Module 1: Chapter 5

A professor is explaining the importance of the scientific method of research to a group of nursing students. Which statement by a student suggests that the student requires further explanation? Select all that apply.

-"The scientific method is without fault." -"The scientific method may influence the opinions of the researcher in the final outcome."

The nurse finds topics for research studies in different scientific literature databases. Which sources are correct for their respective database? Select all that apply.

-AHQR contains clinical guidelines and evidence summaries -CONAHL contains studies in nursing, allied health, and biomedicine -PubMed offers free access to journal articles

The nurse is preparing to conduct research. The nurse understands that a step-by-step approach ensures that the clinical decisions are based on the strongest evidence available. In which order should the nurse proceed to reach a clinical decision through an evidence-based practice (EBP)?

-Ask a clinical question. -Collect evidence from databases. -Critically appraise the evidence. -Evaluate the practice decision.

A 55-year-old patient is diagnosed with lung cancer and has a history of smoking. Which type of study would be initiated to find the association between smoking and lung cancer,? Select all that apply.

-Case-control study -Retrospective study

The nurse helps a researcher to conduct a study on human subjects. The researcher obtains approvals from an institutional review board (IRB). An IRB ensures that researchers follow ethical principles, including respecting the rights of human subjects. The nurse verifies that the subject has signed the informed consent. Which criteria regarding the informed consent will the nurse explain to the subject? Select all that apply.

-Consent is voluntary. -The subject understands how the researcher maintains confidentiality. -The subject can withdraw from the study at any time.

The nurse assesses the following risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in a male patient. Which factors are classified as genetic or physiological? Select all that apply.

-Elevated cholesterol level -History of hypertension -Father died from CAD at age 50

Arrange the steps of the research process in correct order.

-Identify areas of interest or a clinical problem. -Design the study protocol. -Obtain necessary approvals. -Analyze the results of the study. -Formulate recommendations for further research.

The nurse understands that using a PICOT format for clinical questions helps in refining the search for evidence. Which are the best reasons to follow the PICOT format? Select all that apply.

-It helps to ask a more focused question. -It prevents wandering when searching for evidence. -It helps to identify knowledge gaps within a clinical situation.

The nursing student has posed a PICOT clinical question for a research study. The question that has been posed is, "How do patients with cervical cancer rate their quality of life?" Which PICOT elements does this question contain? Select all that apply.

-Patient population of interest -Outcome

A 55-year-old patient is diagnosed with lung cancer and has a history of smoking. To find the association between smoking and lung cancer, the nurse decides to use a case-control study. Before proceeding to implementation, the nurse should obtain informed consent from the study subjects. Which are involved in informed consent? Select all that apply.

-The patient should be capable of understanding the research procedure -Informed consent ensures the patient that all the information of the study will be confidential -The patient has the right to refuse to participate at any point of time in the research

The nurse helps a researcher conduct a study on human subjects. The researcher obtains approvals from an institutional review board (IRB) that ensures that the research adheres to ethical principles including the rights of human subjects. The nurse verifies that each subject has signed an informed consent form. Which criteria should the nurse explain to each subject before presenting the consent form? Select all that apply.

-The subject understands how the researcher maintains confidentiality. -The subject has the power of free choice to voluntarily consent.

The nursing student is preparing an evidence-based practice project for which the student has posed a clear and concise clinical question. Which should the student do before incorporating the evidence into practice? Select all that apply.

-collect the most relevant and best evidence -critically appraise the evidence gathered -share the outcome with others

A 50-year-old patient complains of hair loss. A scraping of the patient's scalp shows that the patient has a candida infection. The hair loss decreases with the use of a medicated shampoo and herbal oil. The nurse has developed a PICOT question and starts to search for evidence. Which should the nurse keep in mind while searching for evidence? Select all that apply.

-randomized controlled trials are placed in the evidence pyramid -in a meta-analysis, statistics are used to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome -in a systematic review, no statistics are used to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome

The nurse is conducting research on the effect of imagery on pain perception. Which actions should the nurse perform when searching the scientific databases for evidence? Select all that apply.

-seek the assistance of a medical librarian -enter and manipulate different key words -be prepared for some confusion with the evidence obtained

The nursing student is learning about quantitative research. Which are examples of quantitative research? Select all that apply.

-the percentage of cardiac illness in men between 40 and 60 years of age -the statistics of children between 5 and 10 years of age with poliomyelitis -factors that lead to an adolescent's decision to smoke cigarettes

A 55-year-old patient is diagnosed with lung cancer and has a history of smoking. To find the association between smoking and lung cancer, the nurse decides to use a case-control study. Which are the requirements of a case-control study? Select all that apply.

-two groups are required -one of the groups should have lung cancer -one of the groups should not have lung cancer

The nurse helps a researcher conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Which is the correct sequence when conducting an RCT?

1. Subjects are randomly assigned to either the control or treatment group. Correct 2. The treatment group receives the experimental intervention, and the control group receives the usual standard of care. Correct 3. The researchers measure both groups for the same outcomes to see if there is a difference. Correct 4. The researcher determines if the intervention leads to better outcomes than the standard of care.

Which part of an evidence-based article includes the major themes or findings and the implications for nursing practice?

Abstract

The nurse caring for patients in an inpatient unit asks a clinical question using a PICOT format. What does C stand for in a PICOT question?

Comparison of interest

The nurse is referring to various research articles in order to acquire information about a PICOT question for which no pilot study has been done. After studying the references, the nurse finds that the evidence is not strong enough to apply in practice. What should the nurse do to investigate the PICOT question? Choose the best answer.

Conduct a pilot study

Which type of research explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher?

Correlational research

The student nurse is documenting the similarities and differences among evidence-based practice, research, and quality improvement. Which datum documented by the student nurse is accurate?

Datum 2- Quality improvement sometimes requires IRB (institutional review board) approval

The nurse is studying the process of nursing research. Which research should the nurse classify as qualitative research?

Effectiveness of psychological counseling on the perception of stress in patients with chronic illness

A group of nurses implemented a well-designed health care program focusing on the importance of immunization across many regions in the state of California. These nurses are conducting research to determine the outcome of the program in terms of the number of children receiving vaccinations. Which type of research is this?

Evaluation research

A group of nurses are evaluating the results after applying research evidence in practice. Which question addresses this evaluation?

How effective was the practice change in the clinical setting?

The nurse understands the evidence-based articles and is critiquing the available evidence. Which characteristic feature should the nurse look for in a well-written literature review?

It includes an argument about what led the author to conduct a study or report on a clinical topic.

Which statement correctly describes the literature review section in a scientific paper?

It offers detailed background of the level of science that exists about the topic.

The nurse is developing the protocol for a research study. The nurse is referencing various research articles to develop the procedures for the study. To which section of the research articles should the nurse refer?

Methods

The nurse working in an orthopedic center finds that most of the patients coming to the clinic have mechanical low-back aches. Which is the best reference in order to develop a good plan of care for these patients?

National Guidelines Clearinghouse (NGC)

A group of nurses on the research council of a local hospital are measuring nursing-sensitive outcomes. Which is a nursing-sensitive outcome that the nurses should consider measuring?

Number of patients who fall and experience subsequent injury on the evening shift

The nurse who works in a newborn nursery asks, "I wonder if the moms who breastfeed their babies would be able to breastfeed more successfully if we played peaceful music while they were breastfeeding." In this example of a PICOT question, which represents "I"?

Peaceful music

A group of staff educators are reading a research study together at a journal club meeting. While reviewing the study, one nurse states that the study evaluates whether newly graduated nurses progress through orientation more effectively when they participate in patient simulation exercises. Which part of the research process is reflected in this nurse's statement?

Purpose statement

The nurse administrator wants to implement evidence-based practices in a hospital and is searching for evidence on nursing practices that improve health care quality. The nurse has been referring to both research-based and non-research-based evidence. Which should the nurse administrator study in order to get non-research-based evidence?

Quality improvement and risk management data

The nurse wants to determine the effectiveness of a behavioral therapy intervention in adolescents with conduct disorder. Which type of research should the nurse conduct in order to acquire the most reliable evidence?

Randomized controlled trials

Which activity regarding the research process should the nurse conduct to determine what has already been studied about the research problem of interest?

Review the literature

A group of nurses have implemented an evidence-based practice (EBP) change and have evaluated the effectiveness of the change. What is their next step?

Share the findings with others.

Which statement shows the steps of the research process in the correct order?

State the research problem, review the literature, and clarify operational definitions.

The nurse is researching articles for a research study. Why would the nurse prefer gathering evidence from peer-reviewed articles? Choose the best answer.

The articles are reviewed by experts in the subject matter of the article.

The nurse has conducted field research and is now writing a manuscript about the study. Which information should the nurse include in the section following the conclusion?

The explanation of the application of the results in clinical settings

Which topic is best suited for quantitative research?

The percentage of cardiac illness in men between 40 and 60 years of age

The nurse is learning about the characteristics of different types of research studies. Which is the chief characteristic of a case control study?

The study is performed on two groups of subjects.

A research study is investigating the question, "What is the effect of the diagnosis of breast cancer on the roles of the family?" In this study the terms diagnosis of breast cancer and family roles are examples of what?

Variables

The nurse is helping a researcher conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Which characteristic differentiates the RCT from other types of studies?

When completed, researchers will know if the intervention leads to better outcomes than the standard of care.

The nurse has to read many articles while doing research. Studying the full text of a research article to determine whether the article is relevant to the nurse's own research can be tedious. Which section of a reference article would aid the nurse in learning about the study in brief?

abstract

Critiquing the evidence is one of the most important steps in the process of implementing evidence-based practice. Which is the most important information required while critiquing evidence?

are the findings clinically applicable?

The nurse researcher is developing a research proposal and is in the process of selecting an instrument to measure anxiety. The nurse is in which part of the research process?

designing the study

The nurse designs and conducts an informational health campaign and then measures the outcomes of the campaign. Which type of research practice did the nurse perform?

evaluation

When recruiting subjects to participate in a study about the effects of an exercise program on balance, the researcher provides full and complete information about the purpose of the study and gives the subjects the choice to participate or not participate in the study. Of what is this an example?

informed consent