Module 3 Exam

Integrity v Despair (Stg 8)

When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure. Erikson Stage 8

chronic infections

develop slowly, last for weeks, months, even years

monosaccharides

simple sugars

Preschool stage

stage of early childhood, 3-6 years old

zygote, embryo, fetus

stages of prenatal development

systemic infection

start as local infections & then transmit into the bloodstream to infect the entire body system

Middle childhood (school age)

starts elementary school (6 yo) & lasts until onset of puberty (12 yo)

Inflammatory Response

1) Recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern receptors 2) Activation of the inflammatory pathway 3) Release of inflammatory markers 4) Recruitment of inflammatory cells

Depression (Adolescence)

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

vernix caseosa

A white, cheesy substance that covers the body of the fetus.

3.4-5.4 g/dL

Albumin levels; low level=malnutrition

Heart Disease (Adulthood)

An abnormal organic condition of the heart or of circulation.

Medications to enhance pulmonary function

Bronchodilators, respiratory anti-inflammatory agents, decongestants, antihistamines, and cough preparations

Industry v Inferiority (Stg 4)

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior. Erikson Stage 4

Jean Piaget

Claimed children go thru 4 distinct stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational thought.

0.7-1.3 mg/dL (men) & o.6-1.1 mg/dL (women)

Creatinine levels; high level=kidney impairment

type 2 diabetes (Adulthood)

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

pulmonary embolism (PE)

complication of DVT. occurs when a part of the clot causing the DVT breaks off & travels to a blood vessel of the lungs. manifestations include chest pain, difficulty breathing, tachycardia, & hypoxia

evisceration

complication of dehiscence in which internal organs underlying the incision begin to slip out of abdominal cavity

local infection

confined to one area of the body

complete proteins

contain all the essential amino acids necessary for protein synthesis (animal sources)

cytotoxic (killer) T cells

directly attack & kill body cells infected with pathogens

spina bifida (Prenatal)

disorder in which the neural tube does not close properly during 1st month of pregnancy

incomplete protein

do not provide all the essential amino acids (nuts, grains)

individualized rates

each person has their own growth timetable and rate of development

phagocytes

eat & destroy micro-organisms, which helps protect the body from harm

acute infections

have a rapid onset but last only a short time (e.g., the common cold).

drug-resistant & multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)

have mutated to develop resistance to one or more classes of antimicrobial drugs.

Health disparities

health outcomes that may be greater or lesser among different populations & and vulnerable client groups

micronutrients

help manufacture, repair, and maintain cells

etic knowledge

helps nurses understand the outside observations of individuals regarding a particular culture

Cocaine, including crack and methamphetamines

highly addictive and potentially harmful to fetus. Infant more likely to suffer from growth retardation, sleep disturbances, hyperactive reflexes, irritability, feeding difficulties, attention and behavioral disorders, and learning disabilities. More likely to die of Sudden Infant DeathSyndrome (SIDS)

modes of transmission

how bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. (contact, droplet, & airborne)

Assimilation

integration of new experiences with one's own system of knowledge

contact precautions

intended to help prevent transmission of infectious agents by direct or indirect contact (MRSA)

Child Maltreatment (Infancy-Toddler)

intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age

bioterrorism

intentional release, or threatened release, of disease-producing organisms or substances for the purpose of causing death, illness, harm, economic damage, or fear. (anthrax, botulism, pneumonic plague, smallpox, etc.)

Nicotine

interferes with the transport of oxygen to the fetus, contributing to premature birth, low birth weight, and learning disabilities

defacation

internal and external anal sphincters relax; the rectum contracts; and peristalsis increases in the sigmoid colon, propelling feces through anus

enuresis

involuntary urination

vector-borne transmission

involve the transfer of pathogens through methods other than from an infectious individual

perioperative nursing

involves 3-- preoperative, intraoperative, & postoperative

general to specific

large muscle movements to more refined muscle movements

catabolic

larger molecules to smaller molecules

1,000-4,800

lymphocyte levels; low level= susceptibility to infection

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions; an infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage. (birth to 2 years)

standard precautions

the infection prevention practices applied to all clients, whether or not they are known to have an infectious agent

Endogenous healthcare related infection

the pathogen arises from the patient's normal flora when some kind of treatment causes the normally harmless microbe to multiply and cause infection (yeast infection/candida albicans)

metabolism

the process by which the body converts food into energy

specific immunity

the process through which the immune cells learn to recognize and destroy pathogens they have encountered before.

portal of exit

the route by which an infectious pathogen can leave the reservoir. can be any body orifice(ex; ear, nose, mouth, etc.)

droplet precautions

nurse should don surgical mask to prevent droplets from entering their own respiratory tract via the mucous membrane, which can occur w/in 6-10 feet of client (influenza)

proteins

nutrients that build tissue, promote metabolism, immune system function, lymphocytes and antibodies, fluid balance, acid-base balance, & are a secondary energy source.

Lipids

nutrients that supply essential nutrients, energy source, flavor and satiety, body insulation, protect vital organs, thermoregulation, accurate nerve impulse transmission.

carbohydrates

nutrients that supply storage for muscle and organ function, spare protein, increase feeling of fullness, improve absorption o sodium & excretion of calcium, and enhance insulin secretion

protect body against infections

nutrition, hygiene, rest, exercise, stress reduction, and immunization

artificial active immunity

occurs when body is exposed to weakened or dead pathogens in a vaccine

droplet transmission

occurs when infectious droplets from a client travel through the air & come in contact with mucosa of a host. (ex: norovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, flu, pertussis)

airborne transmission

occurs when small particulates found in the air move into the airspace of another person and carry infectious agent. (ex: tuberculosis, measles, & chickenpox)

suppressor T cells

thought to stop the immune response when the infection has been contained

Milia

tiny white spots present on the newborn's face.

Respiratory Distress

one of most serious problems facing newborns. Occurs most commonly if premature—S/S: pale mottled skin, labored respirations, hypothermia and flaccid muscle tone

intact skin

one of the most important components in fighting infection

secondary infection

one that follows a primary infection, especially in immunocompromised patients

Lipids

organic (carbon-containing) substances that are insoluble in water.

essential proteins

our body does not make these. Most supplied from food or supplements

epidemic

outbreak of a disease that suddenly affects a large group of people in a geographic region or in a defined population group

dysuria

painful or difficult urination

insulin

pancreatic hormone that promotes the movement of glucose into the cells for use.

Infancy

period of human development from 2 days of age to toddlerhood

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

the child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action. (2-7 years old)

Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)

the child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets. (7-11 years old)

health equality

the distribution of the same resources, including opportunities, to all individuals within a population

reservoir

the habitat of the infectious agent--where it lives, grows, reproduces, and replicates itself

Substance Abuse (Adolescence)

Any unnecessary or improper use of chemical substances for nonmedical purposes

Hypoxia

Inadequate oxygenation of organs and tissue

Congenital Anomalies

birth defects

Urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

4 types of immunity

natural active, artificial active, natural passive, artificial passive

brain

relies almost exclusively on glucose for energy

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

remove cholesterol from bloodstream, returned to liver, and used to produce bile (protective against cardiovascular disease)

susceptible host

required for the infectious agent to take hold and become a reservoir for infection

aerobic

requires oxygen (ex: many bacteria, most protozoa & fungi)

micturition

urination

oliguria

urine output less than 400 ml/day

Kussmaul respirations

very deep and rapid respirations

acute illness of infection

3rd stage. manifestations of a specific infectious disease process becomes obvious. infection is considered severe

jaundice

48—72 hours after birth, RBC count begins to decrease. The by product of RBC destruction is bilirubin (yellowish pigment) Sunlight breaks down bilirubin.

Period of decline of infection

4th stage. manifestations begin to subside as the number of infectious agents in the body decreases. client begins to feel better & regain strength & function

pathogen preferred pH

5-8

period of convalescence of infection

5th stage. client returns to the previous or a new, balanced state of health.

BP of infants

60-80 systolic, 40-50 diastolic

Osteoporosis (Late adulthood)

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

Cancer (Adulthood)

A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.

3-5 mL

How much soap do you need for hand-washing?

Proximodorsal principle

Human development progresses from the center of the body in an outward direction. The spine develops first, followed by extremities, then fingers and toes.

Trust v Mistrust (Stg 1)

If needs are dependently met, infants develop a sense of basic trust. Erikson Stage 1

Simple to Complex

Infants accomplish head control b4 they are able to crawl

alcholic

PT at risk for low vitamin B

smoker

PT at risk for vitamin C

Exogenous Healthcare-Related Infection

Pathogen acquired from healthcare environment

illness

Patient becomes ill when the 1st signs and symptoms of the disease occur. If immune defenses & treatment are ineffective, can lead to death.

Phagocytosis

Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens directly

Phagocytes

Specialized white blood cells

Identity v Confusion (Stg 5)

Teens work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Erikson Stage 5

Generativity v Stagnation (Stg 7)

The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Erikson Stage 7

Primary defenses

The soldiers in the 1st line of defense are the structural barriers of the body. Pathogens that dodge primary defense release waste and secretions to breakdown cells and tissue, this activates secondary defenses.

Autonomy v Shame/Doubt (Stg 2)

Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. Erikson Stage 2

215-380 g/dL

Transferrin levels; high levels= anemia

5-20 mg/dL

Urea levels; high levels= kidneys not filtering correctly

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Childhood)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Complement cascade

a set of blood proteins, called complement, triggers release of chemicals that attack cell membranes of pathogens. Also signals basophils to release histamine.

Adaptation

ability to adjust to and interact with one's own environment

asepsis

absence of contamination by disease-causing microorganisms.

anuria

absence of urine

passive immunity

achieved when a person is given antibodies to a pathogen rather than producing them through her own immune system

eosinophils

active in allergic reactions and parasitic infections. can perform phagocytosis, fight inflammation & infection.

cellular immune response

acts directly to destroy pathogens without using antibodies but rather activating phagocytes and T and B cells.

natural active immunity

after PT becomes ill with infection, body produces its own antibodies to fight the disease-causing organism and protect from infection in the future

spores

alcohol-based solutions are not effective against what?

Alzheimer's disease (Late adulthood)

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

APGAR

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

pessary

appliance inserted into the vagina to support the uterus

Atelectasis

common postoperative complication that occurs due to decreased function of surfactant in the lungs, a condition caused by anesthesia

mosquitoes & rats

common source of vector-borne transmission

proteins

complex molecules made up of amino acids

Health Care-Associated Infections (HAIs)

infections that are acquired in a health care facility.

6 links in Chain of Infections

infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, & susceptible host

failure to thrive (Infancy-Toddler)

not thriving even if supplied with adequate nutrition

anabolic

smaller molecules to larger molecules

fontanels

"soft spots" found at the anterior and posterior of the newborn's skull

pulse of infants

110-160 bpm

primary infection

1st infection that occurs in a patient

neutrophils

1st responder to injury, eat bacteria (phagocytes).

Incubation stage of infection

1st stage. client may not feel ill or have visible manifestations, but changes in pathology occur that might be detectable thru laboratory or diagnostic tests

Memory T cells

1st time an antigen invades the body, T cells form that respond to that specific antigen

Prodromal stage of infection

2nd stage. client begins having initial manifestations as the infectious agent replicates. symptoms are nonspecific, such as fever aches, poor appetite, & malaise

Hypercarbia (hypercapnia)

Excess of dissolve CO2 in blood

convalescence

Healing begins as the remaining # of microorganisms approaches zero.

Leading Causes of Death for Older Americans

Heart Disease, cancer, stroke, alzheimers, diabetes, etc.

14-18 g/dL (men) & 12-16 g/dL (women)

Hemoglobin levels; abnormal levels= blood disorder

at least 3mL

How much hand sanitizer do you need?

Cephalocaudal Principle

Infants gain control over their neck and head b4 they can control extremities. (Head-to-Toe)

incubation

Infection begins in this stage between successful invasion of the pathogen into the body and the manifestations of symptoms. Person doesn't know they're infected, but can infect others.

Hypoxemia

Low arterial blood oxygen levels

Hypocarbia (hypocapnia)

Low level of dissolved CO2 in blood

16-30 g/dL

Prealbumin levels; high level=chronic kidney disease

Initiative v Guilt (Stg 3)

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. Erikson Stage 3

Biot's respirations

Rapid and deep respirations followed by 10 to 30 seconds of apnea

portal of entry

Required for a client to get an infection. Can be any body orifice.

Eating Disorders (Adolescence)

Severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight.

fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K-> stored in body and not readily excreted, risk of toxicity

water soluble vitamins

Vitamins C & B complex-> cannot be stored, so you need them evryday

nitrogen balance

When amino acids are catabolized, the nitrogen-containing part is converted to ammonia and excreted in the urine as urea.

decline

When patient's immune defenses, along w/ medical therapies, successfully decline the number of pathogenic microbes, infection begins to decline. Manifestations begin to fade.

liver & skeletal muscle tissue (as glycogen)

Where do humans store glucose?

Intimacy v Isolation (Stg 6)

Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated. Erikson Stage 6

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

a blood clot originates in a deep vein, often in the extremities. prevention includes mobilization soon and frequently after surgery, as well as application os sequential compression devices (SCDs). Manifestations include pain, redness, and swelling of affected limb, be warm to touch.

Down Syndrome (Prenatal)

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Mongolian Spot

a darkly pigmented area, often over the sacrum

Autism Spectrum Disorder (Infancy-Toddler)

a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, by impaired communication, and by restricted interests

manual therapies

a hands-on focus of the structures and systems of the body

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

a measure of the energy used while at rest in a neutral temp. environment- the energy required for organs such as heart, liver, and brain to function

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea

minerals

assist in fluid retention, nerve impulse transmission, and energy production

health equity

attaining the highest level of health for all individuals

Accidents/Unintentional Injury (Childhood)

auto accidents major cause of death in infants, especially if not properly restrained (rear-facing car seat until age 2). drowning is the leading cause

pathogens

bacteria (e-coli), viruses (flu), fungi (aspergillosis), helminths (tape worms), protozoa (malaria), & prion (kuru)

intraoperative care phase

begins once the client is in the surgical suite & ends when the client is admitted to the recovery room

Inflammation

begins when histamine and other chemicals are released either from damaged cells or from basophils being activated by complement. Blood vessels dilate and become more permeable

preoperative care phase

begins when the client decides to have surgery & lasts until the client is transferred to the surgical suite

postoperative care

begins when the client is admitted to the recovery room & ends at the follow-up appointment

hematuria

blood in the urine

vitamins

build and maintain body tissue, support the immune system to fight disease, maintain healthy vision

chronic diseases

can alter nutrient intake, digestion, absorption, use, and excretion

nonessential proteins

can be synthesized in the body

Alcohol

can cause birth defects, growth retardation, developmental delay, and impaired intellectual development

hand hygiene

can help break chain of infection

emic knowledge

can help nurses understand the cultural needs and views of individuals

local infections

cause harm in a limited region of the body. (ex: upper respiratory tract, urethra, or single bone or joint)

latent infections

cause no symptoms for long periods of time, even decades

Multidrug-Resistant Infections

caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). If bacterium is resistant to 1 or more classes of existing antimicrobials, its a MDRO

Morphine, heroine, methadone, other narcotics

causes the newborn to suffer from withdrawal at birth. S/S tremors, restlessness, hyperactive reflexes, poor temperature control, vomiting and diarrhea, high-pitched cries, seizures, and death

Accommodation

changing one's system of knowledge

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (Prenatal)

characterized by irregular facial features and cognitive deficits

prodrome

characterized by the 1st appearance of vague symptoms at the onset of illness. Not all infections have a prodromal stage. (ex: cold virus=mild throat irritation)

Smoking (Adolescence)

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease can be caused by this

Asthma (Childhood)

chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways and is one of the most common chronic disorders in childhood. One of leading causes of absenteeism from school, 3rd leading cause of hospitalization under 15 years of age.

airborne precautions

client assigned to airborne infection isolation room (AIIR), AKA negative pressure room. Clients must wear surgical mask if not in AIIR or being moved through hospital. (TB)

protective isolation

client who become immunocompromised after having an allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) need ?

bacteremia

clinical presence of bacteria in the blood

pandemic

exceptionally widespread epidemic-that is, one that affects a large number of people in an entire country or worldwide.

polyuria

excessive urination

nocturia

excessive urination at night

brain maturation

extends until about 25 yo

Spina bififda

failure to consume adequate amounts of folic acid during pregnancy can cause

omega-6 & omega-3

fatty acids that help protect against heart disease. found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, & fatty fish

lymphocytes

fight chronic bacterial infections. fight acute viruses. 2 types; T cells (killer & T4 helper cells) & B cells

lanugo

fine hair covering newborns

mind-body therapies

focus on interactions of the mind, the body, and the brain to positively affect physical functions and health promotion

Hispanic diet

focuses on black and red beans, avocado, colored vegetables like peppers and tomatoes, yams and plantains, grilled lean meats, brown rice, and corn oil or olive oil.

Indian diet

focuses on lacto-vegetarian guidelines and emphasizes grains, lentils, vegetables, fruits, healthy fats, dairy and spices.

meditteranean diet

focuses on whole foods, mostly plants. Fruits and vegetables, which are a main focus of meals. Plant-based fats, such as extra virgin olive oil, olives, avocados and nuts. Seafood

informed consent

formal permission granted w/ the knowledge of the possible consequences & alternatives

indirect contact transmission

from an infected person to another person via a contaminated object or person

Infection Control Bundles

guidelines for practice that are bundled together in an effort to prevent HAIs such as CAUTIs, CLABSIs, VAPs, & SSIs.

Decrease host susceptibility

immunizations, proper nutrition, dietary supplements, proper hygiene, & control of blood sugar

natural flora

in GI tract, helps limit the transmission & overgrowth of some bacteria

Folic acid deficiency

in the first weeks of pregnancy is a risk factor for neural tube defects such as spina bifida. Neural tube defects occur during the first week of fetal development.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development

includes 8 stages of psychosocial development that occur in a series between birth and death. Each stage has a crisis that must be solved for growth and development

stages of infectious process

incubation, prodrome, illness, decline, & convalescence

Babinski reflex

infant reflex, sole of the foot is touched, toes fan outward and foot turns inward

Moro reflex

infant reflex, when sudden move or loud noise, startles, extends arms and legs, then pulls them inward toward body

rooting reflex

infant reflex, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, begin to suckle

tonic neck reflex

infant reflex, with newborn lying supine, turn head to side, they extend extend the arm and leg on that side

Reflexology

method of massaging or manipulating the feet and hands reflex systems

direct contact transmission

micro-organisms move directly from infected person to another person

pathogens

microorganisms capable of causing disease

feces

mixture of insoluble fiber and other indigestible material, bacteria, and water

vectors

mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, mites, etc.

complete blood count (CBC)

most common lab test done preoperatively

Upper GI tract

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

Vegetarians

must eat foods fortified with B12 or take B12 supplements; adequate sun exposure helps compensate for lack of intake of Vit. D

cholesterol (lipid)

needed for formation of cell membranes, vitamin D, estrogen, & testosterone. Synthesized in the liver, also found in animal foods

Apgar Score

newborn is assessed and assigned scores based on color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiration. Each trait is scored as 0, 1, or 2, then added to yield overall

fomite

non-living contaminated object

18.5-24.9

normal BMI for adults

eupnea

normal breathing

monocytes

phagocytes that clean up tissue damage from injury or infection. produce interferon, enhance the immune response. produced rapidly

Helper T cells

play supportive role in cell-mediated responses by secreting interlukin

complex carbs

polysaccharides

bioenergetic therapies

practices involving manipulation of human energy fields to affect well-being

bulking agents

preferred medication for constipation

carbohydrates

primary source of energy

Accupuncture

procedure in which long, thin sterile needles are used to penetrate the skin and stimulate anatomic points in the body

medical asepsis

procedures that decrease the potential for the spread of infections

Asian diet

promotes eating whole, plant-based foods, including produce, legumes, soy, and whole grains, with minimal meat and dairy.

artificial passive immunity

protection from infection is achieved when a person receives serum from another person or animal that has already produced antibodies against the pathogen

humoral immunity

protects the body by circulating antibodies to fight against pathogens

proteinuria

protein in the urine

pyuria

pus in the urine

basophils

release histamine, serotonin, & heparin. can perform phagocytosis. AKA mast cells

low protein

risk of pressure ulcers

stroke

saturated fats can lead to

GI tract

secretes acids and enzymes that can destroy or neutralize some foreign invaders

dehiscence

separation of the wound or incisional edges developing on the surface layer

chain of infection

sequence of factors needed for an infection to occur

infectious agent

something that contains a bacterium, fungus, virus, parasite, or prion

Gerontology

study of the aging process

biological therapies

substances found in nature, non-prescriptive, herbal or botanical medicines; often sold over the counter

Teratogens

substances that interfere with normal growth and development

simple carbs

sugar

macronutrients

supply the body with energy (kilocalories)

septicemia

symptomatic systemic infection spread via blood

manifestations of hypovolemia

tachycardia, hypotension, confusion, oliguria, decreased central venous pressure (CVP), decreased capillary refill

manifestations of hypervolemia

tachycardia, increased CVP, hypertension, crackles in the lungs, peripheral edema, decreased hemoglobin & hematocrit

Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)

the adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways. (11-adulthood)

active immunity

the body makes its own antibodies or T cells to protect the body against a pathogen

Adolescence

transitions from childhood to adulthood, 12-20 yo

vehicle transmission

transmission from contaminated items to multiple persons, such as produce becomes contaminated

Lipoproteins (lipid)

transport vehicles of lipids in the bloodstream

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

transport vehicles of lipids in the bloodstream ("bad cholesterol")

childhood obesity (Childhood)

usually related to nutrition and lifestyle (fast-food intake and gaming),increase in obesity related illnesses (i.e., Type 2 DM, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension)

Toddlerhood

when child begins to walk until they walk & run with ease (12-36 months)

natural passive immunity

when natural antibodies are passed from 1 body to another

systemic infections

when pathogens invade blood or lymph and spread throughout body.

surgical mask, N95

when transporting a PT w/ airborne disease, PT wears a _________ and the nurse must wear a _________

alternative system of care

whole medical systems that have developed over time and in different cultures

cilia

within respiratory tract that help prevent particles from entering the body. (short hair-like structures)

anaerobic

without oxygen