PY 101-1 Final Study Guide

The fact that actions can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of

behaviorism

The school of psychology that was Most responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology was

behaviorism

Research suggests that compared with supertasters, nontasters tend to have

fewer taste buds

People sometimes report a feeling of euphoria following a period of vigorous exercise. This is MOST likely due to the effects of

endorphins

The scientific approach assumes that

events are governed by some lawful order

During an action potential, the neuron's electrical charge is

positive and travels along the axon

Hypotheses are typically expressed as

predictions

Placebos are used in research to control for

the subjects' expectations about treatment

Which of the following statements concerning anecdotal evidence is FALSE? - Anecdotal evidence often reflects a distortion in self-report - Anecdotal evidence rarely influences a person's opinion or behavior - Anecdotal evidence is based on a single example and may reflect sampling bias - Anecdotal evidence can usually be found to support any position

Anecdotal evidence rarely influences a person's opinion or behavior

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of

Conscious experience

Which of the following BEST describes how we hear according to place theory?

Different sound frequencies vibrate different portions of the basilar membrane, producing different pitches

If Professor Gannon were to argue that incoming pain sensations must pass through an opening in the spinal cord and that this opening could be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals, which theory would Dr. Gannon be arguing?

Gate-control

The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was

Mary Calkin

The final step in a scientific investigation is to

Report the findings

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? - The right side of the brain is the creative side - Most schooling overlooks the education of the right brain - The right and left brains are specialized to handle different kinds of information - Language tasks are always handled by the left side of the brain

The right and left brains are specialized to handle different kinds of information

Functionalism was founded by

William James

Light, the stimulus for vision, is

a form of electromagnetic energy

A scientific journal is a

a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles

John B. Watson argued that psychologists should

abandon the study of consciousness

a visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed is known as a(n)

afterimage

Which of the following do behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory have in common?

ans

Which of the following is most likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist

ans

With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree

ans

In humans, the prefrontal cortex accounts for ___ of the cerebral cortex

approximately one-third

Terminal buttons are located

at the end of the axons

The heart, glands, and smooth muscles are controlled by the ___ nervous system

autonomic

The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of

behavior modification

Lisa taught her son to bucket his seat belt in the car by only allowing him to play the radio after he was buckled up. Lisa taught him by applying the principles of

behaviorism

A multifactorial approach to explaining your performance in a course would MOST likely focus on

both personal and situational factors

Research on adopted children and intelligence has found a significant similarity between them and

both sets of parents

The central nervous system consists of the

brain and spinal cord

The ___ fluid nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it

cerebrospinal

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic tastes?

citrus

During World War II, many academic psychologists were pressed into service mainly as

clinicians

We often perceive a series of dots on a printed form as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of

closure

A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s that points out that our mental processes influence how we behave is the _____________ perspective

cognitive

Which of the following is NOT a structure of the inner ear?

eardrum

The experimental group

consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable

The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the

corpus callosum

The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course over the many generations is __________ psychology

evolutionary

Conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships are only possible when the ____ method is used

experimental

Experimenter bias occurs when

experimenters' beliefs in their own hypotheses affect either the subjects' behavior or their observations of the subjects.

In experimental research, subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the independent variable are in the ____ group

expermiental

The lens in the eye

focuses light rays onto the retina

A psychologist whose primary goal is to help people reach their potential Most likely follows the principles of

humanism

According to Darwin's theory of evolution, which of the following is the key factor in evolutionary change?

idk

Elizabeth is interested in the best way to study achievement among middle-school children, and she is also interested in the factors that underlie student motivation. Elizabeth would MOST likely describe her research interests as

idk

Empirical testing is

idk

If you project a red, a green, and a blue light into space, the point at which the three lights cross will lead to the perception of

idk

James and Brooks are at a baseball game cheering for opposite teams. When a runner is thrown out at first, James cheers the great call, while Brooks boos and yells that the umpire is blind. This reflects the unifying theme that

idk

Monoamines have been associated with all of the following EXCEPT

idk

Natalie sat on her porch looking out at the field of soybeans. The fact that Natalie perceived the soybean plants as being grouped into a series of separate rows is consistent with the Gestalt principle of

idk

Operational definitions are MOST closely associated with which of the following major advantages of the scientific approach?

idk

Pablo is a graduate student whose major area of interest is the measurement of behavior and capacities and the development of psychological tests. Which research is Pablo MOST likely to specialize in?

idk

Placing subjects in experimental groups such that each subject has an equal probability of ending up in any group is referred to as

idk

The brain-imaging method that uses multiple X-rays to generate a picture of a horizontal slice of the brain is

idk

The dopamine system involved in Parkinson's disease is located in which of the following areas of the brain?

idk

The main reason for the characterization of the left hemisphere as the "dominant" hemisphere was

idk

The pathway for pain that results in the experience of pain being less localized and longer lasting is the ____ pathway

idk

The process in which the lends adjusts its shape depending on the distance between the eye and the object viewed in order to project a clear image onto the retina is

idk

Which of the following brain structures appears to play an active role in integrating sensory information?

idk

Which of the following is the MOST general of the Gestalt principles describing how individual elements are grouped into good figures? - similarity - proximity -continuity -simplicity

idk

Which of the following pairs of terms related to the perceived qualities of light and sound result from similar physical properties of light and sound?

idk

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? - deception has never been used in psychological research - deceptions has been fairly common in psychological research since the 1960s - although deception has been used in the past, it has recently been banned by the American Psychological Association - In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the use of deception in psychological research

idk

In experimental research, the variable that is free to be varied by the experimenter is the ___ variable

independent

Topics such as courage, tolerance, creativity, and integrity reflect the interest of the positive movement in the study of positive

individual traits

A researcher who has found that caffeine consumption has a greater effect on behavior in hot weather than in cold weather has detected a(n) effect

interaction

The moon illusion is that the moon appears ____ when near the horizon than when overhead and is explained by ____.

larger; size constancy

Sampling bias is a problem because it

limits the generality of the findings

Hue is to pitch as brightness is to

loudness

Imagine that you have stumbled across a secret laboratory where an evil scientist is conducting unauthorized brain research. By altering brain structures, he has created superheroes who have specialized powers or abilities. One of these superheroes is absolutely fearless and willing to undertake extremely dangerous missions. In this case, the scientist MOST likely altered the

medulla

A researcher who wants to get a broad perspective on an area of research by combining the results from a large number of existing studies would be MOST likely to use which of the following statistical techniques?

meta-analysis

The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the

myelin sheath

As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are

negatively correlated

A psychologist measures blood alcohol level to determine intoxication. In this example, blood alcohol level is the ____ definition of intoxication

operational

The point where axons cross over from the inside half of each eye to the opposite half of the brain is the

optic chiasm

That people sometimes see what they either "want to see" BEST reflects the text's unifying theme that

people's experience of the world is subjective

Nerves outside the skull and spine comprise the

peripheral nervous system

Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called

psychoanalysis

The main function of dendrites is to

receive information

In psychology, MOST journal articles are

reports that describe original empirical studies.

Which of the following parts of the brain is MOST likely to play a major role in the work of artists, architects, and engineers, who must rely heavily on visual-spatial skills?

right hemisphere

While ____ involves the stimulation of sense organs, ____ involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.

sensation; perception

Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research specialization?

social psychology

The idea that Freud's theory was based, in part, on prevailing values during his lifetime implies that psychology's development is influenced by the ____________ context

sociohistorical

The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was

stream of consciousness

The research method that is often used to obtain information concerning individuals' behaviors, attitudes, and/or opinions is the

survey method

The ___ nervous system mobilizes the body when one needs to exert tremendous energy (such as to flee from an attacker)

sympathetic

The microscopic gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron is the

synaptic cleft

Inattentional blindness is MOST likely to occur when a person is

talking on a cell phone

Neurotransmitters are secreted from the

terminal buttons

A scientific theory has to be

testable

Photographers use special filters to cloud images and give the perception of distance to photographs. Which of the following monocular cues of depth perception does this demonstrate?

texture gradient

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the hindbrain?

thalamus

One of the main concerns with the case study method of research is that

the experiences reported may be highly subjective

Subjects' self-reports often indicate that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than other types of evidence would suggest. The most likely explanation is

the social desirability bias

The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends MOST on ____ processing

top-down

The phenomenon of perceptual constancy implies that

two objects may be perceived as being the same size even though they produce different sized retinal images

Bob has visual agnosia and is unable to recognize common, everyday objects. This condition MOST likely results from damage to the

ventral stream

The fovea is the area of the retina where ____ is best in large part because the fovea contains only _____

visual acuity; cones