ML PSY 231 Exam 2

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cephalocaudal trend

"cap to leg" downward progression of growth. head is larger, then fingers grow before toes

What kind of growth can we expect in early childhood?

- Girls more likely to retain baby fat -Boys more slightly more muscle mass - Dramatic growth levels off -more adult like proportion *2-3 in/a year height *5lbs/a year weight -more ephisyes

What is object permanence?

-8 mo old -In infants understand that something continues to exist even when you can't see it, and the bond to the caregiver solidifies during this process -examples include peekaboo

What is Erik Erikson's personality theory?

-A series of conflicts -X versus Y and one always wins -experience in the real world causes an outcome to result -starts in infancy

What type of speech can we expect from a 6 to 8 month-old?

-Babbling -the retention for language happens fastest at the stage -you label something 1 to 2 times a child remembers, fast neural mapping -two word sentences are spoken by the child -they get the gist across not the idea (me sit, I eat)

What can we expect from early childhood injuries?

-Bones heal much faster -it's the leading cause of childhood death -people who are in poverty have a low SES or find them selves in care of irresponsible parents have a higher risk — Prevention is key

What changes does your brain undergo during early childhood?

-Brain increases from 70% to adult size 90% -frontal lobe has two times as many neurons as adults -language skills increase self control increases - lateralization continues - specialized skills are improving because of lateralization

What type of speech can we expect from a 2 to 4-month-old?

-Cooing, fussing, and squealing -Repeated vowel sound such as mama or dada

What is the correct form when performing infant directed speech?

-Exaggerated emotions, high voice —subconsciously infant start a separate speech when they hear these patterns the brain recognize that this message is for me -you should stop the speech when they're able to talk back

What type of speech can we expect from a 12 month/1 year old?

-First words develop -people outside the family are able to understand the child -vocab growth 12 to 18 month speeds up after - to correct a child speak as an example *do not directly correct until the 4 to 5-year-old threshold*

What is it interactionist theory?

-The environment and your brain capacity determines whether you can learn language -body language and non-verbal language follow this model

What are two weeding statistics on why we should protect children from tobacco smoke

-Your immune system struggles to protect your body when you were exposed to tobacco smoke at a young age -Tooth decay, 40% of North American five year olds up to 3K and it climbs to 80% when you analyze high school students

What type of speech can we expect from a 9-month-old

-approximately the first word is spoken - they can understand simple words -only people who live in the house understand them

What is the nativist theory?

-language acquisition device, Chomsky -left hemisphere/process speech -brain helps us sort sounds -by 10 months old babies become specialized to hear the sound specific to their language

What is the behaviorist theory

-reinforcement BF Skinner - we learn language because our early attempts at communicating are reinforced -dada is commonly the first word, mama it's harder to say -Children will speak when they are by themselves

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

. Depression is the number of items on the Beck Depression Questionnaire that a person says apply to him.

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

. Memory is saying correctly now what happened yesterday

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

. Persuasion happens when you tell a person what to do and they do it.

Mr. Cisco owned both sides of a duplex condo building. On Saturday, he asked 10 neighbors to rate how attractive one side of the condo was, and another 10 neighbors to rate the attractiveness of the other side. On Sunday, he painted the window trim on one side. On Monday, he again asked the same neighbors to rate how attractive each side was. This is a(n) _______ between-groups experimental design.

. adequate

Your experiment requires participants to learn to ride a modified bicycle (steering is reversed, so when you turn the handlebars right, the bike goes left). There will be two conditions. The control condition provides participants with no special training, In the experimental condition, participants first get 30 minutes of wearing "prism goggles" that reverse your visual field (what's on the left appears to be on the right, and vice versa). You worry that riding the modified bike is something that cannot be "unlearned." This suggests that you should use a _______ experimental design.

. between groups

"Intoxication is when alcohol causes you to lose control and act unnaturally." This is a(n) _________ definition.

. conceptual

Professor Pollyanna studies the factors that contribute to happiness. He wants to know whether keeping a journal of pleasant things that happen in a day will improve happiness. At the start of his experiment, 100 college students complete a questionnaire measuring their level of happiness. Then for three weeks 50 of them they write in the "pleasant things" journal at the end of every day. The other 50 do nothing special during this time. At the conclusion of the study they all again complete the happiness questionnaire. With possible happiness scores ranging from 1 to 100, the results showed that mean happiness was 32 for both groups at the start of the experiment. At the end , the mean was 72 for the journal group and 32 for the other group. These results _____ suggest that the "pleasant things" journal changed happiness.

. do

Participants read a description of the evidence presented in a courtroom trial. Half were told that the defendant was a wealthy man, while the other half were told that the defendant was homeless. All of the participants then were asked to imagine that they were jurors and had to determine whether the defendant should be found guilty.

. instructional manipulation

"Anxiety is the number of times per day that a person says 'I'm worried that...'." Most people would say that this operational definition

. is reasonably valid

"Memory is saying correctly now what happened yesterday." Most people would say that this operational definition

. is reasonably valid

Each participant is labeled as 1 = intoxicated and 0 = not intoxicated.

. nominal measurement scale

Research participants read about the evidence in a courtroom trial and then decided, yes, or no, whether the defendant was guilty.

. nominal measurement scale

Research participants read about the evidence in a courtroom trial and then decided, yes, or no, whether the defendant was guilty. This measurement has which of the following characteristics?

. none of the above

Ninety participants watched a video of starving people. Another ninety watched a documentary on asteroids. Then they were all observed in the cafeteria to see how much they ate. In the video group, participants consumed an average of 1800 calories. In the asteroid group, participants consumed an average of 900 calories. These results ______ suggest that the videos caused changes in the number of calories people ate.

. possibly do not

Researchers kept track of how much electricity people used in their homes for one month. Before the monitoring began, half of the consumers watched a documentary on how electric plants promote climate change. Half saw no documentary. The results showed that documentary watchers used 32% less electricity. These results ________ suggest that the documentary reduced electricity use.

. possibly do not

Ten students studied in a quiet room. Ten others studied while songs of their own choosing played over speakers. On the next day's quiz, Quiet-Study students scored an average of 70% correct while Music students scored an average of 90% correct. These results ________ suggest that studying with music improves memory.

. possibly do not

Mr. Fowler mowed half of his yard but not the other half. He asked 10 neighbors to rate, on a scale of 1 to 10, how attractive the mowed side was. He asked another 10 neighbors to rate how attractive the un-mowed side was. This is a(n) _______ between-groups experimental design.

. possibly inadequate

Dr. Barbie took photographs of his participants while they played with a doll. Thhe photos area __________ dependent variable.

. qualitative

The researcher wrote a detailed essay describing what she saw when she observed children in the war zone encountering situations of conflict. Her descriptions are a __________ dependent variable

. qualitative

Results of the study were that, using a rating scale in which a low number means little trust and a high number means a lot of trust, patients who were told about the research evidence supporting their therapy expressed greater trust in the therapist. This is a __________ dependent variable.

. quantitative

The researcher showed the average number of suicidal thoughts experienced by patients who did, and did not, take an experimental drug. This is a __________ dependent variable

. quantitative

Researchers counted how many times each participant looked up and to the left during the conversation.

. ratio measurement scale

environmental influences on gender typing

1. The Family a. Many parents prefer that their young children play with "gender-appropriate" toys and believe that boys and girls should be raised differently. b. Parents tend to reward sons for active and assertive behavior while providing more assistance and direction to girls' play activities, thereby encouraging dependency. c. Parents also give children indirect cues about gender categories and stereotypes through the language they use. d. Parents who hold non-stereotyped values and consciously avoid behaving in stereotyped ways have less gender-typed children. 7 d. Of the two sexes, boys are more gender-typed because parents, especially fathers, are less tolerant of "cross-gender" behavior in sons than in daughters. 2. Teachers a. Teachers often encourage children to conform to gender roles. b. Preschool teachers give girls more encouragement to participate in adult-structured activities. 3. Peers a. By age 3, same-sex peers positively reinforce one another for gender-typed play by praising, imitating, or joining in the activity of agemates who show "gender-appropriate" responses. b. When preschoolers engage in "gender-inappropriate" play, they—especially boys—receive criticism from peers. c. Children also develop different styles of social influence in sex-segregated peer groups. d. Over time, children form beliefs about the "correctness" of gender-segregated play, and in-group favoritism becomes another factor sustaining gender segregation. 4. The Broader Social Environment a. Children's everyday environments continue to present many examples of gender typing. b. In addition to imitating the gender-linked responses they observe, children also start to view themselves and the surrounding world in gender-biased ways.

List and describe the five physical components of puberty.

1. a rapid acceleration in growth 2. the development of primary sex characteristics 3. the development of secondary sex characteristics 4. changes in body composition 5. changes in the circulatory and respiratory systems

Explain two methods that researchers use to measure temperament in infants.

1. ask caregivers 2. observe children

Describe what skills are missing from the preoperational stage of development, including how children are limited by centration, lack of reversability, and egocentrism.

1. centration- break a cookie in half now its 2 cookies. stuck on one aspect of a problem 2. reversibility- opposite of centration 3. egocentrism- a child's inability to see other people's viewpoints

What are three things that define a child's goodness of fit to their environment?

1. how demanding environment is 2. how flexible/ sensitive environment is to kid 3. how temperament guides activities and interpretation of experiences

List and describe the four phases of infant-parent attachment identified by Bowlby.

1. indiscriminate social responsiveness- content w whoever responds 2. discriminate sociability- recognize specific people and have a preference for certain people 3. attachments- reciprocity, separation protest 4. goal- corrected partnerships- "oh you have needs too.."

mildred parten social development 3 step sequence

1. nonsocial activity- unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play. most frequent among 3-4 year olds 2. parallel play- limited form of social participation in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior 3. associative and cooperative play associative- children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior cooperative- children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme.

Based on the strange situation, list and briefly describe what the four type of attachment styles are.

1. secure- distress, seeks mother 2. insecure ambivalent- intense distress when mom leaves. doesn't seek mother 3. insecure avoidant- no interest when mom leaves 4. disorganized- inconsistent

List and describe the six types of play, including which type of play is most common in early childhood.

1. unoccupied 2. solitary 3. onlooker 4. parallel 5. associative 6. cooperative

development classification, difficult (exuberant)

10% free spirited extreme emotional responses easily excited difficulty adjusting hard to distract fussy and tantrums

Difficult (Exuberant) Temperament

10%, free spirited, extreme emotional responses, easily excited, difficulty adjusting, hard to distract, frequently fussy, more tantrums

difficult (exuberant)

10%, free spirited, extreme emotions, easily excited, difficulty adjusting, hard to distract, fussy, tantrums

born with how many neurons

100-200 billion

Summarize what we know about the prevalence of obesity, including obesity trends and the comparison of the rate in middle childhood to early childhood.

13.9 percent of children aged 2-5 are obese, by middle childhood its 18.4 percent

Slow-to-Warm-Up

15%, cautious, avoid risks, might be seen as shy, difficulty adjusting to change - but will eventually

slow to warm up

15%, cautious, avoid risks, shy, difficulty with change

gender stereotypes at different ages

18 months- men as rough, women as soft 2 years- use gender categories appropriately preschool years- gender stereotypes become blanket rules rather than flexible guidelines as they should be

12 month old infant

1st words appear vocabulary growth from 12-18 start with 2 word sentences

Parallel Play

2 kids play side by side; not exchanging toys

sleeping patterns

2 year olds - 12 hours of sleep. after this, we are down to 10 hours. stop napping between ages 3 and 4

What age do children reach one half of their adult height?

2 years

early childhood body growth

2-3 in/year height 5 lbs/year weight decrease fat density get adult like proportion, then they go out of proportion, then back in proportion once adult posture, balance, motor coordination improve

Which 1-year-old child is average height?

26 in jorge

Self-concept

3-4 y/o children tend to understand and describe themselves concretely, using observable descriptions including appearance, general abilities, favorite activities, possessions, and simple psychological traits.

Self-Regulation

3-4; Executive functions and early experiences will shape this; Marshmallow Experiment

Initiative vs. Guilt

3-6; Take control of things and see how well they can do them; Parent's task=Encourage exploration/play and help them gain confidence

Describe the basic pattern of rates for intoxication of alcohol in 8th, 10th, and 12th graders.

30 percent of seniors abuse alc, 20 percent of 10th graders, and 10 percent of 8th graders

Describe trends in binge drinking in adolescence.

30 percent of seniors abuse alc, 20 percent of 10th graders, and 10 percent of 8th graders

hard to classify

35%

At what age can infants discriminate happy faces from fearful ones?

4-6 months

development classification, easy

40% adaptable positive outgoing

Easy Temperament

40%, adaptable, positive, outgoing

Describe the basic pattern of rates for illicit substance use in 8th, 10th, and 12th graders.

45 percent of seniors have smoked weed in the last year, 25 percent in the last month. only 10 percent of teens have tried anything other than marijuana

Summarize what we know about rates of teen pregnancy in the US.

45 percent of teen pregnancies end in abortion or miscarriage. about 50 percent of babies born will be raised by the mother, and 5 percent put up for adoption.

body growth

5 months - double in weight by 100% 1 year - triple weight 2 years - quadrupled weight

An infant who will have the greatest amount of brain development is the one who spends what percentage of sleep time in REM sleep?

50%

bhavisha cries when held by family members she doesn't see on a regular basis. Bhavisha is LIKELY how old?

6-8 months

Which of the following describes a quota sample?

60% of the population is left-handed so 60% of the participants chosen are also left-handed

When do infants discriminate colors as well as adults?

7 months ??

Summarize the rate of obesity in early childhood.

9 million US children are obese and the number is growing

Which of the following infants is most likely to exhibit stranger wariness?

9 month

Which factor is most directly involved in a child's motor development?

? emotional

A factor that fails to support Chomsky's idea that the human brain has an innate capacity to learn how to communicate is that all young children ______.

???

A statement that describes an infant's ability to categorize objects is that infants

???

Researchers counted how many times each participant looked up and to theleft during the conversation. This measurement has which of thefollowing characteristics?

A and B

The dependent variable was the number of minutes needed to complete aseries of math problems. This measurement has which of the following characteristics?

A and B

Matched design

A between subjects experiment that involves sets of participants matched on a specific characteristic with each member of the set randomly assigned to a different level of the independent variable.

synaptic terminal

A bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and released. (The path)

Class inclusion

A class can include a number of sub-classes

Gender schema

A concept or a mental structure that organizes gender-related information and embodies their understanding of what it means to be a male/female.

Counterbalancing

A control used in within-subjects experiments where equal numbers of participants are randomly assigned to different orders of the conditions.

What is synchrony?

A coordinated reaction between the caregiver and infant it helps the infant to read others emotions and they develop basic skills and learn who could be trusted -caregiver imitation is KEY

Stranger wariness

A fear of unfamiliar people.

Expectancy effects

A form of reactivity that occurs in scientific experiments or medical treatments when a research subject or patient expects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result.

Internal consistency

A form of reliability that tests relationships between scores on different items of a survey.

Gender

A form of self-expression; Is determined by socialization and the roles that the individual adopts.

Guided Participation

A form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to the needs of the child and helps him/her to accomplish more than the child could do alone.

Population

A group of individuals a researcher seeks to learn about from a research study

An independent variable is

A manipulated variable

Gender typing

A process in which stereotype knowledge increases (during preschool years) as children acquire gender role norms.

Fast Mapping

A process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times; 18-24 mos.

Separation anxiety

A reaction to separation from an attachment figure that is characterized by distress and crying.

What is a descriptive research question?

A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors. For example trying to answer the question, are college students anxious?

What is a predictive research question?

A research question that asks if one behavior can be predicted from another behavior to allow predictions of future behavior. For example in a correlational study, predicting grades from the number of hours of TV a person watches per week.

Ordinal Scale

A scale data measurement that involves ordered categorical responses, order is significant. Ex: can be ordered lowest to highest. Involves qualitative data NOT numerical.

Nominal Scale

A scale of data measurement that involves non ordered categorical responses. Ex: Color of hair, male/female, mood: anxious, happy, sad.

Ratio Scale

A scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses (quantitative data), where scores are ratios of each other. Has a true zero. Measurement scales for height, age, weight, distance, time.

Interval Scale

A scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses that are equally spaced, but scores are not ratios of each other. involve quantitative data. Ex: Likert scale.

What is the Pearson r test?

A significance test used to determine whether a linear relationship exists between two variables measured on interval or ratio scales.

Experimenter bias

A source of bias in a study created when a researcher treats groups differently (often unknowingly) based on knowledge of the hypothesis.

Demand Characteristics

A source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior based on their perception of the study and its purpose

Floor effect

A statistical phenomenon in which most data points fall in the very low range of possible values.

Strange situation

A structured observational procedure that reveals the security of attachment when the child is placed under stress.

Violation-of-expectation task

A task in which a stimulus appears to violate physical laws.

Relational aggression

A type of aggression intended to harm others' social relationships; Ex: verbal aggression

Instrumental aggression

A type of aggression used to achieve a goal, such as obtaining a toy.

What is a quasi-independent/subject variable?

A variable that allows comparison of groups without manipulation, examples include gender, age, personality types, and ethnicity.

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

A. Depression is the number of items on the Beck Depression Questionnaire that a person says apply to him.

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

A. Sadness is the length of your left pinky finger.

The researchers predicted that caffeine would increase attention. Ten participants took caffeine. They showed high levels of attention. Ten others took a placebo pill. They showed low levels of attention. This experiment shows that caffeine increases attention.

A. True

Research question: Do food rewards motivate kids to do more math problems? Two groups of students participated and were asked to work on sets of math problems. Group 1 students got a small cup of raisins every time they completed 5 problems. There were no rewards for Group 2 students. Which of the following is a suitable manipulation check for this experiment?

A. Watch the sessions to make sure Group 1 students were really given raisings in the cups.

A. adequate

Overweight individuals participated in a research study on the effects of goal-setting on weight loss. In the first 4 weeks, participants simply weighed themselves every day. In the second 4 weeks, they weighed themselves and set a weekly goal for weight loss, which they shared with the researcher. Results involved comparing the amount of weight loss during the first 4 weeks with weight loss during the second 4 weeks. This is an _______ within-subjects experimental design.

A. adequate

The therapist measured severity of depression symptoms in 30 people who were on a list waiting for spots to open up in the local clinic. After each person had been admitted to the clinic and complete 8 weeks of therapy, severity of depression symptoms was measured again. This is an _______ within-subjects experimental design.

A. adequate

Dr. Clay counted the number of times children in each group hit another child. This is a __________ dependent variable

A. behavioral

Dr. Clay counted the number of times children in each group hit another child. This is a __________ dependent variable.

A. behavioral

"Depression is a state of hopelessness and sadness." This is a(n) _________ definition.

A. conceptual

"Happiness is a feeling of well-being." This is a(n) _________ definition.

A. conceptual

A new learn-to-read program was tested in 100 first graders while 100 other first graders learned in the standard way. A standardized skills test showed that initially the students in both groups exhibited only a small number of required reading skills. After teaching the students were re-tested. The results showed that students in standard teaching had improved from showing 15% of required reading skills to showing 85%. Students in the new program had improved from 15% to 45%. These results ______ suggest that the new reading program hurt student learning compared to the traditional way of teaching reading.

A. do

Dr. Mel Lowe thinks that marijuana smoking might induce hallucinations. Before each of 50 volunteers starts the study, he asks whether they have experienced a hallucination in the last 2 hours; only 2 say they have. Then he has each volunteer smoke marijuana, and a couple of hours later asks whether they have experienced hallucinations in the last 2 hours; 35 say they have. These results _____ suggest that marijuana influenced the number of hallucinations.

A. do

Dr. Mel Lowe thinks that marijuana smoking might induce hallucinations. Before the study starts he asks two groups of 50 volunteers each starts whether they have experienced a hallucination in the last 2 hours. In both groups, only 2 say they have. Then he has each volunteer in one group smoke marijuana, while the other group waits in a waiting room. Afterward the participants are asked again whether they have experienced hallucinations in the last 2 hours. In the marijuana group, 35 say they have. In other group, 2 say they have. These results _____ suggest that marijuana influenced the number of hallucinations.

A. do

Dr. Woof developed a new way to train cats to use a litter box. She asked cat owners to say how often their pets had gone to the bathroom someplace other than the litter box during the past week. The cats were then randomly assigned to groups. One group was trained using Dr. Woof's special "PottyMax" program, and the other was trained using a different technique. A week after training, Dr. Woof again asked owners about how many "accidents" their cats had had. Before training, "accidents" were equal in the two groups -- an average of 9 per week. After training, the "PottyMax" cats had an average of 1 accident per week, while the other cats had about 7 per week. These results _____ suggest that "PottyMax" training was better than the other training in reducing potty "accidents."

A. do

Professor Pollyanna studies the factors that contribute to happiness. He wants to know whether keeping a journal of pleasant things that happen in a day will improve happiness. At the start of his experiment, 45 college students complete a questionnaire measuring their level of happiness. Then for three weeks they write in the "pleasant things" journal at the end of every day. At the conclusion of the study they again complete the happiness questionnaire. With possible happiness scores ranging from 1 to 100, the results showed that mean happiness was 32 at the stat of the experiment and 72 at the end. These results _____ suggest that the "pleasant things" journal changed happiness.

A. do

" Empathy is the number of times in a day that you say what another person must be thinking or feeling." Most people would say that this operational definition

A. is reasonably valid

Sound recordings were made of babies while they interacted with their mothers. The recordings are a __________ dependent variable.

A. qualitative

Patients read a series of statements describing depressive thoughts. For each, they indicated whether they had had that kind of thought during the past 24 hours. The final score was the number of statements that each patient endorsed.

A. ratio measurement scale

For each statement on the depression questionnaire, participants said whether they agreed strongly with the statement, agreed somewhat, disagreed somewhat, or disagreed strongly. This measurement has which of the following characteristics?

A. values in a sequence representing more/less or better/worse

Participants evaluated a job applicant's interview performance using a scale ranging from 1 = VERY SURE I WOULD NOT HIRE THIS PERSON to 100 = VERY SURE I WOULD HIRE THIS PERSON. This measurement has which of the following characteristics?

A. values in a sequence representing more/less or better/worse

Participants were asked whether they had been the victim of a variety of prejudicial actions. For each prejudicial action, they responded in one of these ways: very sure it happened; somewhat sure it happened; somewhat sure it did not happen; and very sure it did not happen. This measurement has which of the following characteristics?

A. values in a sequence representing more/less or better/worse

Participants who identified themselves as alcohol drinkers were asked about the number of alcoholic beverages they consumed at the last party they attended. They gave one of these responses: 1 = many more than the typical person at the party, 2 = a bit more than the typical person at the party, 3 = the same as the typical person at the party, 4 = a bit fewer than the typical person at the party, 5 = a lot fewer than the typical person at the party. This measurement has which of the following characteristics?

A. values in a sequence representing more/less or better/worse

Students read this statement: "My instructor really cares about me as a person." Then they chose a response from these options: 1 = totally disagree, 2 = partially disagree, 3 = partially agree, 4 = totally disagree. This measurement has which of the following characteristics?

A. values in a sequence representing more/less or better/worse

Each participant played an online cooperation game, involving many trials, with each of two "partners" who was really a computer program. One "partner" was programmed to compete rather than cooperate three-fourths of the time. The other "partner" was programmed to do whatever the participant had done on the last trial.

A. within subject experimental design

Naming Explosion

AKA vocabulary spurt; a period of rapid vocabulary learning that occurs between 16-24 mos of age.

A(n)_____test is often used to analyze data in a factorial design.

ANOVA

Circular Reactions

Accidental exploration or movement that causes some type of pleasurable experience

Difficult temperament

Active, irritable, and irregular in biological rhythms.

Scaffolding

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance; required to reach potential. Parents break task up, is sensitive, and gives nonthreatening feedback

Preoperational Stage

Ages 2-7; Make-beliebe play; Dual representation

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

Agreeableness is your score on a personality questionnaire that is intended to measure agreeableness.

Early Friendships

Allow kids to have same power as peers; Forces kids to figure out power struggles

Accommodation

Altering existing schemas, creating new ones

What is accommodation?

Alternating existing schemas and creating new ones

PTSD (Post traumatic stress disorder)

An anxiety disorder that occurs after experiencing a traumatic event and includes flashbacks, nightmares, and feeling of helplessness.

Secure base

An attachment figure or foundation to return to when frightened/in need of guidance/approval.

Field experiment

An experiment conducted in the participant's' natural environment

Factorial design

An experiment or quasi-experiment that includes more than one independent variable

Confounding variable

An extraneous factor present in a study that may affect the results. Examples- Testing effects, Hawthorne effect, demand characteristics

Intelligence

An individual's ability to adapt to the world.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

An innate facilitator of language that permits infants to quickly and efficiently analyze everyday speech and determine its rues, regardless of native language.

Universal Grammar

An innate storehouse of languages that apply to all human languages.

Long-term Memory

An unlimited store that holds information indefinitely.

What emotion starts up here at ages 2 to 7 months old?

Anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear

Upon hearing a loud burst of thunder, 5 year old DeShuan exclaims, "The sky is mad and is yelling." DeShuan's statement is an example of...?

Animism

Under-extension

Apply words too narrowly

Logical extension

Applying a newly learned word to others within a category. Ex: Black and white spotted dog = Dalmatian dog so, black and white spotted bunny = Dalmatian bunny.

Underextension

Applying a word more narrowly than it is usually applied so that the word's use is restricted to a single object.

Overextension

Applying a word to a broader collection of objects and events than appropriate

Overextension

Applying a word too broadly.

Overregularization

Applying grammatical rules to irregular cases (EX: "runned" instead of "ran")

Basic emotions

Are universal, experienced by people around world; happiness, sadness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust.

Which statement is inconsistent with the information processing system view?

As individuals age, they can process more information, retain more information, and do so more quickly and efficiently

Research question: Does viewing pornography reduce your feelings of empathy? Two groups of college students were measured for their levels of empathy. Beforehand, Group 1 was shown a 10-minute pornographic video. Group 2 was shown a children's cartoon. Which is a suitable manipulation check to make sure that the independent variable occurred as planned?

Ask participants about their attitudes regarding pornography

Mutual exclusivity assumption

Assuming that objects have only one label/name when learning new words; A new word is assumed to be a label for an unfamiliar object, not a synonym or second label for a familiar object.

A lasting emotional tie between two people who each strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues is called...?

Attachment

Selective Attention and Inhibition

Attend to particular to things and avoid irrelevant info

What is the second type of psychological take is...?

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Gender identity

Awareness of whether one is a boy or a girl; occurs at about age 2.

Research question: Does listening to music while studying help you learn? Two groups of students participated. Group 1 was asked to play their favorite music while studying. Group 2 was asked to play no music while studying. Which is a suitable manipulation check to verify that the independent variable was experienced as planned?

B. After the study sessions, ask the students what music was played, to see if they were listening.

Research question: Does eating a Snickers bar improve mood? Two groups of crabby adults participated. Each participant in Group 1 was given a Snickers. Participants in Group 2 were not. Which is a suitable manipulation check for this experiment?

B. Assign one researcher to verify that each Group 1 participant actually ate the candy bar that was given.

Researchers predicted that caffeine would increase social interactions. Ten participants were tested on one day after taking caffeine. As predicted, it was found that they talked frequently to others. The same participants were tested on another day after taking a placebo pill. On this day they also talked frequently to others. This experiment shows that caffeine increases social interactions.

B. False

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

B. Fear is when the little hairs stand up on the back of your neck.

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

B. Persuasion happens when you tell a person what to do and they do it.

Research question: Does caffeine improve attention? Two groups of participants completed a test of attention. Beforehand, Group 1 was given a caffeinated beverage. Group 2 was given an uncaffeinated beverage. Which is a suitable manipulation check to make sure that the independent variable was experienced as planned?

B. Videotape the sessions to verify that participants really drank the beverages

Participants were carefully selected to have pronounced symptoms of depression. They were randomly assigned to receive either Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy or Existential Therapy.

B. between groups experimental design

Ten participants took caffeine. Ten others took a placebo pill.

B. between groups experimental design

The therapist measured severity of ADHD symptoms in 30 people who had just completed 8 weeks of therapy at a local clinic. . This is an _______ within-subjects experimental design.

B. inadequate

"Intelligence is the number of decibels of sound you make when landing on the floor after jumping off a desk." Most people would say that this operational definition

B. is not valid

B. one group, before-after

"Intoxication is having a blood alcohol level higher than 0.08" This is a(n) _________ definition.

B. operational

"The more statements you agree with on the Beck Depression Questionnaire, the more severe is your level of depression." This is a(n) _________ definition.

B. operational

"Thinking means an increase in blood flow to certain areas of the brain as detected by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine." This is a(n) _________ definition.

B. operational

Each participant indicated whether, during the last week, she had consumed alcohol very often, fairly often, moderately, or not at all.

B. ordinal measurement scale

For each statement on the depression questionnaire, participants said whether they agreed strongly with the statement, agreed somewhat, disagreed somewhat, or disagreed strongly.

B. ordinal measurement scale

The therapy was expected to cause reductions in cortisol, a blood hormone that is related to stress. This is a __________ dependent variable.

B. physiological

Dr. Demento gave 50 volunteers a dose of LSD. He gave another 50 volunteers no drug. Then he measured whether the participants experienced hallucinations. He found that 15 of the 50 LSD participants experienced hallucinations while only 35 of 50 no-drug participants experienced hallucinations. These results _____ suggest that LSD reduced the number of hallucinations.

B. possibly do not

Half of the preschoolers were given a special diet intended to enhance cognitive abilities. Half ate a regular diet. At the end of 10 weeks, both groups were tested on academic achievement. Scores were lower for the special-diet group. These results ______ suggest that the special diet hurt academic achievement.

B. possibly do not

Twenty students were given no special instruction and then tested to see how well they solved trigonometry problems. Twenty other students first learned about trigonometry using a new phone app, and then completed the same test of trigonometry skills. This is a(n) _______ between-groups experimental design.

B. possibly inadequate

The researchers found that babies babbled about 6 decibels louder in the presence of a stranger than in the presence of a familiar person. This is a __________ dependent variable.

B. quantitative

Ten participants were given caffeine in a capsule. Ten were given a placebo in an identical capsule. Levels of attention were measured and compared. Which of the following would be the best manipulation check for this experiment?

B. watching each person to make sure he or she swallowed the pill

Which statement describes breast-feeding?

Babies have fewer gastrointestinal issues with breast milk than formula

Which scenario demonstrates that factors other than maturation play a role in motor development?

Babies who are swaddled walk at the same time as non-swaddled babies.

Infant-directed speech

Baby voice, exaggerated face Increases baby engagement

Gross Motor Development

Balance improves, leaving arms and legs more free (don't need arms for stabilization); Activities: kicking, throwing, running

Cerebellum

Balance; Myelination of nerve fibers linking cerebellum to cortex

What emotions are present at birth

Basic emotions Interest, disgust, distress: level of unhappiness, contentment Universally displayed

Aggressive behavior

Behavior that harms or violates the rights of others.

Language development theories

Behaviorist view Nativist view Interactionist Perspective

What is a three theories that explain the development of language?

Behaviorist, nativist, interactionist

Self Concept

Behaviors turn into general dispositions, you become who you are and make social comparisons (judging)

Magical Type of Thinking

Belief in tooth fairy, santa, easter bunny, etc

Frontal Lobe

Biggest area of change--> big changes in self-control/planned activities

What age are children when they are in trust vs mistrust?

Birth to 12 months

Breast-feeding

Breast milk until 1 year old Formula if not breast milk - Solid foods introduced at 6 months

Gender stereotypes

Broad generalized judgment of the activities, attitudes, skills, and characteristics deemed appropriate for males and females ina given vulture.

What is the advised dental care in early childhood?

Brush avoid sugary food & drink Florida is water get dental care

Consequences of Obesity

Bullied; depression/suicide, less likely to be hired

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

C. Agreeableness is your score on a personality questionnaire that is intended to measure agreeableness.

Manipulation of type for ALCOHOL.

C. Group 1 drinks wine. Group 2 drinks beer.

Based on their responses to a battery of laboratory tests, participants were put into one of the following personality types: Creative, Organized, Shy, and Flexible.

C. nominal measurement scale

The researchers recorded whether each participant did, or did not, stop to help a stranger in need.

C. nominal measurement scale

Patients who did, and did not, take an experimental drug were asked how many suicidal thoughts they experienced. This is a __________ dependent variable.

C. survey/interview

The higher a person's score on the Beck Depression Questionnaire, the moredepressed he is. This is a __________ dependent variable.

C. survey/interview

C. two group, after only

What emotional regulation as a 12 to 24 month old have?

Can move, ask for help

Growth Chart

Can predict height with growth trend data

Thomas walks up to his preschool teacher and says "Im a boy" what does this describe?

Categorial self

Egocentrism

Center of the world--> 3 MOUNTAINS

Accommodation

Changing, adapting, and modifying a schema to fit new information

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Child internalize they can do stuff on their own vs. Child internalizes they can't do stuff on their own, have doubt about their abilities

Influences on Self Esteem

Child rearing style (authoritative is best for western children); Attribution Style (common, everyday explanations for causes of behavior); Peer Likeability (Extent to which a child is viewed as a worthy social partner by peers)

I Self

Child recognizes they have their own thoughts (not unique → everyone has their own I)

Egocentric Type of Thinking

Child's experience and way they're viewing is how they think everyone else sees things

Social comparison

Children do not compare their performance with that of other children.

What is accomplished by the Concrete Operational Stage

Classification, Class inclusion, seriation, reversibility

Match the correct sampling technique with the example _________: individuals are selected at random for a study from a list of members of Girl Scout troops to represent the population of girls aged 8-13

Cluster sample

Which statement describes the sensorimotor period of reasoning?

Cognition develops in a qualitative manner with shifts occurring gradually and cumulatively.???

Memory strategies

Cognitive activities that make us more likely to remember.

Newborn

Communicative sounds and gestures are reflexive (crying, expressions, gestures)

What type of speech can we expect from a newborn?

Communicative sounds and gestures that are reflexive

Malnutrition

Compromises the development of bones, muscles, and brain; Impairs gross and fine motor skills; no energy to play

In a Latin Square, the number of orders used is equal to the number of _________ in the experiment.

Conditions

preoperational children's irreversible thinking is illustrated by their performance on which type of task?

Conservation

Basic Trust vs Mistrust

Consistent, reliable, good care vs Inconsistent, not responsive care

Babbling

Consonant vowel pair repeated 4-6 months

Broca's Area

Controls the ability to use language for expression; damage to this area inhibits the ability to speak fluently.

Having participants volunteer to be in your study is _____ sampling

Convenience Sampling

Synchrony

Coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant

Accommodation

Create new schemas

Three-mountain task

Created to study egocentrism; a child is asked to view the environment from a dolls' point of view. Children who display preoperational reasoning cannot describe the scene from the doll's POV.

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

D. Empathy is the number of times in a day that you say what another person must be thinking or feeling.

D. two group, before after

The researcher twice measured how well research methods students could design an experiment. In between the two tests, she had 100 students complete an online tutorial that she had designed to take advantage of how the brain processes logical information, while the other 100 students read a standard textbook lesson on critical thinking. This experimental design is

D. two group, before after

Me Self

Deeper understanding of who the person is (personality, characteristics, roles in life → unique to you)

ADHD

Deficits in executive functions including lack of attention and problems with inhibition; lower levels of dopamine; yelling and threatening don't work; to help: Psycho-stim meds, white music, regular recess

Cooing

Deliberate vowel sounds like "ahhhh", "ohhhh", and "eeeee"; vocal play. Early understanding of conversation structure.

What emotional regulation is a newborn have?

Dependent on caregivers to help them from 0 to 12 months they can look away close eyes or cry

Scripts

Descriptions of what occurs in a particular situation. Ex: explaining the process of going to a restaurant and ordering from a menu.

Executive Funtion

Determines what is important to attend to, combines new information with information already in working memory, and selects and applies strategies for manipulating the information in order to understand it, make decisions, and solve problems.

Criterion validity

Determining the validity of the scores of a survey by examining the relationship between the survey scores and other established measures of the behavior of interest.

Jermey is a baby that has difficulty sleeping. He doesn't follow any predictable schedule. He is an extremely upset when his mother leaves him home with any other caregiver, and typically spends most of the time she is away crying. What temperament style does Jermey have?

Difficult Temperament

Autism

Difficulty with theory of mind and not sensitive to socioemotional cues

Define and give examples of the three principles of physical development in infancy: directionality, independence of systems, canalization.

Directionality: how body proportions change, generally change is cephalocaudal, meaning development is from head to tail. Independence of systems: not all parts of the body follow the same timetable. Canalization: development tends to follow, and return to, a normative course. ie. crawling

Kara is a mother that behaves in a frightening way around her child. What attachment type os her baby mostly likely to develop?

Disorganized- disorientated

Juan is an infant taking part in strange situation. When his father comes back in the room, Juan hides behind an chair. His father picks him up Juan laughs while hitting his father in the face. What attachment type is Juans behavior consistent with

Disorganized-disorientated attachment

A study in which neither the participants nor the researcher know the participant group assignments is a _____.

Double-blind design

Authoritative

E=Effective; Firm/consistent, encourage discussion of rules, warm/sensitive

Lateralization

Each side of the brain will take on different tasks and it allows a wider array of things to be carried out

What age range does hand preference develop?

Early childhood

Jessica ask her mother, "how do I put this on." while she is in a different room than her mother. Her mother asked what she is trying to put on, because she cannot see what Jessica is doing. Jessica is demonstrating what type of reasoning typical of preschoolers?

Egocentrism

Which term means the inability to take another persons point of view?

Egocentrism

Cooing

Elongated vowel sounds 2 months

What emotions are present by the first birthday?

Embarrassment, shame,guilt, envy, & pride.. Requires sense of self, understanding of self related to others to develop, from 1-2 yo

Self-conscious emotions

Emerges during 15-18 mos, depends on cognitive development as well as awareness of self; empathy, pride, embarrassment, shame, and guilt.

Social smile

Emerges during 6-10 weeks, occurs in response to familiar people, is an important milestone in infant development; shows social engagement.

Basic Emotions

Emotions present at birth and early in first year; universal

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

Empathy is the number of times in a day that you say what another person must be thinking or feeling.

Authoritarian parenting style

Emphasize behavioral control and obedience over warmth.

Academically centered preschool programs

Emphasize providing children with structured learning environments in which teachers deliver direct instruction on letters, numbers, shapes, and academic skills.

In order for a toddler to be able to experience self-conscious emotions, they must be able to do all of the following except...?

Engage with an social smile

Expansions

Enriched versions of the children's statement.

Attachment Bonds assist in the survival of an infant by...?

Ensuring that the caregiver and infant remain near each other.

Interactions Perspective

Environment and brain capacity

interactionist perspective

Environment and brain capacity Need people to speak to you to learn to speak

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

Initiative versus guilt

Erikson's thirds psychosocial stage. Young children develop a sense of purpose and take pride in their accomplishments.

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Establishing a sense of feeling that one can make choices and direct oneself.

History effect

Events that occur during the course of a study to all participants or to individual participants that can result in bias

Artificialism

Everything is made by humans

False-belief tasks

Exercises that require children to understand that someone can have an incorrect belief.

Examples of extraneous variables

Experimenter bias, maturation effects, environmental factors, fatigue effect, participation bias, regression towards the mean, and order effects.

_____ is on the surface, a study or scale appears to be intuitively valid

Face validity

Technology for children

Face-time and digital books are okay No screen time before age of 2 Average screen time for kids 0-2 is 8 hours Babies become overstimulated.

All sampling error can be removed from a study if the appropriate sampling technique is used.

False

An interaction effect can be tested in all experiments.

False

Internet samples are typically less representative of the population of interest than samples that are collected face-to-face.

False

The independent variable is measured

False

Industry

Feeling competent in doing important tasks

Inferiority

Feeling like a failure/incompetent

Emotional Self-Efficacy

Feeling of being in control of one's own emotional experience

Vygotsky

Filled in missing social/cultural pieces and focused on environment and its affects on cognitive growth

What is overregulation?

Find grammatical rules to irregular cases Ex. Mouses, runner, singed, gooses.

Fine Motor Development

Finger control increases; Activities: puzzles, blocks, macaroni noodles, and drawings

Telegraphic Speech

First simple two-word sentences; includes only a few essential words. Is universal amongst toddlers.

Initiative vs Guilt

Focus is on initiative new activities; feel good if allowed to do a new activity; response is praise regardless of performance

Uninvolved parenting style

Focus on their own needs rather than those of their child.

Describe the history of intelligence testing and compare and contrast Gardner and Sternberg's theory of intelligence.

Gardner-Each way or kind of intelligence is reflected in brain differences. Research shows people have strength or weaknesses in some of the intelligences Sternberg-We can "teach" students to be more intelligent—Teach them how to think.

Which of the following describes a categorial self that a toddler might use to describe him- or herself.

Gender

Animistic Type of Thinking

Give life to inanimate objects

The match between a Childs temperament and the parents temperament and child-rearing methods is called...?

Goodness of fit

Overregularization errors

Grammatical mistakes that young children make because they are applying grammatical rules too stringently. Ex: Goose = Gooses

Categorization

Grouping different stimuli into a common class, is an adaptive mental process that allows for organized storage of information in memory, efficient retrieval of that information, and the capacity to respond with familiarity to new stimuli from a common class.

Nonequivalent Groups

Groups compared in a study where participants are not randomly assigned

Which hormone is secreted from birth and influences development of nearly all parts of the body?

Growth hormone

Proximodistal Trend

Growth proceeds from the center of the body outward

Hannah is a baby who is fussy, difficult, and slow to adapt to new situations. Her mother is a very sensitive caregiver and makes sure that Hannah has a strict routine and doesn't get upset when Hannah is fussy. What temperament style does Hannah have.

Hannah will probably

Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals from the population who volunteer are selected?

Haphazard Sample

Piaget Criticisms

Happen at an earlier age; limitations (like egocentrism) ends earlier; Teaching and culture affects growth

Cephalocaudal trend

Head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body

Fast mapping

Hear word once → solid in mind

recognizing other's emotions

Helps a child to learn how to feel about certain situations Shapes behavior Facilitates social relationships

Reticular Formation Development

Helps obtain consciousness; Less need for naps

Permissive

High independence, low parental control, high warmth and acceptance

Summarize what we know about high-quality childcare and what high-quality means, including the difference between structural quality and process quality.

High quality is associated with more sensitive and caring interactions with adults, rich conversations, and stimulating materials and activities. structural quality- characteristics of child care settings like group size, child/adult ratio, etc. process quality- an assessment of children's interactions and experiences in child-care settings.

Who is Jean Piaget?

His theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stage of mental development.

Working Memory

Holds and processes information that is being "worked on" in some way; short-term store, processing component, control mechanism.

Correlational hypotheses

Hypotheses tested in correlational studies are about describing or predicting behavior.

Classificaiton

Identifying properties of categories--> shape/color

Explain how environment can influence canalized behaviors using examples.

If a 1 year old baby gets sick for a year, its' growth rates would fall off balance and he'd fall behind, but after he gets better he returns back on track because of canalization.

Memory

Improves between ages 2-7 and at age 7, we can store up to five items rather than two

What is the difference between a positive and negative relationship between variables?

In positive relationships both variables change in the same direction and in negative relationships one variable increases as the other decreases.

Heteronomous morality

In this stage, as children first become aware of rules, they view them as sacred and unalterable.

Lack of Identity Constancy

Inability to realize that a person's core self stays the same despite changes in appearance--> parallels conservation

Slow-to-warm-up temperament

Inactive, moody, and slow to adapt to new situations and people.

Internal working model

Includes the children's expectations about whether they are worthy of love, whether their attachment figures will be available during time of distress, and how they will be treated. Influences the development of self-concept, or sense of self, in infancy and becomes a guide to later relationships throughout life.

Parallel Play

Independent (non-social); exploring the world

In a graph of condition means from an experiment, the ________ variable should be plotted on the x-axis, whereas the _________ variable should be plotted on the y-axis.

Independent; dependent

Construct validity

Indicates that a survey measures the behavior it is designed to measure

Why do 6 month olds laugh at uncommon occurrences, such as someone making a funny sound?

Infants know what to expect by this age and are surprised when something unexpected happens

Video Deficit Effect

Infants learn more readily from people than from TV.

Trust versus mistrust

Infants must develop a view of the world as a safe place where their basic needs will be met.

According to Erikson, how are infants affected if their caregivers are responding to their needs?

Infants will develop a view that the world is a safe place where their basic needs will be met.

Olivia is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. When her mother comes back in the room, she ignores her mother and fails to greet her, even when her mother calls her name. When her mother tries to pick her up, she turns away. What attachment type is Olivia's behavior consistent with?

Insecure- Avoidant Attachment

Assimilation

Integrating a new experience into a preexisting schema

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

Intelligence is the number of decibels of sound you make when landing on the floor after jumping off a desk.

Simple effects tests are used to describe

Interaction effects.

____ is a measure of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways.

Interrater Reliability

Fine Motor Skills

Involves small, coordinated movements such as drawing faces or writing one's name--> girls are better

While vacuuming the playroom, Jackson's mother set his train track on a table. Seeing that the track had been moved, Jackson became upset and complained that his track was ruined. After Jackson's mother returned the track to the floor, Jackson continued to fuss, arguing that his trains would no longer work on the track. Jackson's inability to understand that moving the track from the table to the floor restored it to the original state is an example of _______.

Irreversibility

Child maltreatment/abuse

Is any intentional harm to a minor; including actions that harm the child physically, emotionally, sexually, and through neglect.

Wernicke's Area

Is responsible for language comprehension; damage to this area impairs the ability to understand the speech of others and sometimes affects the ability to speak coherently (word salad).

Parenting style

Is the emotional climate of the parent child relationship - the degree of warmth, support, and boundaries that parents provide.

Which statement supports the learning theory of language acquisition?

It cannot account for the unique utterances and errors that young children make.

How does the attachment bond developed early on influence personality development later in life?

It forms an internal working model which becomes a guide to later relationships

Why do researchers use the internet to sample?

It is easy to recruit participants and they may be able to get a larger sample that is representative of the population than they may be able to get in person.

Co-Sleep

It is not safe to have your baby sleep in bed with you. In Ohio, 3 babies die every week due to unsafe sleep practices

What is disequilibrium and how is it important to child development?

It is the confusion that makes you pay attention to help you learn and understand. The confusion creates a memory therefore helping us retain the information that we are learning.

What is hand preference represent in early childhood?

It represents dominant cerebral hemisphere it is flipped what controls the right hemisphere right controls the left hemisphere

Why do psychologists need to obtain a sample?

It would be almost impossible to obtain information from an entire population, so a sample of the population is obtained to represent the population.

Describe what skills are accomplished during this preoperational stage.

Its how children think, not what they know. pretend play and classification occur. symbolic thinking

Which example demonstrates overextension?

Kelsie knows the word "juice" and uses it to refer to all types of beverages.

Kenzie is an infant that sucks her thumb when she is anxious. She also chews on toys when she sees other children fighting. As she gets a little older, she will go to her room when her brothers start fighting. Why does Kenzie do all of these behaviors?

Kenzie is engaging in emotion regulation

Literacy

Kids know a lot about language before school emergent literacy- children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences phonological awareness- the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language interactive reading- adults discuss the content of storybooks with preschoolers, helps language development

Metacognition

Knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind.

Describe criticisms of Kohlberg's model of moral development.

Kohlberg overlooked potential differences in how women and men would look at ethical dilemmas

Why can't children conserve?

Lacking reversibility (no schema/one direction); Centering

Which skills tend to be lateralized to the left hemisphere?

Language

Nativist view

Language acquisition device Chompsky Have specialized brain region to help us attune to language in our environment

Biological Underpinnings

Lead to gender identification--> testosterone has an effect

Corpus Collosum

Links 2 hemispheres and supports smooth coordination on both sides

Social referencing

Looking to caregivers' or other adults' emotional expressions to find clues for how to interpret ambiguous events, which influences their emotional responses and subsequent actions.

Permissive

Low control, too high of autonomy; kids can do whatever they want; have a lack of structure in the home

Pretend Play

Makes up game/play with another peer; emerges in toddlerhood; detaches from real life; less self-centered; more complex combos of schemas; strengthens cognitive capacities

Skeletal age

Measurement of how developed we are by looking at the bones in the body

What is happening in the hippocampus during early childhood?

Memories improving they are starting to tell people around them about their day, there is memory richness

Episodic memory

Memory for events and informations acquired during events.

Hippocampus Development

Memory formation; Long-term memory storage becomes longer

Pick the most RELIABLE operational definition.

Memory is saying correctly now what happened yesterday.

Autobiographical memory

Memory of personally meaningful events that took place at a specific time and place in one's past.

What is a schema?

Mental representations of general knowledge and expectations about a concept.

Inductive discipline

Methods that rely on reasoning.

Social Learning View

Moral behavior is learned through modeling

Cognitive Development

Morality develops because we can think about what's fair and what's just

What is happening in the cerebellum during early childhood?

Movement gains

What process aids quick complex communication between neurons and makes coordinated behaviors possible?

Myelination

Authoritarian

N=Negative; low child autonomy, high parental control, less emotional support

Maturation

Natural changes that occur to the participants during the course of a study that can result in bias.

Uninvolved

Neglectful family, low supervision; child maltreatment; kid has no voice and is not being taken care of at all

Plasticity

Neurons can be modified by experience (sometimes due to injury)

Are any of the three theories sufficient on their own?

No each theory works together dynamically to create one full overall theory of how we develop language

Gender role norms

Normative expectations for males and females that are applied to everyday behavior.

Irreversibility

Not understanding that an action can be undone to return to the original state.

Quantitative data

Numerical data

Carry-over effects

Occur when participants experience in one condition affects their behavior in another condition of a study

Order effect

Occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study.

Scaffolding

Occurs in formal educational settings but also informally, any time a partner adjusts his/her interactional style to fit the needs of a child and guide the child to complete a task that he/she could not complete alone.

Permissive parenting style

Often allow children to monitor their own behavior.

qualities of resilient children

Often have a special talent, highly adaptable and can regulate emotions, high self-efficacy, optimistic worldview, strong faith, have some sort of social support

Face validity

On the surface, a study or scale appears to be intuitively valid

Once the video starts playing, have an experimenter peek in to make sure the participant is actually watching it

Holophrases

One-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used. The beginning of speech during infancy.

Executive Function

Our ability to plan, inhibit responses, and control cognitions; ef's improve--> 3 MAIN=Rehearsal, selective attention, and inhibition

direct parental influences on early peer relations

Outside school and child care, young children depend on their parents to help them establish rewarding peer associations. 11 b. Parents also influence their children's peer interaction skills by offering guidance on how to act toward others, including suggestions for managing conflict, discouraging teasing, and entering a play group.

What is the difference between underextension and overextension?

Overextension is applying a word more narrowly than usual, and underextension is applying a word too broadly.

Central Executive

Part of working memory; a control mechanism or processor that directs the flow of information and regulates cognitive activities such as attention, action, and problem-solving.

Corpus Callosum Development

Part that connects hemispheres; Smoothness of movements/ coordination and integration of info from one hemisphere to the other

Latin Square

Partial counterbalancing technique where the number of orders of conditions used is equal to the number of conditions in the study.

According to Erikson, which is not an out come seen in a toddler who is encouraged to be autonomous?

Passivity

PROBABLY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION Language development requires understanding of what?

Phonemes- sounds and sound patterns. Specialized in hearing the sounds of our native language by ten months old. Semantics- meaning of words Syntax- grammar, putting words together Pragmatics use of language in social context

Summarize who Piaget is and how he saw infant cognitive development.

Piaget had a stage theory. he looked at his own children over time and believed babies explore the world around them to learn. They actively construct the world. Discontinuous*

Preoperational reasoning

Piaget's second stage of development; occurs 2-6 y/o. Is characterized by a dramatic leap in the use of symbolic thinking that permits young children to use language, interact with others, and play using their own thoughts an imaginations to guide their beh.

Pre-Operational Stage

Piaget; Operations are mental manipulation of information; Pre=Before; Locked into immediate appearances and Lack of Conservation

Research showed young children had structural brain change over a period of 15 months after exposure to activities to build music and auditory skills illustrates which concept?

Plasticity

Associative play

Play alongside eachother; exchange toys; talk about eachother's activities

Rough-and-tumble play

Play that includes running, climbing, chasing, jumping, and play fighting.

Sociodramatic play

Play that includes taking on roles and acting out stories and themes.

Cooperative Play

Play together, common goal

The _________ is the group of individuals a researcher wants to learn about in a study, whereas the _______ is the groups of individuals tested in a study.

Population, sample

Easy temperament

Positive mood, even-tempered, open, adaptable, regular, and predictable in biological functioning.

What are the outcomes of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt?

Positive-Autonomy -congratulating them on mistakes -I can express myself -I feel encouraged -I internalize that I can do it -this cultures independence Negative-Shame and Doubt -critical response -I can't do this on my own

What are the outcomes of Basic Trust vs Mistrust?

Positive-Basic Trust - happens when they need is met - I can express my needs and they get met - I can predict the world is a safe place -I can seek support and I receive -Child cries less because he knows he doesn't have to cry a lot because the caretaker will pay attention Negative-mistrust -The world is not predictable -the world is not consistent -child cries less because they can't express their needs and will get met, they learn that their cry doesn't work and they start to internally suppress their needs -at early age as you can recover

Causal hypotheses

Predict a specific cause of behavior.

Instrumental Aggression

Preschoolers engage in this in order to obtain an object or get something

Which statement below is consistent with the maturational view of motor development?

Preterm infants reach motor milestones later than do full-term infants.

Which types of sampling techniques reduce sampling error more than others?

Probability

What is happening in the corpus callosum during early childhood?

Promoting movement gains

what is the term for the nonnumerical participant responses?

Qualitative data

_________ can be used to counter group differences.

Randomization

Zone of proximal development

Range of tasks child cannot yet handle alone but could with the help of a more skilled person

Ceiling effect

Referring to the level at which an independent variable no longer has an effect on a dependent variable

Attachment

Refers to a lasting emotional tie between two people who each strives to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues.

Theory of mind

Refers to children's awareness of their own and other people's mental processes.

Gross Motor Skills

Refers to large muscle movement such as running, climbing, and hopping--> boys are better

Selective attention

Refers to the ability to systematically deploy one's attention, focusing on relevant information and ignoring distractors.

Gender constancy

Refers to the child's understanding that gender does not change - that he/she will always be the same regardless of appearance, activities, or attitudes.

Behaviorist view

Reinforcement Skinner When moms and dads get excited when they say mama and papa reinforcing that behavior

Epiphyses

Release cartilage that turns into bone

Social Referencing

Relying on another person's emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation

Primary Circular Reactions

Repeating actions involving parts of the body that produce pleasurable or interesting results.

Rehearsal

Repeating info

Babbling

Repeating string of consonants and vowels such as "ba-ba-ba" and "ma-ma-ma", begins to appear at about 6 mos. Is universal at first but slowly adapts to native language.

Canonical Babbling

Repetition of simple consonant-vowel combinations in well-formed syllables that sound remarkably like language; parents regardless of background, tune in and treat the vocalizations in a new way.

Secondary Circular Reactions

Repetitions of actions that trigger responses in the external environment.

Pituitary Gland Development

Responsible for growth of all body regions except for Central Nervous System and genitals; releases GH and TSH

Cerebellum Development

Responsible for movement/control of movement; 2 year olds fall a lot → 6 year olds are more in control/ refined motor skills

Self Esteem

Result and cause of feeling industrious

What are examples of gross motor skills?

Running and Jumping

Stratified Random Sampling

Sample chosen from the population such that the proportion of individuals with a particular characteristic is equivalent in the population and the sample.

Cluster Sampling

Sample chosen randomly from clusters identified in the population

Simple Random Sampling

Sample chosen randomly from the population such that each individual has an equal chance of being selected

Convenience Sampling

Sample chosen such that the probability of an individual being chosen cannot be determined. They increase the amount of sampling error in the study, lowering its internal validity by making a test of the hypotheses less accurate.

indirect parental influences on early peer relations

Secure attachments to parents are linked to more responsive, harmonious peer interactions, larger peer networks, and warmer friendships in preschoolers and school-age children. b. Highly involved, emotionally positive parent-child conversations and play are associated with positive peer relations. c. Mothers' play has more impact on the social competence of girls, and fathers' play has more impact on that of boys. d. Some preschoolers already have great difficulty with peer relations, and parenting can contribute to these problems.

What area of development the the internal working model of attachment influence in children?

Self concept

Categorical self

Self description based on broad categories such as sex, age, and physical characteristics.

Complex Emotions

Self-conscious or self-evaluative emotions emerge in 2nd year; not displayed or interpreted the same across the world

Psychoanalytic View

Sense of morality because we don't like the sense of guilt → limit bad feelings by having morals

Piaget stage theory of development

Sensorimotor (birth-2) Circular reactions- slowly learning the motor control Repetition- intention Object permanence- around 8 months

Stage One Piaget Stage Theory

Sensory Motor Stage Birth-2yo -Exploring the world through sensory systems -A reflexive movement that causes some pleasurable reaction -secondary circular reaction, it's a purposeful exploration with goal directed behaviors -where repetition turns into an intentional behavior, helps create neurological connections and patterns

Self Concept

Set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values

biological influences on gender typing

Sex differences in play and personality traits appear in many cultures worldwide, and some, such as male activity level and physical aggression or female emotional sensitivity, are widespread among mammalian species. 2. From an evolutionary perspective, males are primed for dominance and females for intimacy and responsiveness. 3. Eleanor Maccoby argues that sex hormones affect human play styles. a. Hormones lead to rough, noisy movements among boys and calm, gentle actions among girls. b. As children begin to interact with peers, they choose same-sex partners whose interests and behaviors are compatible with their own. c. In research on girls exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens, these girls showed more "masculine" behavior.

Annabelle looks in the mirror, sees that the reflection in the mirror has a mark on her nose, and touches her nose. What can we conclude?

She has self recognition

Insecure-disorganized attachment

Show inconsistent, contradictory beh. Shows a conflict between approaching and fleeting the caregiver, suggesting fear. These children experience the greatest insecurity, appearing disorientated and confused. May cry unexpectedly and may show a flat, depressed emotion and extreme avoidance or fearfulness of the caregiver. (Less than 10% of children)

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Shows little interest in mother, busily explores environment, is not distressed when mother leaves, may react to stranger in same way as mother, ignores/avoids mother upon return, and fails to greet/turns away. (15% of children)

Insecure-resistant attachment

Shows mixed pattern if responses of the mother, remain preoccupied with mother, seeks proximity and contact while clinging before separation. After separation, infant is distressed and cannot be comforted. Upon return, infant seeks proximity while also pushing away, hitting, or kicking. (10% of children)

Randomly choosing 1,000 college students out of 20,000 college students is an example of what kind of sampling?

Simple random Sampling

Match the correct sampling technique with the example _________: individuals are selected at random from a list of phone numbers to be called for a survey

Simple random sample

Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population at random where each individual has an equal chance of being selected?

Simple random sample

Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the smallest amount of sampling error?

Simple random sample

What is happening in the reticular formation during early childhood?

Sleeping way less than usual dropping your daytime nap

Phonemes

Small unit of sound (EX: "sh", "th"m "s")

Reversability

Somethings that change, can be reversed (ice/water/ice)

Define phonemes

Sounds and sound patterns there are 44 in the English language

Emotional display rules

Specify the circumstances under which various emotions should or should not be expressed.

BMI

Statistic used to monitor weight (ratio of a person's weight to height; (13.9% aged 2-5=obese)

Match the correct sampling technique with the example _________: students are selected at random from lists of students at a university organized by class level such that the proportion of individuals at each class level in the population of students matches the proportion selected for the sample

Stratified random sample

Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population at random where the proportions of members of different groups are the same in the population and the sample?

Stratified random sample

Causes of Obesity

Stressed parents, increased portions, low calorie dense food, TV/Internet = lack of exercise

Define emotions

Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological behavioral changes

Mastery Oriented People

Success=high ability, high effort; Failure=insufficient effort

Learned Helplessness

Success=luck; failure=low ability

Cognitive Capacities Strengthened with pretend play

Sustained attention, inhibition of impulses, memory, logical reasoning, language/literacy, imagination/creativity/perspective taking

Brain Development (2-5)

Synaptic pruning continues; lateralization in the left hemisphere, and gradual development in the right hemisphere

Child-centered preschool programs

Take a constructivist approach that encourages children to actively build their own understanding of the world through observing, interacting with objects and people, and engaging in a variety of activities that allow them to manipulate materials and interact with teachers and peers.

Main effect

Test of the differences between all means for each level of an independent variable in an ANOVA.

Behavioral measure

Tests and methods used to gain information from a subject of study

Divergent validity

Tests that constructs that should have no relationship do, in fact, not have any relationship.

Emotional regulation

The ability to control one's emotions

Attention

The ability to direct awareness.

Recall memory

The ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again.

Recognition memory

The ability to recognize a stimulus one has encountered before.

Self-recognition

The ability to recognize of identify the self.

Sustained attention

The ability to remain focused on a stimulus for an extended period of time.

Deferred Imitation

The ability to repeat an act preformed some time ago.

Empathy

The ability to understand someone's feelings.

Define syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. GRAMMAR

Between-subjects

The basic idea behind this type of study is that participants can be part of the treatment group or the control group, but cannot be part of both. If more than one treatment is tested, a completely new group is required for each.

Animism

The belief that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and intentions.

Temperament

The characteristic way in which an individual approaches and reacts to people and situations, is thought to be one of the basic building blocks of emotion and personality.

What is an operational definition?

The definition of an abstract concept used by a researcher to measure or manipulate the concept in a research study ex: depression, anxiety, intelligence

Internal Validity

The degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior

Validity

The degree to which measures the behavior it is designed to measure

External Validity

The degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study

Reliability

The degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under similar conditions

What is an outcome variable?

The dependent variable in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable. For example: The more hours you study the better you will do on this exam.

What is sampling error?

The difference in the observations between the sample and the population.

Contrast effect

The enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension.

Security of attachment

The extent to which one feels that parents can reliably meet their needs.

Sensory Memory

The first step in getting information into the mind.

Zone of proximal development

The gap between the child's competence level-what he/she can accomplish independently-and what he/she can do with assistance of a skilled partner.

Sample

The group of individuals chosen from the population to represent the population in a research study

Egocentrism

The inability to take another person's point of view or perspective.

What does an infant or toddler do when they don't know how they should interpret an event and/or how to act in a specific situation?

The infant or toddler uses social referencing.

Self Esteem

The judgements we make about ourselves

Conservation

The knowledge that the amount of given substance remains identical despite changes in shape or form

An experiment is defined by

The manipulation of a variable, control of confounding variables, and tests of causal relationships.

Goodness of fit

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental.

What is adaptation?

The process for building schemas

Circular Reactions

The repetition of an action and its responses.

Grammar

The rules of language.

Tertiary Circular Reactions

The shift from intentional behavior to systematic exploration.

Centration

The tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others. Ex: a boy may believe that if he wears a dress, he will become a girl.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist outside of sensory awareness.

Conservation

The understanding that the physical quantity of a substance, such as number, mass, or volume, remains the same even when its appearance changes.

Which of the following suggest the emergence of a sense of self in relation to others?

The use of personal pronouns

How do researchers examine whether an infant has remembered something from a prior experience (give example discussed in class).

They check their heart rate. example: When the infant stopped looking at the first black and white pattern and heart rate returned to baseline, that illustrated Habituation.

What happens to neurons that are not used in early childhood?

They get thrown away/ destroyed from lack of use.

What happens if a one year will try to look for an object and They can't find it?

They will give up.

Cognitive Flexibility

Think of something in more than one way

Mental Representation

Thinking about an object using mental pictures.

Transgender

Those who do not identify with their biological sex but instead adopt an opposite-sex identity.

Which task did Piaget use to assess preoperational children's egocentrism?

Three mountains

Appearance-reality distinction

To distinguish what something appears to be from what it really is. Ex: Maynard the cat.

Context/Socialization

Toy choices, teachers, rejected by same sex if you don't conform

All experiments contain at least one independent variable

True

All studies, regardless of sampling technique are subject to sampling error.

True

Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research questions.

True

The dependent variable is measured in an experiment

True

Hostile Aggression

Trying to hurt another person physically, verbally, or relationally

In a factorial design, there is/are at least ______ independent variable(s).

Two

Phonological Awareness

Understanding that different phonemes have different sounds

Define pragmatics

Use of language and social contacts, who you can say what to

Secure attachment

Use the parents as a secure base, plays with toys but regularly check in with parent, shows mild distress when parent leaves, and upon return, greets parent with enthusiasm, seeks comfort, and then returns to play. (2/3rds of children)

What is assimilation?

Using existing schemas to interpret the world and it could be correct or incorrect

A biased sample will lower the ____ of a study

Validity

Prosocial behavior

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another.

Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the largest amount of sampling error?

Volunteer sample

Match the correct sampling technique with the example _________: individuals are selected from a participant pool made up of students at a university who volunteer for the study

Volunteer/haphazard sample

Differentiate between how Piaget and Vygotsky saw language development.

Vygotsky believed that the child is a social being, and cognitive development is led by social interactions. Piaget, on the other hand, felt that the child was more independent and that development was guided by self-centered, focused activities.

Summarize the two main ways that Piaget and Vygotsky differed.

Vygotsky thought you learn in social environments and that we are social learners and Piaget thought the key process is mental representation and that this proceeded language development.

Uninvolved

WORST; High independence, low parental control, little support/warmth, neglectful

Authoritative parenting style

Warm and sensitive to children's needs but also are firm in their expectations that children conform to appropriate standards of behavior.

Project Head Start

Was created by the fed gov't to provide economically disadvantaged children with nutritional, health, and educational services during their early childhood years, prior to kindergarten.

Recast

When adults turn children's sentences into a new grammatically correct form.

Which of the following represents the reciprocal relationship phase of Bowlby's phases of attachment?

When startled, Hava looks to her father for cues on how to react

Western cultures tend to emphasize independence, while the eastern cultures are more likely the importance of relationships. Based on the cultural differences, what can be deduced about the development of attachment in childhood?

While western parents may see insecure-resistant behavior as clingy, Asian parents may interpret it as successful bonding.

Order effects are particularly problematic for __________ designs, but group differences are a problematic in __________ designs.

Within-subjects, between subjects

Participants receive all levels of a(n)_____varable, but only one level of a(n) ________ variable.

Within-subjects, between-subjects

Rough and Tumble Play

Wrestling, shoving, and running around--> boys mostly

Preconventional reasoning

Young children have not internalized societal norms, and their beh is motivated by desires rather than internalized principles.

Self-esteem

Young children tend to evaluate themselves positively.

Cardinality

a child recognizing that the last number in the sequence is the total number of what's being counted

androgyny

a gender role distinguished by a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics 3. "Masculine" and androgynous children and adults have higher self-esteem than "feminine" individuals, perhaps because society devalues many typically feminine traits. 4. Emergence of Gender Identity 8 a. According to social learning theory, preschoolers acquire gender-typed responses through modeling and reinforcement. Later they organize these behaviors into gender-linked ideas about themselves. b. Cognitive-developmental theory asserts that children's cognitive appreciation of the permanence of their sex, or gender constancy, and then use this idea to guide their behavior. research and skills, not sex, should determine a person's occupations and activities

Which type of task is one in which a stimulus appears to break physical laws?

a not b

Describe the visual cliff and differences in infants behavior at 2 months and 6 months.

a plexiglass table w/ checkerboard print and one end appears way deeper. At 2 months- lowered heart rate, showed interest but no fear. The 6mo's likely have experience. increased HR - fear

social problem solving

a. Crick and Dodge organized the steps of social problem solving into a circular model using an information-processing approach to clarifying the steps a child must take to grapple with and solve such problems. b. Children who get along well with agemates interpret social cues accurately, formulate goals that enhance relationships, and have a repertoire of effective problem-solving strategies. c. In contrast, children with peer difficulties often hold biased social expectations, attend selectively to social cues, misinterpret others' behavior, and have social goals that often lead to strategies that damage relationships. d. Children improve greatly in social problem solving over the preschool and early school years.

emotional self-efficacy

ability to control emotions feeling of being in control leads to more favorable self image and optimistic outlook

adaption

ability to modify the existing schemas to make them more accurate

disorganized/disoriented attachment

able to explore environment continue to play when parent leaves but is then confused when the parent returns looks away while parent holds them, dazed and confused facial expression, few will cry out after being calmed down once no clear strategy for their needs to be met 10-15% of kids

Describe 3 big models of sex education in the US and summarize the research, focusing on outcomes.

abstinence, contraception, and teaching about diseases

Four broad self-evaluations of self-esteem

academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, physical appearance

altruistic behavior

actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self motivated by empathy

measuring temperament

activity level rhythmicity regularity approach-withdrawal adaptability threshold of responsiveness intensity of reaction quality of mood distractibility attention span

easy kids

adaptable, positive, outgoing

The researcher determined how good 100 students were at solving algebraic equations without any special help or instruction. Then the same students completed an online tutorial that the researcher had designed to take advantage of how the brain processes logical information. After the students had completed the tutorial, their skill at solving algebraic equations was measured again. This is an _______ within-subjects experimental design.

adequate

emotional self regulation

adjusting emotional state to a comfy level so we can accomplish our goals

Describe when the prefrontal cortex matures and what the impact of that is on adolescent functioning.

adolescence, important for planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and impulse controls.

sociodramatic play

advanced form of cooperative play becomes especially common over the preschool years and supports cognitive, emotion, and social development

reticular formation

alertness and consciousness

fast mapping

allows baby to understand a concept after one exposure 18-24 months

Organization

allows mind to have like stuff clumped together (EX: elephant, horse, polar bear = zoo)

Who is best demonstrating social referencing

an 18 month old looks at her father before smiling at an unfamiliar woman who says hello

Summarize in one sentence what the strange situation is and what it evaluates.

an experimental paradigm that reveals security of attachment

List and describe biological and social sources of gender differences.

androgens and testosterone. boys are handed boy toys and girls are handed girl toys etc.

Warm and fuzzy feelings

animistic thinking- giving thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects magical thought

gender typing

any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with a sex according to societal norms

overextension

applying a word to broader collection of objects and events than is appropriate their dog is named spot so all dogs are named spot

What is under extension?

applying a word to narrowly

Overregularization

applying grammatical rules to irregular cases mouse/mouses instead of mouse/mice run/runned instead of run/ran

underextension

applying words too narrowly thinking a dog is only their dog at home

authoritative

appropriate letters of autonomy and control. most successful

The fate of unused synapses in the brain is that they ...

are pruned which leads to more efficient talk

Summarize the three ways that parents can influence the development of the self according to attachment researchers, Erik Erikson, and family stories.

attachment researchers- parent-child relationship is key. erikson- children whose parents accept and encourage their efforts are more eager to try new activities. telling stories is important bc children can acquire knowledge about their culture

skills that facilitate emotional self regulation

attention focusing and shifting, ability to inhibit thoughts and behaviors, planning

Describe the four categories of parenting behaviors and the two dimensions that at these parenting behaviors differ on.

authoritative authoritarian permissive disengaged

Four Parenting Styles

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

State which parenting behavior classification is considered best and describe criticisms on parenting behavior categorization.

authoritative. criticism- the child might cause a parent to act a certain way based off of how they behave. Another criticism- the study was based off privileged white people

The second psychosocial task in life is

autonomy shame doubt

6 month old

babbling

6 month speech

babbling

still face procedure

babies get distressed when they have no emotional reaction/imitation to the child

circular reaction

babies start to learn that their own motor behavior can lead to some particular outcome; originally an accident but now with purpose

Which reflex is present the longest?

babinski

cerebellum

balance

gross motor development

balance improves, leaving arms and legs more free

Piaget

basic characteristics in the way in which we construct our cognitive languages. learn through interacitons

development

basic emotions- emotions present at birth and early in the first year that are universally displayed and understood

Eriksons personality theory

basic trust v mistrust, autonomy v shame and doubt

Erikson first 2 stages

basic trust vs. mistrust autonomy vs. shame and doubt development of emotions understanding emotion importance of emotional regulation temperament

Describe changes in fine and gross motor development in middle childhood.

become smoother and more coordinated

Dr. Clay counted the number of times children in each group hit another child. This is a __________ dependent variable.

behavioral

The researchers found that babies babbled about 6 decibels louder in the presence of a stranger than in the presence of a familiar person. This is a __________ dependent variable.

behavioral

brain development

between ages 2 and 6 brain develops rapidly, grows from 70% of adult size to 90%

You want to keep the risk of participant mortality to a minimum. This suggests that you should use a _______ experimental design.

between groups

Some participants was taught techniques to improve the odds of winning in blackjack. Others got no special training. Then all of the participants were given $100 in chips at a casino and the researchers measured how often they chose to play blackjack versus slot machines.

between groups design

Sensorimotor Stage

birth to age 2; the way the child is exploring the world around them; circular and secondary circular reactions; object permanence

basic emotions

birth- interest, disgust, distress, contentment 2-7 months- anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear

The theorist who developed attachment theory is

bowlby

brain development

brain from 70% adult size to 90% 3-6 frontal lobe develops- twice as many neurons language and self control increase lateralization continues

nutrition

breastfeed for one year, solid food at 6 months. introduce veggies before fruit

Danny had a head injury that resulted in his inability to speak fluently. He would mix up words in a sentence, so instead of saying "Mommy pick me up" he would say "up pick Mommy me." What area of Danny's brain was damaged?

broca's

mathematical reasoning

builds on informal knowledge ordinality- order relationships among quantities (understanding correct order of numbers, 1 2 3 4), emerges between 14-16 months cardinality- last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set. I have three cars, 1 2 3. before this develops they will continue to recount the cars. age 3.5 - 4

Productive language

can produce language

axon

carries signals away from the cell body towards other neurons in the brain or nerves in the body.

Who is experiencing the most rapid myelination

casey in utero

Describe how categorization influences cognitive development.

categorization involves grouping separate items into a set according to some rule. it structures and clarifies perception for infants.

List and describe the three skills that come out of the sensorimotor stage: causality, object permanence, & mental representations.

causality- banging a spoon on the table causes a loud noise and might bring dinner. Meaning certain actions produce certain results. Object permanence- no longer out of sight out of mind. Mental representation- you can hide a toy and the baby will look for it bc they remember it.

egocentrism

centered on one's own experience inability to distinguish self from other

Which principle states that growth proceeds from the head downward?

cephalocaudal

Which meal is an appropriate first solid food for a baby between 4 and 6 months of age?

cereal mixed with breast milk or formula

brain changes

cerebellum- motor control, balance, body movement, first part of brain affected by alcohol corpus callosum- connects left and right hemisphere reticular formation- increase of alertness, need less sleep hippocampus- responsible for memories

Plasticity means the brains ability to

change its organization and function in response to experience

Pragmatics

change the way you speak based on who your audience is (EX: bff vs interview)

Authoritative

child explained the rules, there are consequence and boundaries but the child is given responsibility; even control and autonomy

egocentric thinking

child is understanding the world thru their own experience

styles of child rearing

child rearing styles- combinations of parenting behaviors over different situations authoritative child rearing authoritarian child rearing permissive child rearing uninvolved child rearing

List and describe what's accomplished during the concrete operational stage: classification, class inclusion, seriation, transitive inference, and reversibility.

classification- dividing objects into sets and subsets and examining relationships bw them. class inclusion- recognition that one group can be a part of a larger group. seriation- arranging items in sequence according to particular properties transitive inference comparing two sets of relationships to each other reversibility- play dough example

D'Asha is being asked to name different types of animals. Which of the Bayley-III scales is she being tested for?

cognitive

Syntax

combine words in meaningful ways

uninvolved child rearing

combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to autonomy granting at the extreme, called neglect and is a form of child maltreatment children display poor emotional self-regulation, school achievement difficulties, and antisocial behavior

newborn speech

communicative sounds and gestures

"Anxiety means feeling unsettled and fearful." This is a(n) _________ definition

conceptual

"Depression is a state of hopelessness and sadness." This is a(n) _________ definition.

conceptual

"Happiness is a feeling of well-being." This is a(n) _________ definition.

conceptual

"Intoxication is having a blood alcohol level higher than 0.08" This is a(n) _________ definition.

conceptual

"Intoxication is when alcohol causes you to lose control and act unnaturally." This is a(n) _________ definition.

conceptual

State the name of Piaget's 3rd stage of cognitive development and explain where the name comes from.

concrete operational. 7-12 yo's. mental activities become more logical with the respect to actual concrete objects and materials.

friend fights

conflict resolution promotes development social problem solving- generating and applying strategies that prevent or resolve disagreements

Disequilibrium

confusion with existing schemas

corpus callosum

connects two hemispheres; relates to complex thinking

accomodation

construct new schemas

cell body

contains the nucleus of the cell

Send conscious emotions include all of the following except...?

contentment

Be able to identify the typical moral reasoning present for most kids, for most of middle childhood.

conventional

early speech sounds

cooing, babbling

2-4 month old infant

cooing, fussing, and squealing intentional communication

2-4 month speech

cooing, fussing, laughing, and squealing

synchrony

coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant helps infant: read other emotions, develop basic skills, learn who can be trusted still face experiment care giver imitation is the most important part

synchrony

coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant. help infant to read others' emotions, develop basic skills, and learn who can be trusted

The evolutionary development of social communication is related to infants' ability to ______.

copy others' actions

Motor development as a reflection of interaction among developmental domains, maturation, and environment describes ______.

cross culturak

The third variable problem

decreases the internal validity of a study, makes it hard to conclude causal claims in correlational studies, and involves the presence of extraneous factors in a study.

Discuss how the development of depth perception illustrates how development goes from simple to complex

depth perception develops in infants as they experience it. They fall and get hurt and then understand.

lateralization

diff hemispheres take on diff roles. left is positive emotions and language, right is negative emotions

sensitive periods

different areas of function have diff lengths of prime learning and growing time

Andrea is an infant who lives in a house with parents who fight all the time and are contemplating divorce. She is exposed to frequent displays of anger. What can we predict about Andrea's emotional regulation?

difficult temperment

Is Piaget's theory continuous or discontinuous?

discontinuous (because it defines child development in stages)

If children live in an environment that has dangers on the ground, the result may be caregivers who

discourage dependence and promote motor milestones such as walking

In which phase of Bowlby's ethological perspective on attachment do babies begin to show a preference for familiar people and make discriminations among adults?

discriminating sociability

Dr. M. Boddiment predicted that thinking about old people would cause young people to walk more slowly. He recruited 50 college students for his experiment. Each participant watched a short video about an elderly woman and was asked a few questions to make sure he or she had paid attention to the video. Then the participants was asked to walk down the hall to another room "to complete more tests." Actually, however, the research measured how fast the participant walked. It was found that the participants did walk slowly as predicted. These results ______ suggest that thinking about old people makes people walk more slowly.

do not

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child with a difficult temperament?

does not react

A researcher would examine experience-expectant brain development by

doing sensory deprivation experiments with animals to see what impact that had on abilities

temperament

early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation

emotional regulation

early in life child is dependent on caregivers to help them with emotions (0-12 mos) look away, close eyes, cry (12-24 mos) move, ask for help

Summarize what we know about the impact of early vs. later puberty for xx/girls and xy/boys.

early maturing boys feel better about themselves. early maturing girls have more emotional difficulty

Define and describe the three types of temperaments that are commonly looked at: easy, behaviorally-inhibited, & difficult.

easy- adaptable, positive, and out going behaviorally inhibited- cautious, avoids risks, shy, hard time adjusting to change difficult- free spirited, extreme emotional responses, easily excited, frequently fussy, more tantrums

Define emotion regulation and summarize sources of its development and things that buffer difficulties with emotion regulation.

emotion regulation is what it sounds like. controlling your emotions. parents and caretakers play a key role in helping young ones learn this

emotional competence

emotional understanding and emotional self-regulation self-conscious emotions and empathy, develop sense of morality gain between ages 2 and 6

Emotional competence

emotional understanding of others and ability to regulate your own emotions

empathy vs sympathy

empathy- feeling with another person sympathy- feelings of concern or sorrow for another's plight children typically react to the suffering of others as their parents react to their own suffering

epiphyses

ends of bone caps that release more cartilage that allow bones to lengthen

In order for a toddler to be able to experience self-conscious emotions, they must be able to do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

engage w social smile

interactionist perspective

environment and brain capacity

Summarize the key brain changes in early childhood, including brain size and changes related to specialization and adaptation.

establishing and fine tuning communications with the brain and the nervous system

One group of participants was taught techniques to improve the odds of winning in blackjack. The other group got no special training. Then all of the participants were given $100 in chips at a casino and the researchers measured how often they chose to play blackjack versus slot machines.

event manipulation

When the brain depends on experiencing certain basic events and stimuli at key points in time in order to progress normally, it is called

experience expectant

sensory motor stage

exploring the world around us through the senses. between birth and 2 years

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an easy baby?

extremely active

The process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times is called ______.

fast mapping

vocab explosion

fast mapping. learning 50 words a day at ages 3 and 4

myelin sheath

fatty tissue that insulates a cell and speeds cell nerve conduction

self efficacy

feeling control over one's emotions. leads to a more favorable self image and has a more optimistic view

After birth, which part of the body grows last according the proximodistal development principle?

feet

Darrius can button his shirt, pour juice into a glad, and draw pictures with crayons. These abilities are called...?

fine motor skills

fine motor development

finger control increases. puzzles books drawings

pincer grasp

first finger and thumb, more controlled

Describe information on first sexual experiences and consequences.

first sexual experiences usually start with handholding, kissing, and making out, and the process continues etc etc until you eventually have intercourse.

9 month old infant

first word approximations understand simple words

9 month speech

first word approximations, understand simple words

1 year speech

first words appear, vocab growth

A statement that describes the progression of motor milestones is that it ______.

follows a strict cephalocaudal pattern

Receptive language

forms first; understand language

Attachment bonds assist in the survival of the infant by

fostering a sense of responsibility in the caregiver to protect the infant

first friendship

friendship based on pleasurable play and sharing toys, not built on mutual trust how easily a kid makes friends reflects their ability to cooperate in a classroom

higher rates of ADHD

from exposure to screens before age 2

Summarize the two ways we examine the development of gender: gender identity & gender constancy.

gender identity- a person's sense of self as male or female. gender constancy- the concept that gender is permanent and immutable

Summarize what gender development looks like in middle childhood and how it is related to adjustment.

girls mature faster

Summarize gender differences that emerge in early childhood, including some common differences and when differences emerge, overall.

girls- cooperative, lower, aggression, small numbers of playmates, household rules and romance, girl toys and closer proximity to adults. boys- competitive, more aggressive, larger groups, heroes and combat, action figures and toy vehicles, farther away from adults.

List and describe the four things necessary for language development: syntax

grammar, putting words together

Describe changes in the brain in middle childhood, including patterns of changes in grey matter and what changes are merely a continuation of early childhood changes.

grey matter reaches its peak and then decreases

Summarize the gross and fine motor skills that develop during early childhood.

gross motor skills- balance improves thru kicking and running fine motor skills- finger control increases thru puzzles, blocks, finger paint and drawings

proximodistal

grows from inside out. baby can roll over before they can write their name

pituitary gland releases

growth hormones. thyroid

What behavior is newborn Conroy exhibiting if he stops being startled every time the family dog barks?

habituation

List and describe what habituation and novelty responsiveness are and how they aid researchers in examining what infants know.

habituation means loss of interest suggesting that the baby recognizes the stimuli. Like changing your ringtone might be noticeable at first but after a while its just normal. Novelty responsiveness means interest and more time spent looking at new stimuli

righty/left

hand preference develops represents dominant cerebral hemisphere lefties are more likely to have outstanding verbal and mathematical talents

Which of the following is the first and most reliable emotion that a newborn shows?

happiness

frontal lobe

has 2x neurons as adult

Abigail is an infant who crawls over to a box of toys that has 10 items and ignores the box of toys that only has five items. A core knowledge theorist would conclude that Abigail

has early knowledge of numbers

Participants all completed the same task, and were randomly assigned to do it in no more than 2 minutes; no more than 10 minutes; no more than 30 minutes. The number of errors that they made was compared. Which of the following would be the best manipulation check for this experiment?

having an independent person time the work sessions to make sure they were exactly the planned duration

Describe the pattern of normal physical growth in middle childhood, including height, weight, and sex differences.

height- 2-3 inches a year weight- 5-7 lbs a year sex- by age 11 girls have higher body fat and boys have more lean body mass/height

Authoritarian

high control and low autonomy; doesn't explain the rules, it's always "because I said so," lots of strict rules

authoritarian

high levels of control and low levels of autonomy. "i said so"

gender identity

image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics

Japanese infants are more likely to become highly distressed during the Strange Situation, and also show higher rates of insecure resistance. This is most likely because

in Japanese culture, child-rearing practices foster mother-infant closeness and physical intimacy that leaves infants unprepared for the separation episodes

Concrete Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events; Operations=mental manipulation; Concrete=tangible

Summarize the development of the self in middle childhood and compare and contrast with the development of the self in early childhood.

in early childhood, the child's conception of their-self is generally positive, but come middle childhood this conception becomes more balanced and nuanced

popular-antisocial children

include "tough" boys- athletically skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority

dynamic systems

increase in complexity of movements

"Are people with spinal injuries better at sticking to a physical therapy plan than people with hand and foot injuries?" Which kind of independent-variable manipulation works best for this research question?

individual differences manipulation

Mandated reporter

individuals who are legally obligated to report suspected child maltreatment to the appropriate agency.

Identify and describe what Erik Erikson says is the key identity crisis during this stage.

industry vs inferiority- children develop a view of themselves as industrious (and worthy) vs inferior. striving for recognition for their accomplishments, children develop skills and perform tasks that their society values.

Summarize the four things parents can do to encourage language development: infant-directed speech, turn-taking, gestures, & naming objects.

infant directed speech= baby talk turn- taking= letting the baby respond to you and teaching the baby to pause for your response. gestures= pointing at object to label them naming objects= fast mapping

avoidant attachment

infant seems unresponsive to parent and is disengaged when parent leaves, also unresponsive to stranger, avoid parent when they return caregiver may be intrusive or overwhelming, child learns to avoid contact insecure attachment styles 20% of kids

Define attachment and explain its evolutionary advantage.

infants become attached to their primary caretaker.

Summarize the basic pattern of physical development (i.e., overall growth rate, body proportions) in early childhood and explain how this influences diet & nutrition (i.e., caloric needs)

infants grow faster than young children so they have bigger appetites. Appetite decreases at the same time that they are going from baby to adult food

resistant/ambivalent attachment

infants seek closeness and often fail to explore in play environment when parent leaves, child is distressed, upon return shows signs of clinginess and anger and is not easily comforted insecure attachment styles 10-15% of kids

secure attachment

infants use parents as secure base to explore environment when parent leaves infant may or may not cry, when parent returns child seeks contact and stops crying 65% of kids

Compare and contrast information-processing views vs. Piaget views on cognitive development.

information processing- faster processing speed and more efficient info processing help to set the stage for advances in both working memory and long term memory. Piaget- believed that concrete operational thinking is a natural outgrowth of children's opportunities to manipulate materials and objects

Aziz is a father who is rejecting of his role as a parent. He tends to ignore his baby's needs. What attachment type is his baby most likely to develop?

insecure-avoidant attachment

"If you were in a sinking life raft with your two closest friends, and the only way anybody could survive is to throw one of them overboard, which one would you choose?" Which kind of independent-variable manipulation works best for this research question?

instructional manipulation

"Which of two games do people prefer to play - one with a 70% chance of winning $5, or one with a 1% chance of winning $250,000?" Which kind of independent-variable manipulation works best for this research question?

instructional manipulation

aggression

instrumental: not meant to hurt another person, hostile: purposeful

"Depression happens when your eyebrow lifts up while you are speaking." Most people would say that this operational definition

is not valid

"Happiness is the number of times per day that you hiccup." Most people would say that this operational definition

is not valid

"Intelligence is the number of decibels of sound you make when landing on the floor after jumping off a desk." Most people would say that this operational definition

is not valid

"Sadness is the length of your left pinky finger." Most people would say that this operational definition

is not valid

" Empathy is the number of times in a day that you say what another person must be thinking or feeling." Most people would say that this operational definition

is reasonably valid

"Intoxication is having a blood alcohol level higher than 0.08." Most people would say that this operational definition

is reasonably valid

"Learning is the difference between your score on a pretest and your score on a posttest given after a lesson has concluded." Most people would say that this operational definition

is reasonably valid

How does the attachment bond developed early on influence personality later in life?

it forms an internal working model which becomes a guide in later relationships

Which culture tends to raise babies to be more passive, less irritable and vocal, and more easily soothed when upset?

japanese

psychoanalytic

judge other people's actions as right and wrong

Sociability

kids have first friendships; Source of social support; Help you extend your secure base

marshmallow test

kids who can wait are usually smarter and do better in school self control is related to frontal lobe development which in turn relates to intelligence and processing

vygotsky private speech

kids would start to talk to themselves especially when a task is challenging for them

synaptic pruning

kills off weak brain cells first, 40% of synapses are killed before adulthood

popular-prosocial children

kind & considerate, combining academic & social competence

nativist view

language acquisition device, chompsky

Nativist View

language acquisition device, chompsky; have portion of brain predisposed to native language

myelination

layer of fat on axons speed up the communication process between neurons

childhood injuries

leading cause of childhood death Related to risk taking, poverty, low SES, low supervision

childhood injuries

leading cause of death. boys are more likely to get hurt than girls. prevention is key

object permanence

learn at 8 months that something continues to exist even when we cannot see it

Main effects compare _______ means and interaction effects compare _________ means.

level, condition

The first developmental milestone infants reach is

lifting the head

dendrites

like antennas that pick up signals from other neurons

A core assumption of working memory is the idea of

limited capacity

Which method would contribute the most to an infant's ability to learn language?

live interaction

An unlimited store that holds information indefinitely is called what type of memory?

long term

Carter is an infant who enjoys playing patty-cake with his mother. Carter does not do the hand motions to patty-cake all the time, but when his mother sits down in front of him and puts her hands together, he starts doing the hand motions. In which type of memory is Carter's knowledge of the hand motions to patty-cake stored?

long term

authoritarian child rearing

low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting. controlling verbal expression, individuality, and attachment to parents children are often anxious, unhappy, low self esteem and self reliance. boys angry girls dependent.

Summarize schooling during middle childhood and the achievement gap that is found.

low income students have worse test scores

permissive

low levels of control and low levels of autonomy

Maggie is an infant who has a mother that is very concerned about her motor development because she was born premature. To make sure Maggie rolls over and crawls when she should, the pediatrician recommendation that Maggie spends time ______

lying on her back each day

What is the term for the condition children have when their weight is less than 95% of the norm for their age?

marasmus

delayed gratification

marshmallow test, higher SAT scores and academic success

Define semantics

meaning of words

List and describe the four things necessary for language development: semantics

meaning of words

semantics

meaning of words

hippocampus

memory formation, spacial understanding

Which of the following is a contextual factor LIKELY to affect a parent's emotional and physical resources, and ultimately, the quality of parent-infant interactions?

mental illness

Reese is a 6 month year old infant that has parents that are considered neglectful. They don't change his diaper often enough, don't attend medical needs, don't hold him when he's upset, and don't make sure he is fed on a regular basis. What would Erickson say that Reese will develop?

mistrust

ulnar grasp

mitten grip, whole hand

telegraphic speech

mommy home

Which of the following behaviors is NOT consistent with a child that is securely attached to his or her caregiver?

more likely to be cautious of unfamiliar situations

left handedness

more likely to have outstanding verbal and math talents

Summarize gender differences based on age in aggression, including the pattern based on age, the pattern based on gender, and be able to describe the two types of aggression.

most commonly aggression shows at age 2. boys engage in more physical aggression and girls engage in more relational aggression

authoritative child rearing

most successful high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting results in upbeat mood, self-control, task persistence, cooperativeness, high self-esteem, social and moral maturity, and favorable school performance.

Which scale of the Bayley-III measures gross and fine movement skills?

motor

Which approach language development accounts for children's unique utterances and the unusual grammatical mistakes they make in speaking?

nativist theory

uninvolved

neglect

The creation of new nerve cells is called

neurogenesis

A statement that describes classical conditioning is that ______.

neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus trigger a learned response

Summarize the typical sequencing of language development using the following ages: newborn, 2 months, 4-6 months, 9 months, 12 months, & 12-18 months.

newborns- crying, grunts, pre speech sounds 2 months- cooing, elongated vowel sounds 4-6 months- consonant vowel pair, repeated 9 months- first word approximation, understand simple words 12 months- 1st words appear 12-18 months- speeds up, 2 word sentences

After reading about political issues, new voters decided which political party they would prefer to join: Republican, Democratic, or Green.

nominal measurement scale

Based on their responses to a battery of laboratory tests, participants were put into one of the following personality types: Creative, Organized, Shy, and Flexible.

nominal measurement scale

Each participant is labeled as 1 = intoxicated and 0 = not intoxicated.

nominal measurement scale

Research participants read about the evidence in a courtroom trial and then decided, yes, or no, whether the defendant was guilty.

nominal measurement scale

Researchers determined whether each person was a pessimist or an optimist.

nominal measurement scale

Based on their responses to a battery of laboratory tests, participants were put into one of the following personality types: Creative, Organized, Shy, and Flexible. This measurement has which of the following characteristics?

none of the above

Researchers determined whether each person was a pessimist or an optimist

none of the above

Researchers determined whether each person was a pessimist or an optimist.

none of the above

The researchers recorded whether each participant made eye contact with,or looked away from, a stranger in need. This measurement has which ofthe following characteristics?

none of the above

Which of the following clearly describes 2 levels of the independent variable?

none of the above

Qualitative data

nonnumerical participant responses

types of play

nonsocial, parallel, associative, cooperative

asynchronous development

not all body parts grow at the same rate

first year emotion

not many choices for regulation, dependent on caregivers

self conscious emotions

not universally expressed and interpreted embarrassment, shame, guilt, envy, pride

The understanding that things continue to exist outside of sensory awareness is called

object permanence

Dr. Doos wanted to learn about the effects of caffeine on mood. His experiment had thirty participants. On the first day they were given a capsule containing no drug, and then asked to complete the Profile of Mood States. The next day they were given a capsule containing caffeine, and completed the Profile of Mood States again. This experimental design is

one group, before-after

"Anxiety is the number of times per day that a person says 'I'm worried that...'." This is a(n) _________ definition.

operational

"Stress is the amount of increase in electrical impulses on the skin as measured by electrodes." This is a(n) _________ definition.

operational

"The more statements you agree with on the Beck Depression Questionnaire, the more severe is your level of depression." This is a(n) _________ definition.

operational

Anxiety is the number of times per day that a person says 'I'm worried that...'." This is a(n) _________ definition.

operational

Explain how the "goodness of fit" between a child's temperament and the demands of his or her environment affects that child's long-term adjustment.

optimal conditions are when a child fits with their environment. Not all difficult children grow up to be difficult and vice versa.

Ordinality

order of number matters

For each statement on the depression questionnaire, participants said whether they agreed strongly with the statement, agreed somewhat, disagreed somewhat, or disagreed strongly.

ordinal measurement scale

Participants evaluated a job applicant's interview performance using a scale ranging from 1 = VERY SURE I WOULD NOT HIRE THIS PERSON to 100 = VERY SURE I WOULD HIRE THIS PERSON.

ordinal measurement scale

cognitive development

our ability to think through fairness and justice

Describe overextension, underextension, and overregularization and then indicate what their presence demonstrates for infant language development.

overextension- every dog's name is wesley under-extension- only dogs that resemble welsey are dogs overregularization- 1 goose = 2 gooses

Emergent literacy

parents/caregivers are helping their kid start to read (help learn letters, buy easy books to read)

schemas

pattern, thought, or action that allows us to interpret our world

Theory of Mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.--> false belief experiment

literacy

phonological awareness- connection between letters and the sounds they make

Electrodes were attached to each participant's temple so brain waves could be recorded. This is a __________ dependent variable.

physiological

The researchers kept track of the blood alcohol level of people at the part who had, and had not, been through an anti-drinking seminar. This is a __________ dependent variable.

physiological

The therapy was expected to cause reductions in cortisol, a blood hormone that is related to stress. This is a __________ dependent variable.

physiological

Pincer Grasp

pick stuff up with first finger and thumb

Ulnar Grasp

pick stuff up with whole hand (mitten)

Influences of Growth

pituitary gland- releases hormones growth hormone (GH)- releases during sleep Thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH): thyroxine- lack of results in cognitive impairment nutrition also important in growth- attempt 10 times to see if child likes food such as broccoli Sleep hours- 2 year olds - 12 hours 4-6 year olds - 10-11 hours

Apply the concept of brain plasticity to neuronal communication.

plasticity is the capacity of the brain to be modified by experience.

Associative Play

play side by side and talk; trade toys

Describe the the categories of kids based on peer acceptance vs. peer rejection: popular, average, controversial, neglected, & rejected.

popular- good at making friends bc they focus on the activity of the group rather than drawing focus to themselves. average- moderately sociable but don't stand out controversial- show signs of both popular and rejected children bc they can be aggressive but also sensitive neglected- often temporary. due to lack of social skills usually rejected children- have short comings like no social cues etc.

possibly do not

possibly inadequate

The therapist measured severity of schizophrenia symptoms in 50 people. Half had received no treatment, and half were measured upon completion of 10 weeks of Rationale-Emotive Therapy. This is a(n) _______ between-groups experimental design.

possibly inadequate

List and describe Kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development and be sure you can identify what stage someone is at based on their reasoning.

pre conventional- obeying authority and avoiding punishment conventional- willingness to obey rules in order to please others post conventional- following one's own ethical conscience even if it means breaking the law

Describe Piaget's 2nd stage for cognitive development and what the name means.

pre-operational period where children age 2-7 acquire a mental storehouse of images, symbols, especially spoken and written words

Describe how attachments form.

predisposition

PIaget

preoperational 2-7 years make believe play dual representation- things can be used for more than one thing different types of thinking

basic emotions

present at birth, interest, disgust, distress, content, anger, sadness, joy, surprise

Explain the difference between primary and secondary emotions and give examples of each.

primary is basic emotions. Joy, sadness, surprise, anger, fear, shyness. secondary- feelings of embarrassment, pride, guilt, shame and envy which don't emerge until 3 years.

Adaption

process of modifying and creating mental representations

peers

provide young children with learning experiences that they can get in no other way

Promximodistal vs. cephalocaudal

proximodistal= center of body- out cephalocaudal= head to tail

Secondary Circular Reactions

purposeful exploration or movement

Seriation

putting things in order (biggest->smallest)

syntax

putting words in a comprehensive order

After interviewing the patients in a marriage therapy clinic, Dr. Matt Remmony presented his findings to other scientists by playing audio clips from the interviews. The clips are a __________ dependent variable.

qualitative

Dr. Barbie took photographs of his participants while they played with a doll. Thhe photos area __________ dependent variable.

qualitative

Sound recordings were made of babies while they interacted with their mothers. The recordings are a __________ dependent variable.

qualitative

The researcher wrote a detailed essay describing what she saw when she observed children in the war zone encountering situations of conflict. Her descriptions are a __________ dependent variable.

qualitative

Video advertisements for an addictions clinic show testimonials from former patients explaining how much better they are after completing treatment at the clinic. The testimonials are a __________ dependent variable.

qualitative

Participants who engaged in mental practice required fewer hours of actual practice to master the skill than participants who did not engage in mental practice. This is a __________ dependent variable.

quantitative

The researcher showed the average number of suicidal thoughts experienced by patients who did, and did not, take an experimental drug. This is a __________ dependent variable.

quantitative

The researchers found that babies babbled about 6 decibels louder in the presence of a stranger than in the presence of a familiar person. This is a __________ dependent variable.

quantitative

The researchers kept track of the number of ounces of alcohol that each participant drank. This is a __________ dependent variable.

quantitative

ratio measurement scale

Researchers counted how many times each participant looked up and to the left during the conversation.

ratio measurement scale

The dependent variable was the number of minutes needed to complete a series of math problems.

ratio measurement scale

The staff kept track of the number of cigarette butts that the patient consumed while walking on the hospital's grounds.

ratio measurement scale

Describe the aspects of parent-child interactions that affect attachment.

reciprocity effectance trust

behaviorist view

reinforcement of language, skinner

Behaviorist View

reinforcement, skinner

self refrencing

relying on other person's emotional reaction to appraise and uncertain situation

Erikson's third stage of initiative versus guilt

resolved during the period early childhood learn to control super egos resolved through play experiences where child has a sense of purposeness over punishing results in an over strict superego (conscience) making kids feel too guilty

Describe how SES can influence language development.

richer babies learn to speak sooner typically because their parents aren't always at work and are able to spend more time talking to them

second year emotion

rocking, chewing on objects, distraction, tempertantrums

brain plasticity

room for change

In which sensorimotor substage would an infant be most likely to enjoy pushing buttons on a toy and making different animals pop up

secondary circular

Carter is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. He was wary of the stranger when she entered the room. When his mother left, he cried and the stranger tried to comfort him unsuccessfully. When his mother came back into the room, he smiled at her and reached to her. His mother picked him up and he stopped crying and soon was able to sit on the floor and play with the toys. What attachment type is Carter's behavior consistent with?

secure attachment

types of attachment

secure attachment avoidant attachment resistant/ambivalent attachment disogranized/disoriented attachment

Dual Representation

see multiple purposes for one object (shoe=door stop)

List and describe the following two aspects of the self: self-conception & self-esteem.

self conception- "I am a fast runner" "I am big" meanwhile self esteem refers to more global assessment of self worth -"I am special" "I am worthless"

complex emotions

self conscious or evaluative, embarrasement, shame, guilt, envy, pride

autonomy

self expression, important for confidence shame and doubt, shutting down self-expression

Initiative vs Guilt

sense of purpose → develops as a child does stuff for the first time in a safe environment VERSUS kid doesn't feel a sense of purpose → when kid is criticized for making mistakes when doing things on their own

State Piaget's name for the stage of cognitive development in infancy and why it is called that.

sensorimotor- infancy. This is when thinking consists of coordinating sensory information with motor activity

How do researchers examine whether an infant has learned a sequence of events (give example discussed in class).

sequence of events. they measure what the baby imitates

Cooperative Play

shared goal of same activity; play together

skeletal growth

skeleton is cartilage in womb then hardens into bone. soft spots where cartilage sits between skull and plates. fontanels harden into bone at age 23

Which of the following characteristics is NOT representative of an easy temperamental style?

slow to frustration

Rachel is a baby who is described as more interactive than other babies. She tends to be fairly moody. She doesn't respond very intensely to anything. Rachel is very hesitant when she meets new people, but she will accept them after a little while. When her mother introduces new foods, Rachel doesn't like them at first. She needs to try them multiple times before she will eat. What temperament style does Rachel have?

slow to warm up

Kenzie's mother is being asked to report on Kenzie's ability to communicate, regulate her emotions, and display certain behaviors. Which of the Bayley-III scales does this relate to?

social emotional

gender typing explained by

social learning theory and cognitive developmental theory and gender schema theory (last one combines elements of both)

The match between a child's temperament and the parent's temperament and child-rearing methods is called

social reciprocity

Nonsocial Play

solitary play by self; babies to this 1st

teeth

some babies are born with nursing teeth but first set will fall out. white - 6mo, black - 4 mo

List and describe the four things necessary for language development: phonemes

sounds and sound patterns

phonemes

sounds and sound patterns

or a fear of unfamiliar people, is a universal behavior in infants, but it is also strongly influenced by culture.

stranger anxiety

Describe the impact of stress during early childhood on development and summarize findings on neglect and abuse.

stress can change your hippocampus and can put a child at risk for social and cognitive problems that extend into adulthood.

emotions

subjective reactions to experience that are associated with both physiological and behavioral changes

emotions

subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes

Which of the following describes a cluster sample?

subjects are selected from a local preschool class to represent preschoolers who live in the area

A questionnaire was used to determine the level of optimism in each participant's mood. This is a __________ dependent variable.

survey/interview

Patients who did, and did not, take an experimental drug were asked how many suicidal thoughts they experienced. This is a __________ dependent variable.

survey/interview

One of the key features of the preoperational stage is children's ability to use...?

symbolic thinking

The connection between neurons is called a

synapse

Describe changes of neuronal communication, including synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning.

synaptogenesis- the development of connections (synapses) between neurons through the growth of axons and dendrites synaptic pruning- the process of elimination of unused and unnecessary synapses (if there's 20 paths to get to class, but people discover more direct routes, the routes that take longer will turn back into grass and no longer be a path)

dental care

take care of gums go to dentist at 1

Private speech

talking aloud to oneself with no apparent intent to communicate with others. Accounts for 20%-50% of the utterances of children ages 4-10. Serves developmental functions; is thinking, and guide beh.

Which infant will use the most categories to organize objects?

tanisha 10 months

What concept is defined as a characteristic, predictable style that is influenced by inborn tendencies toward arousal and stimulation, and experiences with adults and contexts?

temperament

differences across kids

temperament early appearing, staple individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation

Which areas of the brain show activity when newborns are discriminating different speech patterns?

temporal and left

Centering

tendency to fix on the most visually striking feature of a substance and not take other dimensions into account

Summarize the impact puberty has on emotions and sleep.

the affect of puberty on emotions would not be that great but when they end up coinciding with other stressors in life like changing schools and family problems, issues arise. The time at night which melatonin increases in a teen going through puberty becomes later and later at night.

self esteem

the aspect of self-concept that involves judgments about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments evaluation of own competencies affect our emotional experiences, future behavior, and long-term psychological adjustment age 4 children have many self judgments about school, friends, learning, and being king

skeletal age

the best way to measure the development of the bones in our body

attachment

the bond between a care giver and an infant

What is the most important determinate of infant attachment?

the caregiver's ability to consistently and sensitively respond to a Childs needs

synapse

the connection between one neuron's axon and another neuron's dendrite

Zone of Proximal Development

the gap between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with assistance

Describe the zone of proximal development and how parents can support learning.

the gap between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with assistance. a parent can use scaffolding to encourage their development in this way.

Fatigue effect

the individual gradually becomes less and less efficient, even when completing minor tasks that they have completed prior giving rise to boredom.

self concept

the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is. preschoolers- concrete self concepts (Hair color, name, possessions) 3.5 years- describe themselves with emotions but not personality traits

Why is the social smile an important milestone in a infants development?

the social smile enhances caregiver-child bonding

Define social referencing and explain its role in learning about emotions.

the tendency to use others' emotional expressions to interpret uncertain or ambiguous events.

What does another toddler do when they should interpret an event and how to act in a specific situation?

the toddler uses social referencing

Define theory of mind and describe how tests on it demonstrate lack or presence of egocentrism.

theory of mind- the ability to attribute mental states- beliefs intents, desires, knowledge to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own.

Evaluate giftedness education in schools, including potential benefits and problems.

there's multiple types of intelligence so these tests aren't exactly accurate all the time. And teacher's are biassed about who they recommend take these tests.

Summarize what we know about how kids pick friends in middle childhood.

they form cliques with similar people

Many fine motor skills are difficult for young children because:

they involve both hands and both sides of the brain

According to Erikson, What happens if parents are neglectful with their infants?

they will develop mistr

According to Erikson what happens when the parents are overprotective with their toddlers?

they will develop the feeling of shame and doubt

What occurs when toddlers are allowed to explore the world around then with appropriate behavior; expectations?

toddlers develop autonomy, self reliance, self control and confidence

Which of the following is a developmental task for toddlers?

toddlers need to learn hoe to do things themselves and be more confident.

true zero, standard unit size, and exact quantities

What is the first psychological task in life?

trust vs mistrust

Which of the following statements about stranger wariness is true?

twin studies

Dr. Swift wanted to learn about the effects of amphetamine on the speed of problem solving. Her experiment had thirty participants, each of whom did a problem solving test twice. In between the tests, 15 participants took a capsule containing no drug, while the other 15 too a capsule containing amphetamine. This experimental design is

two group, before after

Summarize what we know about the impact of obesity in middle childhood, including the impact on physical and mental health.

type 2 diabetes, high bp, increased cholesterol, asthma, apnea. mentally it might lower confidence, # of friends, quality of life

tobacco smoke

unable to fight bacteria when exposed to second and third hand smoke

Semantics

understanding definitions of words

dual representation

understanding of seeing something that has a function and using it as something else

Object Permanance

understanding that when something isn't in your line of sight it still exists

Extraneous variables

undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the variables that an experimenter is examining

Assimilation

use existing schema to explain the world

pragmatics

use in social context

List and describe the four things necessary for language development: pragmatics

use of language in social context

assimilation

use old shema for new info

What is overextension?

using a word too broadly

values in a sequence representing more/less or better/worse

Which method would a researcher use to study ability to see clearly?

visual tracking/cliff**

What parental technique for helping infants learn to manage their emotions becomes less common as infants get older?

vocalizing?

zone of proximal development

vygotsky. sweet spot where if a child had support from an expert, they would get boosted to a higher level of understanding

permissive child rearing

warm and accepting but uninvolved overindulgent or inattentive children are allowed to make decisions they are not yet ready to make, they are immature, cannot control impulses, and show less persistence on tasks parenting linked to dependent, non achieving, rebellious behavior, especially in boys

magical thinking

we believe in tooth fair etc.

animistic thought

we give thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects

Synaptic pruning

weak or under stimulated neurons die off

Define psychosocial moratorium.

when a person can freely experiment and explore—what may emerge is a firm sense of identity, an emotional and deep awareness of who he or she is.

Which of the following is a characteristic reaction of an infant who scores high in the effortful control dimension of Mary Rothbart's model of temperament?

william

You want to do an experiment focusing on people with the rare disorder Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome. This suggests that you should use a _______ experimental design.

within subjects

Your experiment requires participants who have observed a mugging. There are no public records of who these people might be, so you need to put up flyers everywhere you can think of and hope that the right people see them and want to volunteer. You figure that it is going to be hard to find many participants. This suggests that you should use a _______ experimental design.

within subjects

The participants were told to complete 15 algebra problems in 2 minutes. Afterward, they were told to complete another 15 problems in 2 minutes, but if they failed they would receive a painful electric shock

within subjects design

Describe the problems with early initiation of alcohol and drug use (think about the impact on the brain and consequences with regards to the development of substance use disorders).

your brain is still developing so drugs and alcohol can have a big affect on the way your brain develops

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ML PSY 231 Exam 2

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