module 23 psychology questions
3 steps in memory information processing
1) encoding-- info processed as visual,acoustic,and semantic form 2) storage-- where info is stored (how much and how long the info can be stored) 3)retrieval
Atkinson and Shiffrin's 3 stage processing model record information
1) sensory memory 2) short term memory 3) long term memory
Loftus
American psychologist who has conducted extensive research on the memory distortions that can occur in eyewitness testimony
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
effortful processing
active encoding that requires attention and conscious effort examples: studying for tests, muscle memory, rehearsal, and semantic encoding
Herman Ebbinghaus' learning experiments using nonsense syllables show that:
additional rehearsal of verbal information increases retention This best illustrates the advantage of: deep processing
Freud
believed that dreams reflected past inner turmoil
spacing effect
distributing study yields better long term memory vs cramming
automatic processing
effortless, unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:
helps us understand how memory works
recall
in memory refers to the mental process of retrieval of info from the past -least sensitive in triggering retrieval
recognition
in psychology a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered example multiple choice test
relearning
known as savings method, is a way of measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that has been previously learned and then forgotten
categorizing information
objects are grouped into categories
hierarchical organization
organizing items into categories and subcategories to remember certain concepts.
semantic
processing info into memory through the meaning or personal meaning
Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information with the respece to all of the following EXCEPT:
size
chunking
taking similiar things and clumping them together in order to remember
working memory
The active processing of information in short-term memory and info retrieved from your long term memory
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage example Tarik has a chemistry test in 2 days He uses his study cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
long term memory
the relatively PERMANENT and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.