Modern Art History: Exam II
neo-classicism
(American Classicism)
metaphysical school
- 1911 and 1920 - The movement began with de Chirico, whose dreamlike works with sharp contrasts of light and shadow often had a vaguely threatening, mysterious quality, 'painting that which cannot be seen'
victory over the sun
- A Russian Futurist opera premiered in 1913 at the Luna Park in Saint Petersburg. - Opera has become famous as the event where Malevich made his first "Black Square" painting (in 1915). - The opera was intended to underline parallels between literary text, musical score, and the art of painting, and featured a cast of such extravagant characters
les peintres cubistes guillaume apollinaire 1913
- A book written in 1905-1912 - Third major text on cubism
du cubisme albert Gleizes and jean metzinger 1912
- A book written in 1912 - First major text on cubism
die brucke
- A group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden in 1905 - Founding members were Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff - had a major impact on the evolution of modern art in the 20th century and the creation of expressionism. - Had emotionally agitated paintings of city streets and sexually charged events transpiring in country settings
der blaue reiter
- A group of artists united in rejection of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany - Founded by a number of Russian emigrants, including Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky, Marianne von Werefkin, and native German artists, such as Franz Marc, August Macke and Gabriele Münter - 1911-1914 - Fundamental to Expressionism - Considered that the principles of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München, a group Kandinsky had founded in 1909, had become too strict and traditional.
theosophy
- A metaphysical formulation established by helena petrovna blavatsky. - Combines elements of eastern religions, especially buddhism and hinduism, with mysticism and an esoteric belief in the pursuit of spiritual knowledge
expressionism
- A modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. - Typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. - Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality.
the chicago school
- A school of architects active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century. - They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism.
richardsonian romanesque
- A style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson - Free revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French, Spanish and Italian Romanesque characteristics. - Emphasizes clear, strong picturesque massing, round-headed "Romanesque" arches, often springing from clusters of short squat columns, recessed entrances, richly varied rustication, blank stretches of walling contrasting with bands of windows, and cylindrical towers with conical caps embedded in the walling.
rayonism
- A style of abstract art that developed in Russia in 1911. - Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova developed the style after hearing a series of lectures about Futurism by Marinetti in Moscow. - Sought an art that floated beyond abstraction, outside of time and space, and to break the barriers between the artist and the public. - They derived the name from the use of dynamic rays of contrasting color, representing lines of reflected light — crossing of reflected rays from various objects.
constructivism
- A style or movement in which assorted mechanical objects are combined into abstract mobile structural forms. - The movement originated in Russia in the 1920s and has influenced many aspects of modern architecture and design.
axonometry
- A type of parallel projection used for creating a pictorial drawing of an object, where the object is rotated along one or more of its axes relative to the plane of projection.[1]
william le baron jenney
- American architect and engineer who is known for building the first skyscraper in 1884 and became known as the Father of the American skyscraper.
louis sullivan
- An American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". - He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. - "Form follows function"
futurism
- An artistic movement begun in Italy in 1909 - Violently rejected traditional forms so as to celebrate and incorporate into art the energy and dynamism of modern technology. - Launched by Filippo Marinetti - Ended by 1918 but was widely influential, particularly in Russia on figures such as Malevich and Mayakovsky.
synthetic cubism
- Brighter colors - Simpler lines and shapes - Collage is used alongside paint. Previously cubism had broken objects down to a grid of complicated planes (flat shapes). Now the artists built up their pictures using collage and simple shapes. So instead of looking closely at an object such as a bottle in order to analyse its shape and structure they created a bottle-like shape from their imagination, making this shape from a simple paper cutout or drawn outline - A range of textures: as well as collage, the cubist artists used a wider range of painted and drawn marks. A smooth surface might appear next to collaged newspaper or patterned paper; or next to lots of roughly dotted brush strokes.
analytic cubism
- Early phase of cubism, generally considered to run from 1908-12 - The technique involved a close examination and analysis of the subject in order to translate it into flat geometric shapes, angles and lines - They appear as a busy interweaving of planes and lines with the subjects (whether an object, person or landscape) fractured, or broken up, making them look rather like the surface of a crystal - They are painted using a limited range of dark colours (mainly blacks, greys and ochres) - There is very little tonal differentiation used: you don't see lots of lights and darks...the general tone of works tends to be muted with a similar dark tone used across the paintings.
omega workshops
- Established in 1913 by the painter and influential art critic Roger Fry - Brought the experimental language of avant-garde art to domestic design in Edwardian Britain. - They were a laboratory of design ideas, creating a range of objects for the home, from rugs and linens to ceramics, furniture and clothing - all boldly coloured with dynamic abstract patterns. No artist was allowed to sign their work, and everything produced by the Workshops bore only the Greek letter Ω
elisha otis
- Inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails.
naum gabo's realistic manifesto 1926
- Key text of Constructivism - Laid out their theories of artistic expression in the form of five "fundamental principles" of their constructivist practice. - The Manifesto focused largely on divorcing art from such conventions as use of lines, color, volume, and mass. - The text rejects the successive stylistic innovations of modern art as mere illusionism (beginning with Impressionism, and including Cubism and Futurism), advocating instead an art grounded in the material reality of space and time: "The realization of our perceptions of the world in the forms of space and time is the only aim of our pictorial and plastic art."
prairie style
- Marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament.
ambroise vollard
- One of the most important dealers in French contemporary art at the beginning of the twentieth century. - He is credited with providing exposure and emotional support to numerous notable and unknown artists, including Paul Cézanne, Aristide Maillol, Renoir, Louis Valtat, Pablo Picasso, André Derain, Georges Rouault, Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh. - He is also well known as an avid art collector and publisher.
tatlin's counter-reliefs
- Placing them in the corner suggests that modernity and experiment should be Russia's new gods - Evokes the dynamism of modernity, with the various intersecting lines overlapping and moving in different directions to create rhythm and tension. - The object spans the corner changes the space of the room and establishes a unique relationship to the surrounding environment. - The diagonal wires are evocative of a musical instrument and were perhaps inspired by Tatlin's experience as a musical instrument maker.
0,10 exhibition
- Presented by the Dobychina Art Bureau at Marsovo Pole, Petrograd, from 19 December 1915 to 17 January 1916 - The exhibition inaugurated a form of non-objective art called Suprematism, introducing a daring visual vernacular composed of geometric forms of varying colour. - This sort of geometric abstraction was distinct in the apparent kinetic motion and angular shapes of its elements.
kandinsky's concerning the spiritual in art
- Published in 1912 - Defines three types of painting; impressions, improvisations and compositions - Impressions are based on an external reality that serves as a starting point, - Improvisations and compositions depict images emergent from the unconscious - Composition is developed from a more formal point of view - Compares the spiritual life of humanity to a pyramid—the artist has a mission to lead others to the pinnacle with his work.
vorticism
- Short-lived modernist movement in British art and poetry of the early 20th century, partly inspired by Cubism. - Announced in 1914 in the first issue of BLAST, which contained its manifesto and the movement's rejection of landscape and nudes in favour of a geometric style tending towards abstraction
orphism
- Term coined by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire in 1912, - Was an offshoot of Cubism that focused on pure abstraction and bright colors, influenced by Fauvism, the theoretical writings of Paul Signac, Charles Henry and the dye chemist Eugène Chevrel. - Key in the transition from Cubism to Abstract art, was pioneered by František Kupka, Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay, who relaunched the use of color during the monochromatic phase of Cubism
suprematism
- The Russian abstract art movement developed by Kazimir Malevich circa 1915 - Characterized by simple geometric shapes and associated with ideas of spiritual purity.
coburn's vorotgraphs
- The first completely abstract kind of photograph, it is composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.
taliesin
- The home and estate of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
cubo-futurism
- The main school of painting and sculpture practiced by the Russian Futurists. - Adopted the forms of Cubism and combined them with the Italian Futurists' representation of movement - Kazimir Malevich developed the style,
nietzsche
- Was a German philosopher, cultural critic, poet, philologist, Latin, and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history - Inspired many art movements
henri bergson
- Was a major French philosopher, influential especially in the first half of the 20th century. - Convinced many thinkers that the processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality.
rouaults miserere
- Was commissioned originally as one of numerous, illustrated book projects conceived by the Parisian dealer Ambrose Vollard - Fifty prints - these paintings were photographically transferred onto copper plates for printing - conveys the artist's spiritual legacy of faith. The theme of human suffering that connects each single image in the portfolio relates closely to the artist's own spiritual outlook. It simultaneously provides an indictment of the spiritual crisis of Rouault's France, which found it's inception in an age marked by Nietzsche's nihilism, and culminated in a staunchly anti-clerical Republican government and the horrors of World War I.
filippo tommaso marinetti
An Italian poet, editor, art theorist, and founder of the Futurist movement.
hinterglasmalerei
Art form consisting of applying paint to a piece of glass and then viewing the image by turning the glass over and looking through the glass at the image
the lumiere brothers
French inventors and pioneer manufacturers of photographic equipment who devised an early motion-picture camera and projector called the Cinématographe
larionov and goncharova
Goncharova was a leading figure in the pre-war Russian avant-garde, a painter, illustrator, set and costume designer, and writer. Wife of another leading Russian artist, Mikhail Larionov, she was a prominent figure in the Donkey's Tail group, who were important in spreading the influence of Cubo-Futurism in Russia.
The fauves
Major contributions to modern art - Radical goal of separating color from its descriptive, representational purpose and allowing it to exist on the canvas as an independent element. - Color could project a mood and establish a structure within the work of art without having to be true to the natural world. - Overall balance of the composition. - simplified forms and saturated colors drew attention to the inherent flatness of the canvas or paper; within that pictorial space, each element played a specific role. The immediate visual impression of the work is to be strong and unified. - Valued individual expression
papier colle
a collage composed of pieces of variously colored paper glued to a ground
collage
a composition made by gluten pieces of paper, cloth, etc. on a canvas or other ground
cantilevers
a horizontally projecting architectural element such as a beam or canopy that has no external bracing and appears to be self-supporting such an element is, in fact, anchored at one end by the structure from which it projects
ferro concrete
a modern development of concrete reinforced by the insertion of steel mesh or rods also called reinforced concrete
autochromes
an early form of color photography using plates coated with dyed starch grains, patented by the Lumière brothers in 1904.
trompe l'oeil
an illusionistic painting intended to "deceive the eye"
object trouve
an object found or picked up at random and considered aesthetically pleasing.
simultaneity
term used by robert ddelaunay to describe the way he conveyed light through color in his painting The instance of two evens happening at the same time - represented in futurist art
