Module 2 Exam

What are the most important factor(s) that influence health?

(answer: d. all of the above) a. economical b. social c. political

Politics on all levels interacts with the goals of public health to do which of the following?

(answer: d. all of the above) a. promote health through organized efforts in society b. prevent disease c. prolong life

Social networks affect individual health through: ------------------- ~ Using social influence by conveying norms and forms of social control ~ Serving as a practical social support ~ Creating opportunities for person-to-person contact ~ All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following study results is mentioned in Chapter 7 regarding the food that most of the Americans consumed? 60% of the food purchased by American consumers is considered highly processed Eating healthier food does cost on average $1.50 more per day per person 56% of calories that Americans consumed were products derived from subsidized commodities All of the above

All of the above

Pick the most correct response with regard to food deserts.

Food deserts pose a challenge for the American population, and even though it is a nationwide issue, people in cities and urban areas are the ones who suffer most from the lack of access to healthy foods

What are the significant barriers faced by residents of rural areas to accessing healthcare?

Fragile infrastructure Cultural attitudes toward illness Lack of trained physicians *All of the above

Which of the following is true about sexually transmitted Infections?

HPV is the most commonly transmitted

Which of the following is the number one cause of death for all ages combined globally?

High Blood Pressure

Select the correct statement.

Important reforms in the mid-19th century led to significant improvement in public health in cities An urban area consists of at least 2,500 individuals Cities usually have more social disparities and inequality *All of the above

During the 19th century, what contributed to widespread infectious disease?

Improper waste management

Please pick the most correct response as it pertains to evolving population patterns in an aging world.

None are correct

Which of the following is true about the aging demographic transition?

Population aging reflects healthier populations

Which of the following is an example of public health efforts that improve population health in neighborhoods?

Revitalizing struggling neighborhoods

Which one of the following accounts for 45% of all deaths among children under 5 years old?

Undernutrition

Which of the following preventive strategies can help to lessen the burden of illness in older adults? (Choose all that apply.)

Vaccination for human papillomavirus (HPV) Cognitive training Physical activity Smoking cessation

All are considered examples of sanitary reforms that were known to improve the environment of cities in the mid-19th to early 20th century except:

Vaccinations

Which U.S. city has one in five food stamp recipients living in neighborhoods without a grocery store?

Washington D.C.

Which of the following best describes how changes in disease patterns contribute to increased life expectancy? a.Increase in diabetes deaths b.Increase in cases of cardiovascular disease c.A decrease in infectious diseases d.Reductions in smoking-attributable deaths

d.Reductions in smoking-attributable deaths

Which of the following had a profound effect on the upward trajectories of life expectancy in Europe during the 20th century?

political conditions in countries

What factors explain the increase in the number of older adults worldwide?

Decline in death rates and increase in life expectancy

Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor?

Diet

What is the number one risk factor reported in 2017 for deaths worldwide among middle-income and high-income countries?

Dietary risk

A meta-analysis study examining the role of social networks in the development of overweight and obesity among adults found that American undergraduate students in the obese weight range were more likely to prefer heavier partners than their nonobese peers. This is an example of which public health model and corresponding level: Eco-social model-family and friends Biological model-family and friends Sociological model-family and friends Two of the above

Eco-social model-family and friends

Which of the following are correctly paired?

Eco-social model-family and friends

How can the onset of chronic disease be postponed in adulthood?

Exercises, diets, and preventative care

How can the onset of chronic disease be postponed in adulthood?

Exercises, diets, and preventive care

Pick the incorrect answer choice. ------------------- ~ Family often serves as the primary and most central social network, especially in early life ~ The nature of the relationships within a network changes over time even if the case of characters remains stable ~ Social networks are important influencers of lifelong choices ~ Social networks are static, and often remain unchanged during the life course of the individual

Social networks are static, and often remain unchanged during the life course of the individual

Select the correct statement: ------------------- ~ Social networks are important influencers of lifelong choices ~ Family often serves as the primary and most central social network, especially in early life ~ The nature of the relationships within a network changes over time even if the case of characters remains stable. ~ Social networks are static, and often remain unchanged during the life course of the individual

Social networks are static, and often remain unchanged during the life course of the individual

People are living longer in developed countries because of all the following except:

The higher incidence of noncommunicable diseases

Neighborhoods can affect our health through adverse characteristics such as:

a. Hazardous substance around it b. Poor air and water quality c. Lack of access to nutrition foods d. All of the above

Which of the following neighborhood conditions affect health? (Choose all that apply.)

a. Job opportunities b. Quality of air c. Quality of water

Which of the following preventative strategies can help to lessen the burden of illness in older adults? (Choose all that apply.)

a. Physical activity b. Vaccination for human papillovirus (HPV) c. Cognitive training d. Smoking cessation

Select the true statement. --------- a. Population projections show that the number of adults over 65 will increase in the next decade b. Long-term care is more available in low-income countries c. Multimorbidity is a more prevalent issue in high-income countries d. Frailty is identical to disability

a. Population projections show that the number of adults over 65 will increase in the next decade

In the United States, what percentage of pregnancies are unplanned each year?

about 50%

Poor air quality is associated with an increased incidence of which of the following?

a. Respiratory diseases b. Cardiovascular diseases c. Both a and b (choice C is the actual answer)

Which continent will experience the most expedited aging from now until 2050? a.Australia b.Asia c.North America d.Africa

b.Asia

Which of the following is NOT true about firearm use and safety in the United States? Firearm-related deaths can be linked to accidental discharges Firearms are the most hazardous products in the American marketplace About 50% of firearm fatalities resulted from shots fired by children under the age of 6 Per capita firearm ownership more than doubled between 1968 and 2012

About 50% of firearm fatalities resulted from shots fired by children under the age of 6

Select the correct description of risk-reducing behaviors.

Behaviors that decrease the risk of disease and death

The top 10 risk factors for death worldwide include (select all that apply):

High systolic blood pressure Alcohol use Air pollution

Select the correct statement. Education level does not play a role on how healthy an individual is Highly networked individuals drive infectious disease outbreaks Strong social relationships do not correlate with increased life expectancy Social networks are static in time

Highly networked individuals drive infectious disease outbreaks

Select the correct statement. ------------------- ~ Social networks are static in time ~ Strong social relationships do not correlate with increased life expectancy ~ Highly networked individuals drive infectious disease outbreaks ~ Education level does not play a role on how healthy an individual is

Highly networked individuals drive infectious disease outbreaks

What national policy was implemented that reduced smoking and tobacco consumption by 20% in low-, middle-, and high-income countries?

National taxation policies that elevated the price of tobacco products by 50%.

Which of the following is the focus of primary prevention?

Preventing injury

Which of the following are some of the potential positive impacts of social media on the mental health of youth? ------------------- ~ Elevated rates of self-reported depression ~ Source of social support ~ Fear of missing out (FoMO) ~ Cyberbullying

Source of social support

Which of the following were true about the 2013 to 2016 Ebola outbreak? (Choose all that apply.) ------------------- ~ It was the largest Ebola outbreak on record ~ It was the most geographically concentrated outbreak in the previous 40 years ~ Social networks were important in speeding up disease transmission ~ In-home care for affected loved ones helped to slow transmission of disease

~ It was the largest Ebola outbreak on record ~ In-home care for affected loved ones helped to slow transmission of disease

What do political decisions dictate?

(answer: d. all of the above) a. who delivers service b. policy priority areas c. how budgets are allocated

Which of the following are consequences of climate change on cities? (Choose all that apply.)

- Stronger and more frequent tropical cyclones and storms - Extreme heat and cold - Increased precipitation

Which of the following products contained lead in the United States in the 2000s? (Choose all that apply.)

- aging wall paint - water pipes

The simplest form of social network involves how many people? 4 people 2 people 5 people 3 people

2 people

From a life course perspective, what is the percentage of adolescents who do not meet physical activity guidelines?

>80%

Which statement best describes the health belief model?

Focuses on individual beliefs about health conditions, which then influence specific health behaviors

Which of the following is true about global patterns of risk factors for death in relation to age?

The burden of mortality increase with age

Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor?

all of the above

Select the correct statement about risk factors associated with death across the globe

The predominant associated with death vary by socioeconomic and income status of the country

What does a social dyad refer to? Select all that apply. ------------------- ~ A mother, father, and their two children ~ A graduating class ~ Two partners or spouses ~ The simplest form of a social network

~ Two partners or spouses ~ The simplest form of a social network

Which sentence is true? ------- a. Older adults are treated for more severe and clinically advanced conditions with a low risk for complications b. Advancing age is a well-documented protective factor for multimorbidity c. Management of multiple concurrent diseases is complex and less costly. d.The outcome of living longer is that there is more chronological lifetime during which non-communicable diseases (NCDs) develop

The outcome of living longer is that there is more chronological lifetime during which noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) develop

The earliest phases of the life course begin with which of the following? ------------------- ~ The perinatal period ~ The prenatal period ~ The postnatal period ~ Infancy

The perinatal period

Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for individual health?

Stress

Which of the following are true statements? (Choose all that apply.)

a. A 2016 study found that about 56% of calories consumed by Americans were products of subsidized commodities d. Between 2000 and 2012, over 60% of the food purchased by Americans was highly processed

What was the impact of the 2005 Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act?

It exempted gun manufactures from the majority of lawsuits

Select the correct statement about world population growth from 1800 to 2020.

It has been increasing steadily since the mid-1900s

Select the incorrect statement about how cities affect our health.

It has been proven that cities are good for our health

Which of the following is true about urban design?

It integrates health, safety, and social participation

Select the most appropriate example of how public health efforts improve population health in cities.

Public transportation increases access to healthcare

Dyads are necessary for the start of the life course perspective. In which phase of the life course perspective does a dyad have the most undeniable impact on an individual's life? Choose the best answer. Adulthood phase Infancy phase Perinatal phase Adolescent phase

Perinatal phase

There has been a sudden, and joltingly abrupt, decline in the population growth rate over the past half-century. What is the primary driver of this downshift in population growth?

Precipitous decline in birth rates

A population followed in a study was found to have high rates of cigarette smoking, leading to an increase of cancer in many of the subjects. The study most likely revealed that smoking contributes to what type of behavior:

Risk-elevating behavior

Which of the following is true of social safety nets?

Social safety nets help support living expenses

Which of the following is the correct measure of healthy life expectancy (HALE)?

The average number of years a person can expect to live in full health, offset by the years lived in less than full health due to disease or injury

Which sentence is true?

The outcome of living longer is that there is more chronological lifetime during which noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) develop

According to the multigenerational, community-based Framingham Heart Study, up to what degree were obesity clusters observed? ------------------- ~ Two degrees of separation ~ Four degrees of separation ~ One degree of separation ~ Three degrees of separation

Three degrees of separation

Select the correct statement about highly networked individuals and infectious disease outbreaks. Vaccinating of highly socially networked individuals could help a network achieve herd immunity Highly socially networked individuals cannot effectively serve as sentinels for the larger wave of epidemic illness to follow Highly socially networked individuals are less vulnerable during a communicable disease outbreak Highly socially networked individuals are likely to be among the last to get ill during an infectious disease outbreak

Vaccinating of highly socially networked individuals could help a network achieve herd immunity

What characterizes frailty?

Vulnerability and fragility as a result of a progressive loss of reserve

Which of the following is true about healthcare costs?

A sharp increase in healthcare utilization frequently comes in the final 1 or two years preceding death

Social networks affect individual health through: Using social influence buy conveying norms and forms of social control Serving as a practical social support Creating opportunities for person-to-person contact All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is an effect of social networks on health? Social networks exert social influence, conveying norms and forms of social control Social networks serve as a source of perceived and practical social support Social networks provide a platform for social engagement All of the above

All of the above

Deinstitutionalization of the mental health system led to which of the following? The U.S. government saving money otherwise spent on mental health treatments More people receiving treatment for mental health in the United States An increase in prison populations Reduced rates of mental health illness in the United States

An increase in prison populations

Which of the following statements is true about global healthcare needs in an aging world?

As populations age, populations will experience increased health complications of chronic conditions

Which of the following best describe assessments of physical activity and diet?

Assessments of diet must be tailored to specific geographic regions

Risk factors vary by age; there are different risk factors for different age groups

Both statements are true and both are related.

Consider these two statements: · Social networks can influence infectious diseases and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). · Obesity is seen in clusters. ------------------- ~ Both the statements are true and show the influence that social networks have on health overall ~ The first statement is true and the second is false ~ The second is true and the first is false ~ Both the statements are true but are not related

Both the statements are true and show the influence that social networks have on health overall

Which of the following statements is FALSE about older adults?

By 2050, Latin America will become the youngest region globally

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the second city in the United States to introduce a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Excise taxes were levied on manufacturers, who in turn passed it on to the consumer who raised the shelf prices of SSB-containing beverages. Follow-up studies comparing sales of SSB products before and after tax implementation demonstrated a decrease in overall SSB sales. This is an example of a public health intervention at which two levels: Ecosocial model-neighborhood and life course model Biological model-individual and neighborhood levels Ecosocial model-macro and individual Life course model-critical period model

Ecosocial model-macro and individual

Which of the following fear-related behaviors during the Ebola virus disease (EVD) amplified disease spread? ------------------- ~ Fleeing from communities with high rates of EVD illness ~ Reporting those who were believed to have the disease ~ Caring for family members in household environments using personal protective equipment (PPE), decreasing the amount of PPE available to health professionals ~ Hospital surge due to an outpouring of people seeking treatment and medical consultations

Fleeing from communities with high rates of EVD illness

According to the Eco-social perspective, what does the health of populations depend on?

Individual factors, local, national, and global social and economic structures

Which of the following best describes how political decisions can shape the causes of health at the global level?

International entities can set and promote standards for health

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of personal car dependency as the main method of transportation in the United States? It is associated with colon cancer It is associated with poorer mental health It is linked to weakening of the body's immune system Driving personal vehicles leads to more road injuries than bicycling

It is associated with colon cancer

Select one of the strategies the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified to optimize health for older adults.

Learn and make decisions

Which of the following is not a Supreme Court case that had relevance for the health of the public?

Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation, Inc. versus U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (LEAF vs. EPA)

Which of the following is true about how neighborhoods influence health?

Living in disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease and death

Which of the following best describes how social networks influence health in noncommunicable diseases? ------------------- ~ Person-to-person transmission of disease through sexual activity ~ Person-to-person transmission of a biobehavioral trait ~ Person-to-person influence over the perception of vaccinations ~ None of the above

Person-to-person transmission of a biobehavioral trait

Which of the following statements about aging populations is false?

Population aging implies that individuals are getting unhealthier

Pick the most correct answer choice

Protective behaviors are those that decrease the risk of disease and death

A child born in Japan and Australia can expect to live for more than 80 years, while a child born in Fiji can expect to live 71 years. This difference is attributed to_________

Social and economic structures and political factors, from global to local

Which of the following is NOT true of social networks? Social networks exert social influence, conveying norms and social control Social networks provide a platform for social engagement Social networks provide access to resources and other means of support Social networks create a source of personal control

Social networks create a source of personal control

Which of the following is NOT true of social networks? ------------------- ~ Social networks provide a platform for social engagement ~ Social networks provide access to resources and other means of support ~ Social networks exert social influence, conveying norms and social control Social networks create a source of personal control

Social networks create a source of personal control

Which of the following were true about the 2013 to 2016 Ebola outbreak? (Choose all that apply.) Social networks were important in speeding up disease transmission It was the largest Ebola outbreak on record In-home care for affected loved ones helped to slow transmission of the disease It was the most geographically concentrated outbreak in the previous 40 years

Social networks were important in speeding up disease transmission It was the largest Ebola outbreak on record

What does genetic risk refer to?

The impact that genes have on developing certain conditions and diseases

Which of the following best describes the concept of multimorbidity?

The situation in which individuals or subpopulations within a community are diagnosed with two or more concurrent NCDs

Multimorbidity describes:

The situation in which individuals or subpopulations within the community are diagnosed with two or more concurrent noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)

According to the multigenerational, community-based Framingham Heart Study, up to what degree were obesity clusters observed? Four degrees of separation Two degrees of separation Three degrees of separation One degree of separation

Three degrees of separation

Dyads are necessary for the start of the life course perspective. In which phase of the life course perspective does a dyad have the most undeniable impact on an individual's life? Choose the best answer. ------------------- ~ perinatal phase ~ Adolescent phase ~ Infancy phase ~ Adulthood phase

perinatal phase