Module 3 Exam
Integrity v Despair (Stg 8)
When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure. Erikson Stage 8
chronic infections
develop slowly, last for weeks, months, even years
monosaccharides
simple sugars
Preschool stage
stage of early childhood, 3-6 years old
zygote, embryo, fetus
stages of prenatal development
systemic infection
start as local infections & then transmit into the bloodstream to infect the entire body system
Middle childhood (school age)
starts elementary school (6 yo) & lasts until onset of puberty (12 yo)
Inflammatory Response
1) Recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern receptors 2) Activation of the inflammatory pathway 3) Release of inflammatory markers 4) Recruitment of inflammatory cells
Depression (Adolescence)
A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness
vernix caseosa
A white, cheesy substance that covers the body of the fetus.
3.4-5.4 g/dL
Albumin levels; low level=malnutrition
Heart Disease (Adulthood)
An abnormal organic condition of the heart or of circulation.
Medications to enhance pulmonary function
Bronchodilators, respiratory anti-inflammatory agents, decongestants, antihistamines, and cough preparations
Industry v Inferiority (Stg 4)
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior. Erikson Stage 4
Jean Piaget
Claimed children go thru 4 distinct stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational thought.
0.7-1.3 mg/dL (men) & o.6-1.1 mg/dL (women)
Creatinine levels; high level=kidney impairment
type 2 diabetes (Adulthood)
Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.
pulmonary embolism (PE)
complication of DVT. occurs when a part of the clot causing the DVT breaks off & travels to a blood vessel of the lungs. manifestations include chest pain, difficulty breathing, tachycardia, & hypoxia
evisceration
complication of dehiscence in which internal organs underlying the incision begin to slip out of abdominal cavity
local infection
confined to one area of the body
complete proteins
contain all the essential amino acids necessary for protein synthesis (animal sources)
cytotoxic (killer) T cells
directly attack & kill body cells infected with pathogens
spina bifida (Prenatal)
disorder in which the neural tube does not close properly during 1st month of pregnancy
incomplete protein
do not provide all the essential amino acids (nuts, grains)
individualized rates
each person has their own growth timetable and rate of development
phagocytes
eat & destroy micro-organisms, which helps protect the body from harm
acute infections
have a rapid onset but last only a short time (e.g., the common cold).
drug-resistant & multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)
have mutated to develop resistance to one or more classes of antimicrobial drugs.
Health disparities
health outcomes that may be greater or lesser among different populations & and vulnerable client groups
micronutrients
help manufacture, repair, and maintain cells
etic knowledge
helps nurses understand the outside observations of individuals regarding a particular culture
Cocaine, including crack and methamphetamines
highly addictive and potentially harmful to fetus. Infant more likely to suffer from growth retardation, sleep disturbances, hyperactive reflexes, irritability, feeding difficulties, attention and behavioral disorders, and learning disabilities. More likely to die of Sudden Infant DeathSyndrome (SIDS)
modes of transmission
how bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. (contact, droplet, & airborne)
Assimilation
integration of new experiences with one's own system of knowledge
contact precautions
intended to help prevent transmission of infectious agents by direct or indirect contact (MRSA)
Child Maltreatment (Infancy-Toddler)
intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age
bioterrorism
intentional release, or threatened release, of disease-producing organisms or substances for the purpose of causing death, illness, harm, economic damage, or fear. (anthrax, botulism, pneumonic plague, smallpox, etc.)
Nicotine
interferes with the transport of oxygen to the fetus, contributing to premature birth, low birth weight, and learning disabilities
defacation
internal and external anal sphincters relax; the rectum contracts; and peristalsis increases in the sigmoid colon, propelling feces through anus
enuresis
involuntary urination
vector-borne transmission
involve the transfer of pathogens through methods other than from an infectious individual
perioperative nursing
involves 3-- preoperative, intraoperative, & postoperative
general to specific
large muscle movements to more refined muscle movements
catabolic
larger molecules to smaller molecules
1,000-4,800
lymphocyte levels; low level= susceptibility to infection
Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)
the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions; an infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage. (birth to 2 years)
standard precautions
the infection prevention practices applied to all clients, whether or not they are known to have an infectious agent
Endogenous healthcare related infection
the pathogen arises from the patient's normal flora when some kind of treatment causes the normally harmless microbe to multiply and cause infection (yeast infection/candida albicans)
metabolism
the process by which the body converts food into energy
specific immunity
the process through which the immune cells learn to recognize and destroy pathogens they have encountered before.
portal of exit
the route by which an infectious pathogen can leave the reservoir. can be any body orifice(ex; ear, nose, mouth, etc.)
droplet precautions
nurse should don surgical mask to prevent droplets from entering their own respiratory tract via the mucous membrane, which can occur w/in 6-10 feet of client (influenza)
proteins
nutrients that build tissue, promote metabolism, immune system function, lymphocytes and antibodies, fluid balance, acid-base balance, & are a secondary energy source.
Lipids
nutrients that supply essential nutrients, energy source, flavor and satiety, body insulation, protect vital organs, thermoregulation, accurate nerve impulse transmission.
carbohydrates
nutrients that supply storage for muscle and organ function, spare protein, increase feeling of fullness, improve absorption o sodium & excretion of calcium, and enhance insulin secretion
protect body against infections
nutrition, hygiene, rest, exercise, stress reduction, and immunization
artificial active immunity
occurs when body is exposed to weakened or dead pathogens in a vaccine
droplet transmission
occurs when infectious droplets from a client travel through the air & come in contact with mucosa of a host. (ex: norovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, flu, pertussis)
airborne transmission
occurs when small particulates found in the air move into the airspace of another person and carry infectious agent. (ex: tuberculosis, measles, & chickenpox)
suppressor T cells
thought to stop the immune response when the infection has been contained
Milia
tiny white spots present on the newborn's face.
Respiratory Distress
one of most serious problems facing newborns. Occurs most commonly if premature—S/S: pale mottled skin, labored respirations, hypothermia and flaccid muscle tone
intact skin
one of the most important components in fighting infection
secondary infection
one that follows a primary infection, especially in immunocompromised patients
Lipids
organic (carbon-containing) substances that are insoluble in water.
essential proteins
our body does not make these. Most supplied from food or supplements
epidemic
outbreak of a disease that suddenly affects a large group of people in a geographic region or in a defined population group
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
insulin
pancreatic hormone that promotes the movement of glucose into the cells for use.
Infancy
period of human development from 2 days of age to toddlerhood
Preoperational Stage (Piaget)
the child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action. (2-7 years old)
Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)
the child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets. (7-11 years old)
health equality
the distribution of the same resources, including opportunities, to all individuals within a population
reservoir
the habitat of the infectious agent--where it lives, grows, reproduces, and replicates itself
Substance Abuse (Adolescence)
Any unnecessary or improper use of chemical substances for nonmedical purposes
Hypoxia
Inadequate oxygenation of organs and tissue
Congenital Anomalies
birth defects
Urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
4 types of immunity
natural active, artificial active, natural passive, artificial passive
brain
relies almost exclusively on glucose for energy
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
remove cholesterol from bloodstream, returned to liver, and used to produce bile (protective against cardiovascular disease)
susceptible host
required for the infectious agent to take hold and become a reservoir for infection
aerobic
requires oxygen (ex: many bacteria, most protozoa & fungi)
micturition
urination
oliguria
urine output less than 400 ml/day
Kussmaul respirations
very deep and rapid respirations
acute illness of infection
3rd stage. manifestations of a specific infectious disease process becomes obvious. infection is considered severe
jaundice
48—72 hours after birth, RBC count begins to decrease. The by product of RBC destruction is bilirubin (yellowish pigment) Sunlight breaks down bilirubin.
Period of decline of infection
4th stage. manifestations begin to subside as the number of infectious agents in the body decreases. client begins to feel better & regain strength & function
pathogen preferred pH
5-8
period of convalescence of infection
5th stage. client returns to the previous or a new, balanced state of health.
BP of infants
60-80 systolic, 40-50 diastolic
Osteoporosis (Late adulthood)
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
Cancer (Adulthood)
A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.
3-5 mL
How much soap do you need for hand-washing?
Proximodorsal principle
Human development progresses from the center of the body in an outward direction. The spine develops first, followed by extremities, then fingers and toes.
Trust v Mistrust (Stg 1)
If needs are dependently met, infants develop a sense of basic trust. Erikson Stage 1
Simple to Complex
Infants accomplish head control b4 they are able to crawl
alcholic
PT at risk for low vitamin B
smoker
PT at risk for vitamin C
Exogenous Healthcare-Related Infection
Pathogen acquired from healthcare environment
illness
Patient becomes ill when the 1st signs and symptoms of the disease occur. If immune defenses & treatment are ineffective, can lead to death.
Phagocytosis
Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens directly
Phagocytes
Specialized white blood cells
Identity v Confusion (Stg 5)
Teens work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Erikson Stage 5
Generativity v Stagnation (Stg 7)
The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Erikson Stage 7
Primary defenses
The soldiers in the 1st line of defense are the structural barriers of the body. Pathogens that dodge primary defense release waste and secretions to breakdown cells and tissue, this activates secondary defenses.
Autonomy v Shame/Doubt (Stg 2)
Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. Erikson Stage 2
215-380 g/dL
Transferrin levels; high levels= anemia
5-20 mg/dL
Urea levels; high levels= kidneys not filtering correctly
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Childhood)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
Complement cascade
a set of blood proteins, called complement, triggers release of chemicals that attack cell membranes of pathogens. Also signals basophils to release histamine.
Adaptation
ability to adjust to and interact with one's own environment
asepsis
absence of contamination by disease-causing microorganisms.
anuria
absence of urine
passive immunity
achieved when a person is given antibodies to a pathogen rather than producing them through her own immune system
eosinophils
active in allergic reactions and parasitic infections. can perform phagocytosis, fight inflammation & infection.
cellular immune response
acts directly to destroy pathogens without using antibodies but rather activating phagocytes and T and B cells.
natural active immunity
after PT becomes ill with infection, body produces its own antibodies to fight the disease-causing organism and protect from infection in the future
spores
alcohol-based solutions are not effective against what?
Alzheimer's disease (Late adulthood)
an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning
APGAR
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
pessary
appliance inserted into the vagina to support the uterus
Atelectasis
common postoperative complication that occurs due to decreased function of surfactant in the lungs, a condition caused by anesthesia
mosquitoes & rats
common source of vector-borne transmission
proteins
complex molecules made up of amino acids
Health Care-Associated Infections (HAIs)
infections that are acquired in a health care facility.
6 links in Chain of Infections
infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, & susceptible host
failure to thrive (Infancy-Toddler)
not thriving even if supplied with adequate nutrition
anabolic
smaller molecules to larger molecules
fontanels
"soft spots" found at the anterior and posterior of the newborn's skull
pulse of infants
110-160 bpm
primary infection
1st infection that occurs in a patient
neutrophils
1st responder to injury, eat bacteria (phagocytes).
Incubation stage of infection
1st stage. client may not feel ill or have visible manifestations, but changes in pathology occur that might be detectable thru laboratory or diagnostic tests
Memory T cells
1st time an antigen invades the body, T cells form that respond to that specific antigen
Prodromal stage of infection
2nd stage. client begins having initial manifestations as the infectious agent replicates. symptoms are nonspecific, such as fever aches, poor appetite, & malaise
Hypercarbia (hypercapnia)
Excess of dissolve CO2 in blood
convalescence
Healing begins as the remaining # of microorganisms approaches zero.
Leading Causes of Death for Older Americans
Heart Disease, cancer, stroke, alzheimers, diabetes, etc.
14-18 g/dL (men) & 12-16 g/dL (women)
Hemoglobin levels; abnormal levels= blood disorder
at least 3mL
How much hand sanitizer do you need?
Cephalocaudal Principle
Infants gain control over their neck and head b4 they can control extremities. (Head-to-Toe)
incubation
Infection begins in this stage between successful invasion of the pathogen into the body and the manifestations of symptoms. Person doesn't know they're infected, but can infect others.
Hypoxemia
Low arterial blood oxygen levels
Hypocarbia (hypocapnia)
Low level of dissolved CO2 in blood
16-30 g/dL
Prealbumin levels; high level=chronic kidney disease
Initiative v Guilt (Stg 3)
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. Erikson Stage 3
Biot's respirations
Rapid and deep respirations followed by 10 to 30 seconds of apnea
portal of entry
Required for a client to get an infection. Can be any body orifice.
Eating Disorders (Adolescence)
Severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight.
fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, K-> stored in body and not readily excreted, risk of toxicity
water soluble vitamins
Vitamins C & B complex-> cannot be stored, so you need them evryday
nitrogen balance
When amino acids are catabolized, the nitrogen-containing part is converted to ammonia and excreted in the urine as urea.
decline
When patient's immune defenses, along w/ medical therapies, successfully decline the number of pathogenic microbes, infection begins to decline. Manifestations begin to fade.
liver & skeletal muscle tissue (as glycogen)
Where do humans store glucose?
Intimacy v Isolation (Stg 6)
Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated. Erikson Stage 6
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
a blood clot originates in a deep vein, often in the extremities. prevention includes mobilization soon and frequently after surgery, as well as application os sequential compression devices (SCDs). Manifestations include pain, redness, and swelling of affected limb, be warm to touch.
Down Syndrome (Prenatal)
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Mongolian Spot
a darkly pigmented area, often over the sacrum
Autism Spectrum Disorder (Infancy-Toddler)
a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, by impaired communication, and by restricted interests
manual therapies
a hands-on focus of the structures and systems of the body
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
a measure of the energy used while at rest in a neutral temp. environment- the energy required for organs such as heart, liver, and brain to function
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea
minerals
assist in fluid retention, nerve impulse transmission, and energy production
health equity
attaining the highest level of health for all individuals
Accidents/Unintentional Injury (Childhood)
auto accidents major cause of death in infants, especially if not properly restrained (rear-facing car seat until age 2). drowning is the leading cause
pathogens
bacteria (e-coli), viruses (flu), fungi (aspergillosis), helminths (tape worms), protozoa (malaria), & prion (kuru)
intraoperative care phase
begins once the client is in the surgical suite & ends when the client is admitted to the recovery room
Inflammation
begins when histamine and other chemicals are released either from damaged cells or from basophils being activated by complement. Blood vessels dilate and become more permeable
preoperative care phase
begins when the client decides to have surgery & lasts until the client is transferred to the surgical suite
postoperative care
begins when the client is admitted to the recovery room & ends at the follow-up appointment
hematuria
blood in the urine
vitamins
build and maintain body tissue, support the immune system to fight disease, maintain healthy vision
chronic diseases
can alter nutrient intake, digestion, absorption, use, and excretion
nonessential proteins
can be synthesized in the body
Alcohol
can cause birth defects, growth retardation, developmental delay, and impaired intellectual development
hand hygiene
can help break chain of infection
emic knowledge
can help nurses understand the cultural needs and views of individuals
local infections
cause harm in a limited region of the body. (ex: upper respiratory tract, urethra, or single bone or joint)
latent infections
cause no symptoms for long periods of time, even decades
Multidrug-Resistant Infections
caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). If bacterium is resistant to 1 or more classes of existing antimicrobials, its a MDRO
Morphine, heroine, methadone, other narcotics
causes the newborn to suffer from withdrawal at birth. S/S tremors, restlessness, hyperactive reflexes, poor temperature control, vomiting and diarrhea, high-pitched cries, seizures, and death
Accommodation
changing one's system of knowledge
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (Prenatal)
characterized by irregular facial features and cognitive deficits
prodrome
characterized by the 1st appearance of vague symptoms at the onset of illness. Not all infections have a prodromal stage. (ex: cold virus=mild throat irritation)
Smoking (Adolescence)
chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease can be caused by this
Asthma (Childhood)
chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways and is one of the most common chronic disorders in childhood. One of leading causes of absenteeism from school, 3rd leading cause of hospitalization under 15 years of age.
airborne precautions
client assigned to airborne infection isolation room (AIIR), AKA negative pressure room. Clients must wear surgical mask if not in AIIR or being moved through hospital. (TB)
protective isolation
client who become immunocompromised after having an allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) need ?
bacteremia
clinical presence of bacteria in the blood
pandemic
exceptionally widespread epidemic-that is, one that affects a large number of people in an entire country or worldwide.
polyuria
excessive urination
nocturia
excessive urination at night
brain maturation
extends until about 25 yo
Spina bififda
failure to consume adequate amounts of folic acid during pregnancy can cause
omega-6 & omega-3
fatty acids that help protect against heart disease. found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, & fatty fish
lymphocytes
fight chronic bacterial infections. fight acute viruses. 2 types; T cells (killer & T4 helper cells) & B cells
lanugo
fine hair covering newborns
mind-body therapies
focus on interactions of the mind, the body, and the brain to positively affect physical functions and health promotion
Hispanic diet
focuses on black and red beans, avocado, colored vegetables like peppers and tomatoes, yams and plantains, grilled lean meats, brown rice, and corn oil or olive oil.
Indian diet
focuses on lacto-vegetarian guidelines and emphasizes grains, lentils, vegetables, fruits, healthy fats, dairy and spices.
meditteranean diet
focuses on whole foods, mostly plants. Fruits and vegetables, which are a main focus of meals. Plant-based fats, such as extra virgin olive oil, olives, avocados and nuts. Seafood
informed consent
formal permission granted w/ the knowledge of the possible consequences & alternatives
indirect contact transmission
from an infected person to another person via a contaminated object or person
Infection Control Bundles
guidelines for practice that are bundled together in an effort to prevent HAIs such as CAUTIs, CLABSIs, VAPs, & SSIs.
Decrease host susceptibility
immunizations, proper nutrition, dietary supplements, proper hygiene, & control of blood sugar
natural flora
in GI tract, helps limit the transmission & overgrowth of some bacteria
Folic acid deficiency
in the first weeks of pregnancy is a risk factor for neural tube defects such as spina bifida. Neural tube defects occur during the first week of fetal development.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
includes 8 stages of psychosocial development that occur in a series between birth and death. Each stage has a crisis that must be solved for growth and development
stages of infectious process
incubation, prodrome, illness, decline, & convalescence
Babinski reflex
infant reflex, sole of the foot is touched, toes fan outward and foot turns inward
Moro reflex
infant reflex, when sudden move or loud noise, startles, extends arms and legs, then pulls them inward toward body
rooting reflex
infant reflex, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, begin to suckle
tonic neck reflex
infant reflex, with newborn lying supine, turn head to side, they extend extend the arm and leg on that side
Reflexology
method of massaging or manipulating the feet and hands reflex systems
direct contact transmission
micro-organisms move directly from infected person to another person
pathogens
microorganisms capable of causing disease
feces
mixture of insoluble fiber and other indigestible material, bacteria, and water
vectors
mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, mites, etc.
complete blood count (CBC)
most common lab test done preoperatively
Upper GI tract
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
Vegetarians
must eat foods fortified with B12 or take B12 supplements; adequate sun exposure helps compensate for lack of intake of Vit. D
cholesterol (lipid)
needed for formation of cell membranes, vitamin D, estrogen, & testosterone. Synthesized in the liver, also found in animal foods
Apgar Score
newborn is assessed and assigned scores based on color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiration. Each trait is scored as 0, 1, or 2, then added to yield overall
fomite
non-living contaminated object
18.5-24.9
normal BMI for adults
eupnea
normal breathing
monocytes
phagocytes that clean up tissue damage from injury or infection. produce interferon, enhance the immune response. produced rapidly
Helper T cells
play supportive role in cell-mediated responses by secreting interlukin
complex carbs
polysaccharides
bioenergetic therapies
practices involving manipulation of human energy fields to affect well-being
bulking agents
preferred medication for constipation
carbohydrates
primary source of energy
Accupuncture
procedure in which long, thin sterile needles are used to penetrate the skin and stimulate anatomic points in the body
medical asepsis
procedures that decrease the potential for the spread of infections
Asian diet
promotes eating whole, plant-based foods, including produce, legumes, soy, and whole grains, with minimal meat and dairy.
artificial passive immunity
protection from infection is achieved when a person receives serum from another person or animal that has already produced antibodies against the pathogen
humoral immunity
protects the body by circulating antibodies to fight against pathogens
proteinuria
protein in the urine
pyuria
pus in the urine
basophils
release histamine, serotonin, & heparin. can perform phagocytosis. AKA mast cells
low protein
risk of pressure ulcers
stroke
saturated fats can lead to
GI tract
secretes acids and enzymes that can destroy or neutralize some foreign invaders
dehiscence
separation of the wound or incisional edges developing on the surface layer
chain of infection
sequence of factors needed for an infection to occur
infectious agent
something that contains a bacterium, fungus, virus, parasite, or prion
Gerontology
study of the aging process
biological therapies
substances found in nature, non-prescriptive, herbal or botanical medicines; often sold over the counter
Teratogens
substances that interfere with normal growth and development
simple carbs
sugar
macronutrients
supply the body with energy (kilocalories)
septicemia
symptomatic systemic infection spread via blood
manifestations of hypovolemia
tachycardia, hypotension, confusion, oliguria, decreased central venous pressure (CVP), decreased capillary refill
manifestations of hypervolemia
tachycardia, increased CVP, hypertension, crackles in the lungs, peripheral edema, decreased hemoglobin & hematocrit
Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)
the adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways. (11-adulthood)
active immunity
the body makes its own antibodies or T cells to protect the body against a pathogen
Adolescence
transitions from childhood to adulthood, 12-20 yo
vehicle transmission
transmission from contaminated items to multiple persons, such as produce becomes contaminated
Lipoproteins (lipid)
transport vehicles of lipids in the bloodstream
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
transport vehicles of lipids in the bloodstream ("bad cholesterol")
childhood obesity (Childhood)
usually related to nutrition and lifestyle (fast-food intake and gaming),increase in obesity related illnesses (i.e., Type 2 DM, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension)
Toddlerhood
when child begins to walk until they walk & run with ease (12-36 months)
natural passive immunity
when natural antibodies are passed from 1 body to another
systemic infections
when pathogens invade blood or lymph and spread throughout body.
surgical mask, N95
when transporting a PT w/ airborne disease, PT wears a _________ and the nurse must wear a _________
alternative system of care
whole medical systems that have developed over time and in different cultures
cilia
within respiratory tract that help prevent particles from entering the body. (short hair-like structures)
anaerobic
without oxygen