MLIT 1333 POPULAR MUSIC FINAL

Vocoder

voice encoder - modifies voice and makes it sound robotic - compress audio, encode messaages

Max Martin

songwriter who has third most no.1 hits of all time - rose to prominence in the 90s after writing a string of hits for the Backstreet Boys, Britney Spears, and NYSYNC

Jazz

- blues characteristics - improvisation - fuller instrumentation -

Progressive Rock

- developed from psychedelic rock - originated as an attempt to give greater artistic weight and credibility to rock music - used instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz or classical music in an effort to give rock music the same level of musical sophistication and critical respect - examples: Rush, Pink Floyd, and Tool

Hardcore

- developed through the East Coast hip hop scene in the 1980s - generally characterized by anger, aggression, and confrontation - examples: Eminem, NAS, and Mos Def

Moogsynthasizer

- easily adaptable - wave from (harmonics) - cut off frequency (cuts harmonies) - keyboard base - modify attack

Motown

- emerged in Detroit, Michigan in the late 1960's - mixture of several popular musical styles and can be considered a form of soul music - driving beats 2 and 4 - snare drum - examples: Smokey Robinson, the Temptations, The Supremes

Punk

- emerged in the mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia - Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as " proto-punk " music - rejected perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock - typically produced short, fast-paced songs with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics - embraces a DIY ethic: many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through independent record labels - examples: The Clash, The Ramones, and the Sex Pistols

New Wave

- encompass numerous pop-oriented music styles popular in the late 1970s and the 1980s with ties to mid-1970s punk rock - Approached the critique of corporate rock in more self-consciously artistic and experimental terms - moved away from traditional blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop and rock music that incorporated disco, mod, and electronic music - examples: Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, The Police

Riot grrrl

- feminist punk movement that emerged from the early 90s indie-rock scene - Very political and angry music/poetry/art - subcultural movement that combines feminist consciousness and punk style and politics - serving as an inspiration for a musical movement in which women could express themselves in the same way men had been doing for the past several years - examples: Siouxsie Sioux, Poly Styrene, The Slits

Rhythm and Blues

- form of popular music of African-American origin that arose during the 1940s from blues, with the addition of driving rhythms taken from jazz - It was an immediate precursor of rock and roll. - played by an ensemble, generally with a lead vocalist or instrumentalist, a rhythm section, and an ensemble of voices, wind instruments, or guitar - examples: Stevie Wonder, Ray Charles, and Marvin Gaye

Punk revival

- genre of indie rock that developed in the late 1990s and early 2000s - inspired by the original sounds and aesthetics of garage rock of the 1960s and new wave and post-punk of the 1980s - often dressed in fashion of the 1950s and 1960s, with skinny ties, white belts, and shag haircuts - emphasis on energetic live performance - examples: Green Day, No Doubt

Nashville Sound

- late 1950's - replaces honky-tonk elements with pop - polished arrangements and a sophisticated approach to vocal presentation - example: Don Gibson (credited to: chet atkins - producer)

Rock and Roll

- music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s - generic term for popular/rock music - 1950s - examples: The Rolling Stones, Alan Freed (the term coined by alan is youth culture), Fats Domino, Pat Boone, Chuck Berry, Little Richard

Thermin

- no contact b/w the instrument and performer - 2 different intenas (vertical and horizontal), - used in flims (ufo noise)

Alternative Rock

- nonmainstream rock music - includes many types of experimental music and some forms of punk and grunge - emerged from the independent music underground of the 1970s and became widely popular in the 1980s - examples: Pearl Jam, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and the Foo Fighters

Funk

- originated in African-American communities in the mid-1960s - created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues - emphasizes melody and chord progressions and focuses on a strong rhythmic groove of a bassline and a drum part - often at slower tempos than other popular music - examples: James Brown, Rick James, and George Clinton

Hillbilly/Country

- originated in the Southern United States in the early 1920s. - It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues - consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies - mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars, and fiddles as well as harmonicas

soul

- popular music genre that originated in the African American community in the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s. - combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz - became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa.

Grunge

- rock music genre and subculture that emerged during the mid-1980s - hybrid of heavy metal and punk - "Seatle sound" - lyrics are typically dark, wretched, angst-filled and anguished; often addressing themes such as social alienation, self-doubt, abuse, neglectance, betrayal, social isolation/emotional isolation, psychological trauma and a desire for freedom - Subpop records (1988) - examples: mud honey, sound garden, pearl jam, nirvana

Electronic

- sounds produced and manipulated by magnetic tape machines, synthesizers, and/or computers - directly by funk and early hip hop - instruments: Melotron, Moogsynthasizer, Thermin, Vocoder, and the Rhythmicon - Brian Eno is italian/disco & electronic music pioneer (Worked with U2, David Bowie, Talking Heads)Giorgo Mordoe)

Led Zeppelin

Considered to be the first heavy metal band - heavy, guitar-driven sound guitarist- Jimmy Page singer- Robert Plant bassist and keyboardist- John Paul Jones drummer- John Bonham

EDM

Electronic Dance Music - Dubstep, Trap, Progressive House, Deep House, Electro House, Techno, Trance

Brian Eno

English producer best known for his pioneering work in ambient music and contributions to rock, pop, electronic, and generative music - worked with people such as David Bowie, Talking Heads, and U2

Print Royalty

applies to copyrighted music that is transcribed to a print piece (like sheet music) and then distributed - the simplest - least common

Power Chord

chord that combines the root and 5th chord - commonly played on electric guitar - signature element of Heavy Metal

Otis Redding

considered one of the greatest singers in the history of American popular music and a seminal artist in soul music and rhythm and blues - style of singing gained inspiration from the gospel music that preceded the genre

Melotron

early electronic instrument that became popular in early 60s - have to press deep on key for sound to be produced - unpredictable variations

The Who

english rock group who used power trio instrumentation - lead singer was Pete Townsend - released one of the earliest concept albums - wrote and recorded their own music - stuttering vocals - linked with pop art

Afrika Bombaataa

father of elctro-funk - American disc-jockey, singer, and producer, notable for releasing a series of genre-defining electro tracks in the 1980s that influenced the development of hip hop culture - one of the originators of the breakbeat DJing

The Beach Boys

founded in California in 1961, they popularized the "California sound" in the early 1960s - electronic and classical instruments matched with close vocal harmonies - co-founded & produced by Brian Wilson

Gospel

- 1930s - derived from both Black and White sources - examples: Aretha Franklin, Whitney Houston, Thomas Dorsey, and Mahalia Jackson

Disco

- A late 1970s style incorporating elements of pop, salsa, funk and soaring vocals into a club-focused dance experience - typified by "four-on-the-floor" beats, syncopated basslines, and string sections, horns, electric piano, synthesizers, and electric rhythm guitars - marked the dawn of the modern era of dance-based popular music - emphasized the beat above anything else - examples: Donna Summer, Bee Gees, and Chic

Electric Blues

- Amplified instruments - blues form - rough-edged vocals - post-WWII - full rhythm section, including electric guitar - examples: T-Bone Walker, John Lee Hooker, and Muddy Waters

Honky Tonk

- Blend of country with pop instruments - electric guitar instead of acoustic - Prominent foxtrot beat - conveyed the sound and ethos of the roadside bar or juke joint - example: Hank Williams

"Blowin' in the Wind" (artist, genre, and form)

- Bob Dylan - folk - strophic

"Nuthin' but a G Thang"(artists, label, production style, producer)

- Dr. Dre & Snoop Doggy Dogg - Death row records - G-Funk - Dr. Dre

Arena Rock

- Elaborate live theatrical rock shows aimed more at watching and listening than dancing - examples: The Beatles, Def Leopard, and Journey

"That's All Right" (artist, producer, genre)

- Elvis - Sam Phillips - rockabilly

"The Message" (artist, innovations, lyrical message)

- Grandmaster Flash - cutting, backspinning and phasing (adding sounds) - the truth about inner-city life in America

"Your Cheatin' Heart" (artist, genre, production technique)

- Hank Williams - honky tonk - contains a foxtrot beat

"I Got you (I Feel Good)" (artist, characteristics of Southern Soul)

- James Brown - emotionally charged, expressed deep feelings with little or no pop sugarcoating (glitter sound), and synthesis, almost exclusively of black music (blues, gospel, R&B)

"Blue Yodel (T for Texas)" (artist, genre, form, vocal technique)

- Jimmie Rodgers - traditional country - 12-bar Blues - yodeling

Tin Pan Alley

- Late 1800s/early 1900 - US enforced copyright - AABA form - universal lyrics - Examples: Fred Astaire, Cole Porter, Scott Joplin, Irving Berlin, Fats Waller, the Gershwins

Brill Building

- Late 50s/early 60s - light-hearted - teen pop with girl groups - examples: Carol King, Bobby Darin, and the Shirelles

"Tutti Frutti" (artist, genre, form)

- Little Richard - rock n roll - 12 bar blues

"Like a Prayer" (artist, influences from other genres)

- Madonna - gospel

"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" (artist, record label, production style)

- Marvin Gaye - Motown - subsidiary Tamla Records - the Engineer style

"Billie Jean" (artist, influences of other genres)

- Michael Jackson - pop

Western Swing

- Mixed old and new country sounds with jazz, blues, and pop styles - dance music - swing style instrumentation and rhythms - popularized in the 1930s and 1940s - example: Bob Wills

Psychedelic Rock

- Music played by San Francisco bands that encompassed a variety of styles and musical influences, including folk rock, blues, "hard rock," Latin music, and Indian classical music - examples: Cream, The Grateful Dead, and Pink Floyd

"Smells Like Teen Spirit" (artist, general and specific (grunge) genre, characteristics)

- Nirvana - Alternative rock - Grunge - power chord

Gangsta Rap

- Originally popularized by West Coast rappers in the 1980s - often containing "hardcore" rap lyrics related to gangs, gang members and their lifestyle - examples: Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, and Tupac, Ice T,

"I Got a Woman" (artist, genre, form)

- Ray Charles - R&B - 32-bar/AABA

Country Blues

- Solo male singers - acoustic - rhythm flexiblity - examples: B.B. King, Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson

"A Day in the Life" (artist, producer, album, genre, production techniques)

- The Beatles - George Martin - Sgt. Peppers - rock - an alarm clock, half an orchestra, and the piano chord

"London Calling" (artist, genre, political message)

- The Clash - punk - preaches indiviualsim and the dangers of corporations taking over

"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" (artist, songwriters, form, genre)

- The Shirelles - written by Carol King and Jerry Goffin - 32-bar/AABA - girl group

"My Generation" (artist, genre, R&B influence)

- The Who - rock - call & response vocals

Old School

- The first generation of rap - characterized by party themes and the use of turntables to achieve scratching and back spinning effects - examples: NWA, Run-DMC, Public Enemy, - key producer was Rick Rubin

Southern Soul

- a style developed at Atlantic Records that drew significant influence from gospel music - examples: Otis Redding, Aretha Franklin, and Booker T

Hip Hop

- a style of popular music of black and Hispanic origin, featuring rap with an electronic backing - emerged in the 1970s

Glam Rock

- a style of rock music first popular in the early 1970s - characterized by male performers wearing exaggeratedly flamboyant clothes and makeup - examples: Kiss, David Bowie, Queen, Motley Crue

Folk Rock

- amplified folk music, - often featuring politically overt lyrics - influenced by rock and roll - examples: Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, and Leonard Cohen

Pop

- an aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology - emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal "artistic" qualities - recording, production, and technology, rather than live performance - used as a label to distinguish popular music from classical music

House

- subgenre of edm - has been the current standard of "club music" since the late eighties - Derived from disco - created by disc jockeys and music producers from Chicago's underground club culture in the early and mid 1980s - started as DJs began altering disco dance tracks to give them a more mechanical beat and deeper basslines and began to mix synth pop, rap, Latin music, and even jazz into their tracks

Classic Blues

- written by professional songwriters and performed by female nightclub singers - stuck to standard forms - examples: Buddy Guy, Bessie Smith, Howlin Wolf

Folk Revival

- young performers popularizing the traditional musical styles of their ancestors - Often include an addition of newly-composed songs with socially and politically aware lyrics as well as a general modernization of the folk sound. - example: Bob dylan

Heavy Metal

-developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom - roots in blues rock, psychedelic rock, and acid rock - style of music that is highly amplified, harsh sounding, with a strong beat - characteristically using violent or fantastic imagery - use of power ballad - explores heartbreak theme - examples: Metallica, Led Zeppelin, and Black Sabbath

Verse/Chorus form

2 parts; verse is the story and the chorus is repeated - majority of popular music uses this; dominant after 1960s

College Radio

80's bands were on independent labels (sometimes referred to as "College Radio", & connected back to Brian Eno)

The Rolling Stones

A British rock group who cultivated an image as "bad boys" - Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Brain Jones - deliberate contrast to the friendly public image projected by the Beatles - started as cover band - blues-oriented rock - sound embodies rebellious image

Velvet Underground

A New York group promoted by the pop art superstar Andy Warhol - music was rough-edged and chaotic, extremely loud, and deliberately anticommercial - the lyrics of their songs focused on topics such as sexual deviancy, drug addiction, violence, and social alienation - recognized as one of the most influential bands in rock - one of their albums was called the "most prophetic rock album ever made"

Dr. Dre

American rapper, record producer, entrepreneur, record executive, actor, and audio engineer - founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics, and was previously co-owner of Death Row Records. - found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A - credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk (a hip hop subgenre characterized as synthesizer-based with slow, heavy beats)

Ostinato

A repeated figure/pattern; longer than riff

ASCAP

American Society for Composers, Authors, and Publishers - Formed in 1914 to protect the rights of composers and collect fees for the public performances of their music - owned by the government

Public Enemy

American hip hop group formed in Long Island, New York, in 1985, consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, and DJ Lord - known for their politically charged music and criticism of the American media - active interest in the frustrations and concerns of the African American community

N.W.A

American hip hop group from Compton, California - among the earliest and most significant popularizers and controversial figures of the gangsta rap subgenre - widely considered one of the greatest and most influential groups in the history of hip hop music

RUN DMC

American hip hop group from Hollis, Queens, New York - founded in 1983 by Joseph Simmons, Darryl McDaniels, and Jason Mizell. - acknowledged as one of the most influential acts in the history of hip hop culture and one of the most famous hip hop acts of the 1980s - pioneered new school hip hop music - among the first to highlight the importance of the MC and DJ relationship

Berry Gordy

American record executive, record producer, and songwriter - Founder of Motown Records

Rage Against the Machine

American rock band formed in 1991 from Los Angeles, California - songs express revolutionary political views vocalist- Zack de la Rocha bassist and backing vocalist- Tim Commerford guitarist- Tom Morello drummer- Brad Wilk

Chuck Berry

An African-American rock 'n' roll musician and composer, who influenced many musicians of the 1950s and 1960s - one of the pioneers of rock and roll - refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive - first to guitar into lead instrument - influenced the Beatles and Bob Dylan

BMI

Broadcast Music, Inc. - Founded in 1939 by forward-thinkers who wanted to represent songwriters in emerging genres, like jazz, blues and country, and protect the public performances of their music

Nirvana

Brought alternative music to the mainstream - More melodic than earlier grunge acts - Kurt Cobain (1967-1994)

Stephen Foster

Father of American Music; "the most famous songwriter of the 19th century" - United States songwriter whose songs embody the sentiment of the South before the American Civil War (1826-1864) - known mainly for writing parlor and minstrel music

Jimmie Rodgers

Father of Country Music - An American country, blues and folk singer, songwriter and musician - combined country, blues and yodeling - known for his rhythmic yodeling - Traditional country genre - songs typically follow 12 Bar Blues form

Kraftwerk

German group who were considered to be innovators and pioneers of electronic music after WWII - among the first successful acts to popularize the genre - developed a self-described "robot pop" style

James Brown

Godfather of Soul - an American singer, songwriter, dancer, musician, record producer and bandleader - used wind instruments - one of the innovators of funk music

Michael Jackson

King of Pop - Started in the Jackson 5 - transitions from Motown (Jackson5) to Disco (Jacksons) to Pop (solo) - Biggest Pop star of the 80's - Broke MTV color barrier

80s Pop Stars

Madonna, Michael Jackson, and George Michael

Types of Royalties

Mechanical, Performance, and Licensing (sync & print)

Pop Boy Bands

NYSYNC, Backstreet Boys, the New Kids on the Block

R.E.M.

One of the first alternative rock bands - noted for Buck's ringing - arpeggiated guitar style - distinctive vocal quality and obscure lyrics, - melodic basslines and backing vocals - tight, economical style of drumming

Madonna

Pop artist who was influenced by Gospel - Had complete control over her music and image - Frequently controversial and provocative

Chorus

Same music & lyrics each time it appears

SESAC

Society of European Stages Authors and Composers - Founded in 1930, grants copyright clearance authorization to the establishments and collects music royalties on behalf of their affiliated songwriters, composers, publishers and copyright holders - smaller than BMI and ASCAP

Verse

The "body" of song, length is typically longer than the rest of the components; same music but different lyrics each time it appears

Napster

Transformed PCs into servers for exchanging music files over the Internet

32 Bar/AABA Form

Uses four 8-bar segments and the B-section is the bridge - dominant until 1960s

Joni Mitchell

a Canadian singer-songwriter who some say is the greatest songwriter of all-time - songs often reflect social and environmental ideals as well as her feelings about romance, confusion, disillusionment, and joy - Soprano voice with harmonic guitar

Bridge

a deviation lyrically and musically from prior material

Refrain

a line or set of lines that repeat at the end of each verse

12 Bar Blues form

a repeated 12 bar chord progression in AAB form - this chord progression is common in other forms but it has helped to define the blues - examples: "Tutti Frutti" by Little Richard and "T for Texas" by Jimmie Rodgers

Concept Album

a rock album featuring a cycle of songs expressing an overall particular theme or idea.

The Beatles

a rock group from Liverpool who between 1962 and 1970 produced a variety of hit songs and albums - most of it written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon - Mainly produced by George Martin (once by Phil Spector) Lead guitar- George Harrison Drums - Ringo Star Producer- George Martin Manager- Brian Epstein - collaborative approach - influenced the development of other genres - elevated rock as an art form

Power Trio

a rock group that only has a lineup of electric guitar, bass guitar, and drum kit - signature of The Who and Jimi Hendrix

Backbeat

a strong accent on one of the normally unaccented beats of the bar (typically beats 2 &4); used especially in jazz and popular music.

The Carter Family

a traditional American folk music group that recorded between 1927 and 1956 - first vocal group to become country music stars - straightforward music with vocal emphasis - preserved Country - one member had a memorbale scratching way of playing guitar

Counterculture

a way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm. - Vietnam War/Cold War era (1960's) - included social movements, racial and sexual equality, psychedlia

Rock Opera

a work of rock music that presents a dramatic story told over multiple songs in the traditional manner of opera - type of musical form - pioneered by the Who (examples: "Tommy" by the Who and "Night at the Opera" by Queen)

Willie Nelson

an American musician, actor, and activist - one of the main figures of outlaw country (subgenre of country music that developed in the late 1960s as a reaction to the conservative restrictions of the Nashville sound) - One of the most influential figures in the progressive country movement - developed a successful career as a professional songwriter in Nashville - later settled in Austin, fusing country music with countercultural sensibilities

The Notorious B.I.G.

an American rapper considered to be one of the greatest rappers of all time - noted for his "loose, easy flow" - dark, semi-autobiographical lyrics which focused on crime and hardship

Sam Phillips

an American record producer who played an important role in the development of rock and roll - founder of Sun Records and Sun Studio - produced recordings by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Howlin' Wolf

KISS

an American rock band formed in New York City in 1973 by Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Peter Criss, and Ace Frehley - Well known for its members' face paint and stage outfits - elaborate live performances, which featured fire breathing, blood-spitting, smoking guitars, shooting rockets, levitating drum kits, and pyrotechnics

Jimi Hendrix

an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter; widely regarded as one of the most influential electric guitarists in the history of popular music - power trio instrumentation - first to play with both hands

Steel Guitar

an acoustic, handheld guitar having a metal resonator and producing a wailing, variable sound - associated with the Slide guitar/technique - usually placed flat

Queen

glam rock with progressive rocks classical ambitions - Freddie Mercury - blues & arena rock

Lou Pearlman

manager of successful 1990s boy bands such as Backstreet Boys and NSYNC - was accused of running one of the largest and longest-running Ponzi schemes in history

Strophic Form

music is constantly repeating the same lyrics and melody - same through and through - makes lyrics the main point - example: "How Many Roads" by Bob Dylan

through-composed form

new music for each stanza

Sync Royalty

paid for copyrighted music that is paired with visual media of any kind (films, commercials, and online/streaming video and advertisements) - synchronization licensing

Mechanical Royalty

paid upon physical reproduction of an artist's work - 'hardsales', LP & Singles, CDs, Digital Downloads Streaming

Performance Royalty

pertain to any performance of copyrighted material (fee when performed publicly) - radio, performances, TV/movies, etc.. - the most wide-reaching - most common

Grandmaster Flash

pioneer of hip-hop - introduced innovative techniques such as cutting backspinning, and phasing - used socially relevant lyrics

Les Paul

popular guitarist/songwrite who was one of the pioneers of the solid-body electric guitar - created the Gibson Les Paul electric guitar and the first 8 track tape recorder. - his playing style, included licks, trills, chording sequences, fretting techniques and timing, which set him apart from his contemporaries - used overdubbing and multitracking to record

Phil Spector

producer in 1960s who is known for his "wall of sound" approach and using thick, layered textures - worked with the Beach Boys and "the wrecking crew" - founded Philles records at the age of twenty-one

Outkast

rap duo with Andre 3000 and Big Boi - helped popularize Southern hip hop - experimented with diverse genres such as funk, psychedelia, jazz, and techno

Interpolation

re-recording a sample from one song and using it to make a new song - method in music production - made famous by Dr. Dre

Riff

short, recurring line (just a few notes) Example- Rolling Stones, "satisfaction"

David Bowie

singer, songwriter, actor; his career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation - his music and stagecraft significantly influence popular music - "Glam rock" pioneer - alter ego was Ziggy Stardust

Rhythmicon

world's first electronic drum machine