module 23 psychology questions

3 steps in memory information processing

1) encoding-- info processed as visual,acoustic,and semantic form 2) storage-- where info is stored (how much and how long the info can be stored) 3)retrieval

Atkinson and Shiffrin's 3 stage processing model record information

1) sensory memory 2) short term memory 3) long term memory

Loftus

American psychologist who has conducted extensive research on the memory distortions that can occur in eyewitness testimony

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

effortful processing

active encoding that requires attention and conscious effort examples: studying for tests, muscle memory, rehearsal, and semantic encoding

Herman Ebbinghaus' learning experiments using nonsense syllables show that:

additional rehearsal of verbal information increases retention This best illustrates the advantage of: deep processing

Freud

believed that dreams reflected past inner turmoil

spacing effect

distributing study yields better long term memory vs cramming

automatic processing

effortless, unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:

helps us understand how memory works

recall

in memory refers to the mental process of retrieval of info from the past -least sensitive in triggering retrieval

recognition

in psychology a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered example multiple choice test

relearning

known as savings method, is a way of measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that has been previously learned and then forgotten

categorizing information

objects are grouped into categories

hierarchical organization

organizing items into categories and subcategories to remember certain concepts.

semantic

processing info into memory through the meaning or personal meaning

Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information with the respece to all of the following EXCEPT:

size

chunking

taking similiar things and clumping them together in order to remember

working memory

The active processing of information in short-term memory and info retrieved from your long term memory

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage example Tarik has a chemistry test in 2 days He uses his study cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them

encoding

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

long term memory

the relatively PERMANENT and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.