hermitization process. They don't trust anyone under 60.

A. Most are active, interested in what life has to offer, and are enthusiastic consumers with the means and willingness to buy many goods and services.

The process of movement and adaption to one country's cultural environment by a person from another country is called ________. A. acculturation B. de-ethnicization C. immigration D. progressive learning

A. acculturation

The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system. A. ecology B. ideology C. dogma D. social structure

A. ecology

Luminaries from Amazon, Google, and Twitter tend to use ________. A. glamping B. social capital C. cultural capital D. hedonic adaptation

A. glamping

A tendency for people to marry in a social class similar to their own is called ________. A. homogamy B. social dating C. affluenza D. social stratification

A. homogamy

Anna and David both have the same college degree, belong to the same social class, and attend the same church. This situation illustrates ________. A. homophily B. positive reinforcement C. influence network D. referent power

A. homophily

The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________. A. ideology B. anthropology C. ecology D. social structure

A. ideology

A group composed of people that the consumer actually knows is called a(n) ________ reference group. A. membership B. tribal C. networked D. aspirational

A. membership

Peggy Simmons has a tough assignment. She is to live in Japan for the next five years and successfully introduce her company's line of cosmetics to Japanese women. Her company's management hopes that living in an average neighborhood, commuting to work every day, eating native food, and speaking Japanese will help Peggy involve herself in the society more quickly than if she stayed separate from her hosts. The company's management wants Peggy to use the ________ model. A. progressive learning B. life course paradigm C. warming D. consumer renaissance

A. progressive learning

When a Rolls-Royce, a Cartier diamond, and an Andy Warhol painting are bought and displayed as markers of social class, they are ________. A. status symbols B. social parameters C. psychological blocks D. social inhibitors

A. status symbols

When people are differentiated in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences, a ________ is being applied. A. taste culture B. consumption constellation C. culture code designation D. social cluster

A. taste culture

A member of ________ has recently gained personal wealth and may experience status anxiety. Such individuals may try to display symbols of their success to make up for an internal lack of assurance about the "correct" way to behave. A. the nouveau riche B. the taste culture C. an old money family D. the mass class

A. the nouveau riche

Fashion refers to ________. A. the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers B. a particular combination of attributes within style C. being positively evaluated by some reference group D. the norm

A. the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers

Through the process of ________, immigrants make the unfamiliar familiar by integrating symbols from their former lives into their new homes. A. warming B. maintenance C. assimilation D. resistance

A. warming

Blue-collar workers with relatively high-prestige jobs consider themselves as ________. A. working class lower middle B. upper lower class C. upper middle class D. lower lower class

A. working class lower middle

Advertising to teens typically depicts ________. qualified experts explaining product benefits to teens A. qualified experts explaining product benefits to teens B. "in" teens using the product C. respected adults recommending the product D. family members of two or three generations using the product together

B. "in" teens using the product

What modern American ceremony would come closest in intent to a Native American potlatch? A. A baptism B. A marriage C. The celebration ordered by a large company that has gained a new lucrative contract D. A university graduation

B. A marriage

James Otis wants to be "just like Mike" (basketball star Michael Jordan) and has for many years. James has purchased Jordan-gear, follows Jordan's career, and he has often thought about how to give back to his community the way MJ has. Which of the following reference group terms would apply to James Otis and his relationship with Michael Jordan? A. Tribal group B. Aspirational group C. Avoidance group D. Membership group

B. Aspirational group

The plain and simple fact is that Ralph has body odor. Worse than that, Ralph does not seem to care. Ralph's clothes are in shambles, and his personal hygiene could certainly be improved. For most people, Ralph would be in which of the following groups? A. Deindividualization groups B. Avoidance groups C. Aspirational group D. Cohesive group

B. Avoidance groups

Fred has been a farmer all his life. He inherited the family farm when he was 35, but that was twenty years ago. Due to the economy, Fred has lost the farm and has taken a manual labor job in the city to support his family. What form of mobility best describes Fred's position? A. Two-way stretch mobility B. Downward mobility C. Upward mobility D. Horizontal mobility

B. Downward mobility

________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil). A. Freud B. Levi-Strauss C. Hofstede D. Bettelheim

B. Levi-Strauss

________ refers to the factors that motivate people to physically uproot themselves from one location to another. A. Assimilation B. Movement C. Translation D. Adaptation

B. Movement

With respect to the acculturation process, what is the relationship between maintenance and segregation? A. The relationship is subtle. There is constant battle between new immigrants attempting to maintain their new identity and language and the dominant culture applying pressure to segregate new immigrants, thus separating them from the new culture. B. New immigrants often attempt to maintain their old cultural backgrounds be segregating themselves, living and shopping in physically separated areas from the main culture. C. Members of a subculture who have been in a larger culture for a long period of time maintain their alliance to the new culture by segregating themselves from new immigrants. D. People who belong to the dominant culture attempt to maintain their cultural superiority by isolating the subculture values of new immigrants and physically segregating members of new subcultures into separate groups.

B. New immigrants often attempt to maintain their old cultural backgrounds be segregating themselves, living and shopping in physically separated areas from the main culture.

The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match? A. Cosmological B. Psychological C. Metaphysical D. Anthropological

B. Psychological

Amos always felt that it was unfair that society created artificial divisions that discouraged him from having friends from different social structures. Which of the following terms describes the process that Amos is having difficulty with? A. Social anxiety B. Social stratification C. Reference group affiliation D. Bias

B. Social stratification

A person who receives rewards and status because of his hard work is said to have ________ status. A. hierarchical B. achieved C. nouveau riche D. longitudinal

B. achieved

A cultural production system is a ________. A. communication subsystem B. managerial subsystem C. creative subsystem B. all of the above

B. all of the above

Jim Smith, Don Carson, and Jeff Sweeney are all 54 years old, so they can be sorted into ________. A. Gen Z B. an age cohort C. nuclear family D. subculture

B. an age cohort

When companies use celebrities in their ads they are using the principle of ________ reference groups A. normative B. aspirational C. coercive D. membership

B. aspirational

According to the principle of least interest, the person who is least ________ has the most power in the relationship. A. susceptible to interpersonal influence B. committed to staying in the relationship C. susceptible to cultural pressures D. concerned about sanctions against nonconforming behavior

B. committed to staying in the relationship

John Jones purchases products to show visible evidence of his ability to afford luxury goods, John is practicing ________. A. homogamy B. conspicuous consumption C. brand prominence D. brand positioning

B. conspicuous consumption

Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right. A. congregation B. contamination C. reciprocity D. desacralization

B. contamination

The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________. A. style and cultural icons B. craft products C. low art products D. high art products

B. craft products

Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________. A. enacted norm B. cultural formula C. fashion cycle D. innovation process

B. cultural formula

A(n) ________ is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior. A. demographic group B. reference group C. focus group D. opinion group

B. reference group

Jeff had collected a nice wardrobe before graduating from college. All of his friends considered him "well dressed." After the first day at his new job, however, Jeff immediately went out and replaced most of his clothes with what was considered to be professional dress clothing. Jeff had just experienced the power of a new ________. A. brand community B. reference group C. avoidance group D.information cascade

B. reference group

Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________. A. rite of passage B. ritual C. symbolic exchange D. convention

B. ritual

British psychologist Frederic Bartlett used ________ to examine how information mutates. A. core information B. serial reproduction C. negative information D. transmission

B. serial reproduction

The ability of a person to pass from one social class to another is called ________. A. hedonic adaption B. social mobility C. plutonomy D. status hierarchy

B. social mobility

An extended family unit is characterized by ________ living together. A. one parent and at least one child B. three generations of a family C. two generations of a family D. two parents and at least one child

B. three generations of a family

Hundreds of millions of consumers around the world have the purchasing power to afford higher quality products. This consumer group, known as the ________, tend to buy affordable cars rather than luxury cars. A. plutonomy B. taste culture C. mass class B. leisure class

C. mass class

A church that serves 2000 or more congregants per week is called a ________. A. mainstream church B. mass church C. megachurch D. large church

C. megachurch

Jason is a marketing researcher working for a client who believes that social class will be an important segmenting device. Jason decides to find social class categories by simply asking respondents to pick their own category. Which of the following best supports Jason's approach? A. Most Americans don't mind talking about social class but are usually inaccurate in determining their own categories. B. American consumers are generally better able to identify their neighbors' social class than their own social class. C. American consumers generally have little difficulty accurately placing themselves in the lower-middle class or middle class. D. Most Americans will list the social class they wish to belong to rather than the one they actually occupy.

C. American consumers generally have little difficulty accurately placing themselves in the lower-middle class or middle class.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture? A. Psychological B. Sociological C. Anthropological D. Cosmological

C. Anthropological

Which of the following is a new kind of avoidance group that has grown in popularity through the Web? A. Virtual communities of consumption B. Consumer tribes C. Anti-brand communities D. Virtual worlds

C. Anti-brand communities

Which term refers to exchanges of resources, information, or influence among members of networks? A. Flaming B. Media multiplexity C. Flows D. Lurkers

C. Flows

________ refers to analytical techniques that combine data on consumer expenditures and other socioeconomic factors with geographic information. A. Perceived age B. Senior market C. Geodemography D. Consumer identity renaissance

C. Geodemography

________ foods are permissible under the laws of Islam. A. Tudung B. Kosher C. Halal D. Organic

C. Halal

China's economic boom has created 130 million people in what social class? A. Lower-upper class B. Upper-upper class C. Lower-middle class D. Upper-lower class

C. Lower-middle class

Nearly 60% of the Hispanic American population are of ________ descent. A. Dominican B. Cuban C. Mexican D. South American

C. Mexican

________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday. A. Sacred B. Objectified C. Profane D. Ritualized

C. Profane

________ argue(s) that each of us has several "selves that relate to groups." A. Social loafing B. Membership groups C. Social identity theory D. Cultural pressures

C. Social identity theory

________ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another. A. Social class B. Social prestige C. Social mobility D. Social affinity

C. Social mobility

_______ describes the capacity to alter the actions of others. A. Social pressure B. Social interaction C. Social power D. Social involvement

C. Social power

________ describes consumers in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences. A. An elaborated code B. A restricted code C. Taste culture D. Social culture

C. Taste culture

Which of the following best explains why marketers view teens as "consumers-in-training"? A. Teenagers have little influence on their families' purchase decisions, but they carefully watch and model the consumer behavior of their parents. B. Marketers typically do not begin targeting consumers until they are teenagers. C. Teenagers often develop brand loyalty during their adolescence, committing to a brand and continuing to purchase it for decades to come. D. Teenagers have little discretionary income, so they have few opportunities to make independent purchase decisions.

C. Teenagers often develop brand loyalty during their adolescence, committing to a brand and continuing to purchase it for decades to come.

________ proposes that a small group of influences disseminates information because they can modify the opinion of a large group. A. Influence cascades B. Opinion leaders C. Two-step flow model of influences B. Influence network

C. Two-step flow model of influences

________ refers to the strategy of getting visitors to a Web site to forward information on the site of their friends in order to make more consumers aware of a product. A. Guerrilla marketing B. Demand-based marketing C. Viral marketing D. Foot-in-door marketing

C. Viral marketing

Anna is a millionaire but she is constantly stressed and unhappy despite her wealth, Anna is experiencing ________. A. class warfare B. cosmopolitanism C. affluenza D. burnout

C. affluenza

In the process of ________, new immigrants adopt products, habits, and values they identify with the mainstream culture. A. maintenance B. segregation C. assimilation D. resistance

C. assimilation

The pressure to conform that escalates as more and more group members "cave in" is called ________. A. polarization B. homophily C. bandwagon D. loafing

C. bandwagon

The ________ influence is the reference group influence that helps the consumer make decisions about specific brands or activities. A. selective B. coercive C. comparative D. normative

C. comparative

Money available to a household over and above what is required to have a comfortable standard of living is called ________. A. average of earnings B. overtime pay C. discretionary income D. real income

C. discretionary income

A marketing manager who wants to identify opinion leaders for her product category should ________. A. find intellectuals who can write and speak well so that product communication will be facilitated B. find government officials who use the product C. find socially active persons who are intensely interested in the product category and who are similar to the other customers D. look for people who stand out in a crowd

C. find socially active persons who are intensely interested in the product category and who are similar to the other customers

Margaret stayed on top of what was happening in the marketplace, but she was not necessarily the first to purchase items when they first came out. Margaret would be classified as a(n) ________. A. market analyst B. innovator C. market maven D. opinion leader

C. market maven

Political candidates who get the most media coverage are more likely to win elections because of the effect of ________ in determining one's set of referents. A. propinquity B. group cohesiveness C. mere exposure D. reference bias

C. mere exposure

A set of socially relevant nodes connected by one or more relations is called a social ________. A. message B. group C. network D. graph

C. network

If a member of the upper class wore shredded Levi's jeans to a formal party, the person would be exhibiting a sophisticated form of conspicuous consumption known as ________. A. invidious distinction B. status anxiety C. parody display D. downsizing

C. parody display

Culture is best described as a society's ________. A. history B. attitude C. personality D. consciousness

C. personality

A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people. A. monarchy B. homogany C. plutonomy D. democracy

C. plutonomy

If a consumer admires the qualities of another person and copies his or her behaviors, the person that is copied has ________ power. A. legitimate B. informational C. referent D. coercive

C. referent

James' friend, whom he admires and respects, just purchased a new car. James decides to buy the same model. This situation illustrates the influence of ________. A. information power B. legitimate power C. referent power D. social power

C. referent power

A middle class person with an income at least 15 percent lower than the median middle class income, would be considered a(n) ________ consumer. A. conspicuous B. invidious C. underprivileged D. restricted

C. underprivileged

Reference groups influence us in three ways. These influences include informational, utilitarian, and ________ dimensions. A. reputational B. knowledge C. value-expressive D. descriptive

C. value-expressive

________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group. A. Myths B. Norms C. Theories D. Ideology

D. Ideology

________ is a myth that explains the origins of existence. A. Sociological B. Psychological C. Cosmological D. Metaphysical

D. Metaphysical

________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. A. Individualism B. Uncertainty avoidance C. Long-term orientation D. Power distance

D. Power distance

________ influence helps the consumer make decisions about specific brands or activities. A. Normative B. Coercive C. Selective D. Social cue

D. Social cue

________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life. A. Ideology B. Ecology C. Lifestyle D. Social structure

D. Social structure

Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings? A. Self-serving guilt B. Objectification C. Role transference D. The reciprocity norm

D. The reciprocity norm

Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information. A. innovators B. early adopters C. laggards D. gatekeepers

D. gatekeepers

In general, advertising is more effective when it ________ than when it ________. A. tries to create new product preferences; reinforces our existing product preferences B. relies upon viral marketing tactics; relies upon word-of-mouth strategies C. relies upon word-of-mouth tactics; relies upon viral marketing tactics D. reinforces our existing product preferences; tries to create new product preferences

D. reinforces our existing product preferences; tries to create new product preferences

Gen Y'ers are at home in ________, which communicates by texting and IMing. A. the gray market B. the tween market C. microculture D. thumb culture

D. thumb culture

When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________. A. meme theory B. trickle-down effect C. trickle-across effect D. trickle-up effect

D. trickle-up effect