Module 24: Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory Practice Quiz

_______________ occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later. -Proactive interference -Reconsolidation -Retroactive interference -Source amnesia

Proactive interference

_______________ occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier. -Retroactive interference -Proactive interference -Retrograde amnesia -Memory reconsolidation

Retroactive interference

Ricardo is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Ricardo to do at this point is to: -study for his French test. -watch an exciting documentary on a different topic. -stay awake for as long as possible. -go directly to sleep.

go directly to sleep.

The sense of familiarity without awareness of why it is familiar is known as: -déjà vu. -proactive interference. -the misinformation effect. -retroactive interference.

déjà vu.

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely due to: -misattribution. -suggestibility. -encoding failure. -bias.

encoding failure

One caution regarding false memories of childhood traumas is that: -children will make up stories for special privileges. -genuine cases of childhood sexual abuse will not be believed. -children will forget their false memories. -children will be viewed as gullible.

genuine cases of childhood sexual abuse will not be believed.

Luke has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and while he is quite forgetful, he is still able to recall events from his teenage and young adult years. His ________________ memory is still intact. -sensory -long-term -working -short-term

long-term

Because of _____________, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions. -memory construction -encoding failure -proactive interference -retrieval failure

memory construction

Paul decides to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. What Paul doesn't realize is that, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of: -encoding failure. -proactive interference. -memory construction. -source amnesia.

memory construction.

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve: -motivated forgetting. -memory construction. -automatic processing. -repression.

memory construction.

Although Ryan typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking only a little more than one pack per day. His poor memory best illustrates: -the misinformation effect. -motivated forgetting. -source amnesia. -retroactive interference.

motivated forgetting.

During a Spanish language exam, Kimberely easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning, but she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates: -source amnesia. -anterograde amnesia. -proactive interference. -retroactive interference.

proactive interference.

When prior learning disrupts recall of new information, it is called: -retroactive interference. -proactive interference. -retrieval failure. -encoding failure.

proactive interference.

Researchers have found that memories derived from real experience and imagined memories are similar in that: -imagined memories are more persistent. -real and imagined memories can be emotionally upsetting. -real memories are more persistent. -real memories are more restricted to the gist of the event.

real and imagined memories can be emotionally upsetting.

Visual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to actual memories. -hypnosis -real perceptions -source misattribution -real memories

real perceptions

Research on memory construction reveals that memories: -are stored as exact copies of experiences. -even if long-term, usually decay within about five years. -reflect a person's guesses and assumptions. -are rarely reconsolidated.

reflect a person's guesses and assumptions.

Mrs. McConnell underestimates how frequently she criticizes her children, perhaps because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates: -source amnesia. -proactive interference. -encoding failure. -repression.

repression.

Markus recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to: -retrieval failure. -encoding failure. -sensory memory failure. -repression.

retrieval failure

Sometimes stored information cannot be accessed. This is a result of which of the following? -storage failure -encoding failure -retrieval failurere -cognition failure

retrieval failure

Research has shown that more forgetting occurs when a person stays awake after learning and is then exposed to other new material. This demonstrates which of the following? -retroactive interference -source amnesia -the misinformation effect -proactive interference

retroactive interference

Makaila is not able to remember anything from her past. She is experiencing: -anterograde amnesia. -proactive interference. -retrograde amnesia. -retroactive interference.

retrograde amnesia

With this condition people cannot recall events from their past. -retrieval failure -anterograde amnesia -priming failure -retrograde amnesia

retrograde amnesia

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abductions, Stan began to explain to his friends about space travel. However, he could not remember where he learned the information when asked. This illustrates: -déjà vu. -repression. -source amnesia. -activated retrieval cues.

source amnesia

Larry often has vivid dreams and can usually recall them in great detail in the morning. It sometimes takes him a bit of time to figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as: -anterograde amnesia. -source amnesia. -retrograde amnesia. -déjà vu.

source amnesia.

Contrary to the claims by those who say they can remember being abused as toddlers and infants, memories of things happening before age ____ are unreliable. -7 -4 -5 -10

4

Memories of events occurring before age ____ are often unreliable. -5 -10 -4 -7

4

Ceci and Bruck's study of children's memories found that when shown anatomically correct dolls, ________ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where they were touched during their examinations. -65 -60 -45 -55

55

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem? -The book is for reference use only. -The book was never purchased and placed in the library. -The book's location is repressed. -The book's location can only be revealed through hypnosis.

The book was never purchased and placed in the library.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? -Working memory is equivalent to long-term memory. -External events are remembered best when processed through short-term memory, then sensory memory. -We are able to remember information that has not been encoded properly. -We cannot remember what we have not encoded

We cannot remember what we have not encoded.

A police officer comes to talk to you about an automobile accident you may have witnessed the previous day. Since you were in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how might the officer's wording affect your recollection of the incident? You would be more likely to remember: -no details of the accident because the officer was intimidating to you. -a more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other). -The officer's wording would not affect your memory of the incident. -a less serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other).

a more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other).

Which of the following BEST describes the typical forgetting curve? -a slow decline in retention over time -a rapid decline in retention over time -a slow initial decline in retention, becoming rapid thereafter -a rapid initial decline in retention, becoming stable thereafter

a rapid initial decline in retention, becoming stable thereafter

With this condition people can recall the past but cannot form new memories. -proactive interference -retrograde amnesia -retroactive interference -anterograde amnesia

anterograde amnesia

Brad suffered a brain injury in a motorcycle accident that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Brad's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates: -anterograde amnesia. -source amnesia. -repression. -retroactive interference.

anterograde amnesia.

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n): -decline in visual encoding. -gradual fading of the physical memory trace. -decrease in source amnesia. -increase in automatic processing.

gradual fading of the physical memory trace.

When people repeatedly imagine nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. For example, in an experiment, students are asked to repeatedly visualize breaking a toothpick. Following this, they are more likely to think they have actually broken a toothpick. This is known as: -retroactive interference. -imagination inflation. -repression. -source amnesia.

imagination inflation.

Six months after one of your patients committed suicide, your attorney is asking if the patient called you before he committed the act. You respond no. Three months later, during a hearing on the death, opposing counsel asks you a similar question and you respond yes, because you have confused the dead patient with one of your current patients. This is an example of: -imagination inflation. -proactive interference. -repression. -source amnesia.

source amnesia.

Wallace, who has been working 70-hour workweeks, is getting his days and nights mixed up as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday he thought a project had been completed, but what he thought of as reality was only a dream. This problem is known as: -retroactive interference. -infantile amnesia. -an encoding error. -source amnesia.

source amnesia.

When you recall an imagined event as something that really happened to you, you are illustrating: -déjà vu. -source amnesia. -proactive interference. -retrieval failure.

source amnesia.

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Lara was asked by bystanders if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Lara, in recalling the incident to her friends, mistakenly said that the driver was male rather than female. Lara's experience best illustrates: -source amnesia. -proactive interference. -the misinformation effect. -a repressed memory.

the misinformation effect.

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details. This is known as: -the misinformation effect. -source amnesia. -retroactive interference. -déjà vu.

the misinformation effect.

Memory experts who are skeptical about reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that: -most traumatic life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory. -there is very little people can do to relieve the distress resulting from traumatic memories. -therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis encourage the construction of false memories. -people rarely recall memories of long-ago unpleasant events.

therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis encourage the construction of false memories.