Module 3 Exam- PSYC
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
Explicit Memories
memories we are aware of episodic and semantic
Implicit Memories
memories we are not aware of procedural, priming, and conditioning
Procedural Memory
memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills.
Autobiographical Memory
memory for specific experiences from our life which can include both episodic and semantic components
Digit Span
number of digits a person can remember
Priming
occurs when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus.
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?
sensory, short-term, long-term
A person with a reduced digit span would likely have a problem with ______ memory.
short-term
Chunking
small units can be combined into larger meaningful units
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding
specificity
Short-Term Memory
system involved in storing small amounts of information for a brief period of time
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
the central executive and long-term memory
Proactive Interference
the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with leaning new information
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being
the same as or resembling the priming stimulus
Iconic Memory
corresponds to the sensory memory stage and visual stimuli
The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is
semantic
Serial Position Curve
created by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after another
Lamar has gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second and third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the first group names and the accountants name. Lamar's experiences demonstrates
a build-up and release of proactive interference
Working Memory
a limited capacity for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning
Imagine you are at a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a _________ process in short-term memory.
control
Echoic Memory
auditory stimuli, lasts for a few seconds after presentation of the original stimulus
Regency Effect
better memory for the stimuli presented at the end of a sequence
Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
by the person whose memory will be tested
Episodic Buffer
can store information (thereby providing extra capacity) and is connected to LTM (thereby making interchange between working memory and LTM possible).
Persistence of Vision
continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present.
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus
Control Processes
dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
elaborative is more effective than maintenance
" I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ______ memory.
episodic
Personal Semantic Memories
facts associated with personal experiences
Primacy Effect
findings that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a sequence
Coding
form in which stimuli are represented
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of a second word pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
generation effect
Visuospatial Sketch Pad
holds visual and spatial information
Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?
i remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes
According to the text, imagery enhances memory because
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered
________ memories are those that we are not aware of.
implicit
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that _______ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
implicit and procedural
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling but is unaware of things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
katie should perform better because of the spacing effect
Semantic memory is to _______ as episodic memory is to ________.
knowing; remembering
Delayed Partial Report Method
letters were flashed on and off and then the cue tone was presented after a short delay.
The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?
location
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.
organizational context
Propoganda Effect
participants are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, simply because they have been exposed to them before
Recall
participants are presented with stimuli and then after a delay are asked to report back as many of the stimuli as possible
Partial Report Method
participants saw the 12-letter display for 50ms but immediately after is was flashed, they heard a tone that told them which row to report.
Whole Report Method
participants were asked to report as many letters as possible from the entire 12-letter display. average of 4 letters out of 12.
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only one place at any given time. The experience is an effect of memory that occurs because
persistence of vision
Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ______ effect.
propoganda
Central Executive
pulls information from LTM and coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad by focusing on specific parts of a task and deciding how to divide attention between different tasks.
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
reconsolidation
Elaborative Rehearsal
rehearsing information by considering meaning or making connections to other information better memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
rehearsing information without any consideration of meaning or making connections with other information poor memory
You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory suggests you should take your test with a _________ mindset.
relaxed
Rehearsal
repeating a stimulus over and over
Sensory Memory
retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ________ in long-term memory
retrieval cues
Modal Model of Memory
richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968). sensory, LTM, STM
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new information in her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
the self-reference effect
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory when tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.
transfer-appropriate
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of _______.
two
Phonological Loop
two components: 1. phonological loop- has limited capacity and hold information for only a few seconds 2. articulatory rehearsal process- responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying