Module 1

24. Which theorist most clearly influenced William James' efforts to understand the adaptive functions of thinking and consciousness? A) John B. Watson B) Sigmund Freud C) Carl Rogers D) Charles Darwin

D) Charles Darwin

55. Who is best known for highlighting the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits? A) Plato B) Aristotle C) Edward Titchener D) Charles Darwin

D) Charles Darwin

26. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? A) Jean Piaget B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Rosalie Rayner D) Mary Whiton Calkins

D) Mary Whiton Calkins

84. Akira believes that her son has become a good student because he is frequently praised for his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. A) behavior genetics B) neuroscience C) psychodynamic D) behavioral

D) behavioral

45. The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central to A) clinical psychology. B) humanistic psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) cognitive psychology.

D) cognitive psychology.

67. Depression and suicide are more common in today's North American culture than they were in the very different North American culture of nearly a century ago. But in both the past and the more recent cultural settings, pessimistic thinking and feelings of loneliness corresponded to a heightened risk of depression and suicide. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences in behavior. A) genetic differences B) unconscious motives C) early childhood memories D) common psychological processes

D) common psychological processes

72. The biopsychosocial approach incorporates different levels of analysis, which A) have little value for applied research. B) typically contradict common sense. C) are generally impossible to test scientifically. D) complement one another.

D) complement one another.

53. In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as A) Plato is to Aristotle. B) Watson is to Skinner. C) Aristotle is to Plato. D) Skinner is to Watson.

A) Plato is to Aristotle.

23. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the A) adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors. B) component elements of sensory experience. C) disruptive effects of unconscious motives. D) treatment of psychological disorders.

A) adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors.

60. Exploring how we humans are diverse because of our differing genes and environments is the focus of A) behavior genetics. B) cognitive psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) humanistic psychology.

A) behavior genetics.

94. Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a _________ psychologist. A) cognitive B) biological C) clinical D) social

A) cognitive

12. Questioning whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates A) critical thinking. B) functionalism. C) the biopsychosocial approach. D) introspection.

A) critical thinking.

62. The enduring traditions, attitudes, ideas, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitute their A) culture. B) levels of analysis. C) behavior genetics. D) community psychology.

A) culture.

97. Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in applied research? A) industrial-organizational psychologists B) developmental psychologists C) personality psychologists D) biological psychologists

A) industrial-organizational psychologists

27. Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of A) mental processes. B) clinical psychology. C) unconscious motives. D) conditioned responses.

A) mental processes.

44. In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of A) mental processes. B) hereditary influences. C) unconscious motives. D) learned behaviors.

A) mental processes.

34. Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes? A) evolutionary psychology B) Freudian psychology C) behavior genetics D) behaviorism

B) Freudian psychology

54.Professor McClure believes that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions because humans are endowed with an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of A) Aristotle. B) Plato. C) John B. Watson. D) B. F. Skinner.

B) Plato.

79. Which perspective studies the relative contributions of our genes and our environment on our individual differences? A) cognitive B) behavior genetics C) social-cultural D) psychodynamic

B) behavior genetics

39. Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________. A) evolution natural selection B) behavior mental process C) conscious unconscious D) nurture nature

B) behavior mental process

40. The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and A) economics. B) biology. C) geography. D) sociology.

B) biology.

101. For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be best for Adam to contact a ________ psychologist. A) developmental B) clinical C) personality D) biological

B) clinical

86. Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences? A) behavioral B) cognitive C) neuroscience D) behavior genetics

B) cognitive

8. Reasoning that does not blindly accept available arguments and conclusions illustrates A) introspection. B) critical thinking. C) the psychodynamic perspective. D) an empirical approach.

B) critical thinking.

36. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as A) behaviorism. B) humanistic psychology. C) cognitive neuroscience. D) behavior genetics.

B) humanistic psychology.

19. Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called A) cognitive neuroscience. B) introspection. C) behaviorism. D) humanistic psychology.

B) introspection.

30. Behaviorists dismissed the value of A) science. B) introspection. C) neuroscience. D) applied research.

B) introspection.

68. Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of A) the psychodynamic perspective. B) positive psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) behavior genetics.

B) positive psychology.

6. Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillips' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of A) pride. B) skepticism. C) practicality. D) enthusiasm.

B) skepticism.

96. Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent? A) cognitive psychology B) social psychology C) developmental psychology D) clinical psychology

B) social psychology

56. Charles Darwin attempted to explain the ________ that he encountered. A) unconscious thought processes B) species variation C) biopsychosocial approach D) cognitive neuroscience

B) species variation

18. Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images. A) John B. Watson B) Charles Darwin C) Edward Titchener D) B. F. Skinner

C) Edward Titchener

4.Using scientific procedures to test whether watching violent movies increases the frequency of emotionally upsetting dreams best illustrates A) functionalism. B) Freudian psychology. C) an empirical approach. D) positive psychology.

C) an empirical approach

32. Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the introspective study of self- esteem to be A) applied research. B) a positive psychology. C) an unscientific method. D) a biopsychosocial approach.

C) an unscientific method

91. Studies conducted for the sake of building psychology's base of knowledge are most clearly examples of A) behavior genetics. B) introspection. C) basic research. D) positive psychology.

C) basic research.

83. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses? A) evolutionary B) neuroscience C) behavioral D) behavior genetics

C) behavioral

11. Melinda expressed concerns as to whether the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged respondents to convey unusually positive levels of well-being. Melinda's concerns best illustrated A) introspection. B) an empirical approach. C) critical thinking. D) the neuroscience perspective.

C) critical thinking.

93. Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist. A) social B) clinical C) developmental D) industrial-organizational

C) developmental

9. Critical thinking most clearly involves A) a biopsychosocial approach. B) introspection. C) evaluating evidence. D) the psychodynamic perspective.

C) evaluating evidence.

78. Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective. A) social-cultural B) cognitive C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic

C) evolutionary

43. Today's psychology is best described as increasingly A) introspective in its methods. B) psychodynamic it its perspective. C) globalized in its influence. D) controversial in its application.

C) globalized in its influence.

14. Aristotle suggested the source of our personality is the A) brain. B) throat. C) heart. D) stomach.

C) heart.

69. Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different A) cognitive functions. B) unconscious motives. C) levels of analysis. D) natural selections.

C) levels of analysis.

100. Clinical psychologists specialize in A) constructing surveys. B) animal research. C) providing therapy to troubled people. D) providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.

C) providing therapy to troubled people.

89. Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are encouraged among various ethnic groups? A) evolutionary B) psychodynamic C) social-cultural D) neuroscience

C) social-cultural

17. The early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the mind's makeup was called A) cognitive neuroscience. B) behaviorism. C) structuralism. D) evolutionary psychology.

C) structuralism.

46. Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between A) natural selection and genetic predispositions. B) childhood memories and psychological disorders. C) thought processes and brain functions. D) philosophy and physiology.

C) thought processes and brain functions.

81. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on A) natural selection. B) brain chemistry. C) unconscious conflicts. D) learned behaviors.

C) unconscious conflicts.

5. Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are A) pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity. B) ingenuity, practicality, and certainty. C) certainty, creativity, and curiosity. D) curiosity, skepticism, and humility.

D) curiosity, skepticism, and humility.

65. The risk of being color deficient is greater for men than for women. This best illustrates an important A) conditioned response. B) psychodynamic perspective. C) empirical approach. D) gender difference.

D) gender difference.

48. The nature-nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits. A) introspection and nerve cell activity B) unconscious and conscious motives C) behavior and mental processes D) genes and experience

D) genes and experience

61. By suggesting that nurture works on what nature endows, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically endowed with a capacity for A) inborn ideas. B) natural selection. C) introspection. D) learning and adaptation.

D) learning and adaptation.

15. Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of A) animal intelligence. B) personality development. C) social influence. D) mental processes.

D) mental processes.

74. Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? A) evolutionary B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) neuroscience

D) neuroscience

28. Beginning in the 1920s, American psychologists such as John B. Watson emphasized the study of A) genetic influences. B) self-esteem. C) conscious thoughts and feelings. D) observable behavior.

D) observable behavior.

85. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how A) feelings are influenced by blood chemistry. B) people try to understand their own unconscious motives. C) behavior is influenced by environmental conditions. D) people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

D) people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

37. Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's A) childhood memories. B) genetic predispositions. C) unconscious thought processes. D) potential for growth.

D) potential for growth.

16. The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using A) a biopsychosocial perspective. B) an evolutionary perspective. C) positive psychology. D) scientific methods.

D) scientific methods.