Mod 6, Learning

In the modeling process, you learn by watching someone else. Sophie learns by watching her older brother get in trouble for staying out too late that she should also not stay out late. Sophie learned this by following the steps of the modeling process, which are

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

In Pavlov's well known experiment with the dog, salivation is ________________.

either the conditioned response or the unconditioned response, depending on the phase of the experiment

Edward Thorndike's ________ says that behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated.

law of effect

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

The term "latent learning" refers to learning that ________.

learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed.

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Water, food, and sleep are examples of

primary reinforcers

Richard is teaching his son, Cody, to throw darts. At first, he gives Cody a piece of candy each time the dart hits the dartboard. As time progresses, Richard starts only rewarding Cody when the dart hits one of the inner rings of the dartboard. Finally, Richard only rewards Cody when he hits the bullseye. This example best illustrates the concept of ________.

shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination.

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word ''operant'' should be changed to ''classical''.

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Janet goes to the casino and plays the slot machines for hours. She never knows how times she needs to pull down the lever before she gets a pay-off. What type of reinforcement schedule is most likely being used here?

variable ratio.

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior.