PY 101-1 Final Study Guide
The fact that actions can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of
behaviorism
The school of psychology that was Most responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology was
behaviorism
Research suggests that compared with supertasters, nontasters tend to have
fewer taste buds
People sometimes report a feeling of euphoria following a period of vigorous exercise. This is MOST likely due to the effects of
endorphins
The scientific approach assumes that
events are governed by some lawful order
During an action potential, the neuron's electrical charge is
positive and travels along the axon
Hypotheses are typically expressed as
predictions
Placebos are used in research to control for
the subjects' expectations about treatment
Which of the following statements concerning anecdotal evidence is FALSE? - Anecdotal evidence often reflects a distortion in self-report - Anecdotal evidence rarely influences a person's opinion or behavior - Anecdotal evidence is based on a single example and may reflect sampling bias - Anecdotal evidence can usually be found to support any position
Anecdotal evidence rarely influences a person's opinion or behavior
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of
Conscious experience
Which of the following BEST describes how we hear according to place theory?
Different sound frequencies vibrate different portions of the basilar membrane, producing different pitches
If Professor Gannon were to argue that incoming pain sensations must pass through an opening in the spinal cord and that this opening could be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals, which theory would Dr. Gannon be arguing?
Gate-control
The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was
Mary Calkin
The final step in a scientific investigation is to
Report the findings
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? - The right side of the brain is the creative side - Most schooling overlooks the education of the right brain - The right and left brains are specialized to handle different kinds of information - Language tasks are always handled by the left side of the brain
The right and left brains are specialized to handle different kinds of information
Functionalism was founded by
William James
Light, the stimulus for vision, is
a form of electromagnetic energy
A scientific journal is a
a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles
John B. Watson argued that psychologists should
abandon the study of consciousness
a visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed is known as a(n)
afterimage
Which of the following do behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory have in common?
ans
Which of the following is most likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist
ans
With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree
ans
In humans, the prefrontal cortex accounts for ___ of the cerebral cortex
approximately one-third
Terminal buttons are located
at the end of the axons
The heart, glands, and smooth muscles are controlled by the ___ nervous system
autonomic
The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of
behavior modification
Lisa taught her son to bucket his seat belt in the car by only allowing him to play the radio after he was buckled up. Lisa taught him by applying the principles of
behaviorism
A multifactorial approach to explaining your performance in a course would MOST likely focus on
both personal and situational factors
Research on adopted children and intelligence has found a significant similarity between them and
both sets of parents
The central nervous system consists of the
brain and spinal cord
The ___ fluid nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it
cerebrospinal
Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic tastes?
citrus
During World War II, many academic psychologists were pressed into service mainly as
clinicians
We often perceive a series of dots on a printed form as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of
closure
A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s that points out that our mental processes influence how we behave is the _____________ perspective
cognitive
Which of the following is NOT a structure of the inner ear?
eardrum
The experimental group
consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the
corpus callosum
The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course over the many generations is __________ psychology
evolutionary
Conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships are only possible when the ____ method is used
experimental
Experimenter bias occurs when
experimenters' beliefs in their own hypotheses affect either the subjects' behavior or their observations of the subjects.
In experimental research, subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the independent variable are in the ____ group
expermiental
The lens in the eye
focuses light rays onto the retina
A psychologist whose primary goal is to help people reach their potential Most likely follows the principles of
humanism
According to Darwin's theory of evolution, which of the following is the key factor in evolutionary change?
idk
Elizabeth is interested in the best way to study achievement among middle-school children, and she is also interested in the factors that underlie student motivation. Elizabeth would MOST likely describe her research interests as
idk
Empirical testing is
idk
If you project a red, a green, and a blue light into space, the point at which the three lights cross will lead to the perception of
idk
James and Brooks are at a baseball game cheering for opposite teams. When a runner is thrown out at first, James cheers the great call, while Brooks boos and yells that the umpire is blind. This reflects the unifying theme that
idk
Monoamines have been associated with all of the following EXCEPT
idk
Natalie sat on her porch looking out at the field of soybeans. The fact that Natalie perceived the soybean plants as being grouped into a series of separate rows is consistent with the Gestalt principle of
idk
Operational definitions are MOST closely associated with which of the following major advantages of the scientific approach?
idk
Pablo is a graduate student whose major area of interest is the measurement of behavior and capacities and the development of psychological tests. Which research is Pablo MOST likely to specialize in?
idk
Placing subjects in experimental groups such that each subject has an equal probability of ending up in any group is referred to as
idk
The brain-imaging method that uses multiple X-rays to generate a picture of a horizontal slice of the brain is
idk
The dopamine system involved in Parkinson's disease is located in which of the following areas of the brain?
idk
The main reason for the characterization of the left hemisphere as the "dominant" hemisphere was
idk
The pathway for pain that results in the experience of pain being less localized and longer lasting is the ____ pathway
idk
The process in which the lends adjusts its shape depending on the distance between the eye and the object viewed in order to project a clear image onto the retina is
idk
Which of the following brain structures appears to play an active role in integrating sensory information?
idk
Which of the following is the MOST general of the Gestalt principles describing how individual elements are grouped into good figures? - similarity - proximity -continuity -simplicity
idk
Which of the following pairs of terms related to the perceived qualities of light and sound result from similar physical properties of light and sound?
idk
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? - deception has never been used in psychological research - deceptions has been fairly common in psychological research since the 1960s - although deception has been used in the past, it has recently been banned by the American Psychological Association - In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the use of deception in psychological research
idk
In experimental research, the variable that is free to be varied by the experimenter is the ___ variable
independent
Topics such as courage, tolerance, creativity, and integrity reflect the interest of the positive movement in the study of positive
individual traits
A researcher who has found that caffeine consumption has a greater effect on behavior in hot weather than in cold weather has detected a(n) effect
interaction
The moon illusion is that the moon appears ____ when near the horizon than when overhead and is explained by ____.
larger; size constancy
Sampling bias is a problem because it
limits the generality of the findings
Hue is to pitch as brightness is to
loudness
Imagine that you have stumbled across a secret laboratory where an evil scientist is conducting unauthorized brain research. By altering brain structures, he has created superheroes who have specialized powers or abilities. One of these superheroes is absolutely fearless and willing to undertake extremely dangerous missions. In this case, the scientist MOST likely altered the
medulla
A researcher who wants to get a broad perspective on an area of research by combining the results from a large number of existing studies would be MOST likely to use which of the following statistical techniques?
meta-analysis
The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the
myelin sheath
As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are
negatively correlated
A psychologist measures blood alcohol level to determine intoxication. In this example, blood alcohol level is the ____ definition of intoxication
operational
The point where axons cross over from the inside half of each eye to the opposite half of the brain is the
optic chiasm
That people sometimes see what they either "want to see" BEST reflects the text's unifying theme that
people's experience of the world is subjective
Nerves outside the skull and spine comprise the
peripheral nervous system
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called
psychoanalysis
The main function of dendrites is to
receive information
In psychology, MOST journal articles are
reports that describe original empirical studies.
Which of the following parts of the brain is MOST likely to play a major role in the work of artists, architects, and engineers, who must rely heavily on visual-spatial skills?
right hemisphere
While ____ involves the stimulation of sense organs, ____ involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
sensation; perception
Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research specialization?
social psychology
The idea that Freud's theory was based, in part, on prevailing values during his lifetime implies that psychology's development is influenced by the ____________ context
sociohistorical
The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was
stream of consciousness
The research method that is often used to obtain information concerning individuals' behaviors, attitudes, and/or opinions is the
survey method
The ___ nervous system mobilizes the body when one needs to exert tremendous energy (such as to flee from an attacker)
sympathetic
The microscopic gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron is the
synaptic cleft
Inattentional blindness is MOST likely to occur when a person is
talking on a cell phone
Neurotransmitters are secreted from the
terminal buttons
A scientific theory has to be
testable
Photographers use special filters to cloud images and give the perception of distance to photographs. Which of the following monocular cues of depth perception does this demonstrate?
texture gradient
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the hindbrain?
thalamus
One of the main concerns with the case study method of research is that
the experiences reported may be highly subjective
Subjects' self-reports often indicate that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than other types of evidence would suggest. The most likely explanation is
the social desirability bias
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends MOST on ____ processing
top-down
The phenomenon of perceptual constancy implies that
two objects may be perceived as being the same size even though they produce different sized retinal images
Bob has visual agnosia and is unable to recognize common, everyday objects. This condition MOST likely results from damage to the
ventral stream
The fovea is the area of the retina where ____ is best in large part because the fovea contains only _____
visual acuity; cones
