Module 3 Exam- PSYC

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Explicit Memories

memories we are aware of episodic and semantic

Implicit Memories

memories we are not aware of procedural, priming, and conditioning

Procedural Memory

memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills.

Autobiographical Memory

memory for specific experiences from our life which can include both episodic and semantic components

Digit Span

number of digits a person can remember

Priming

occurs when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

sensory, short-term, long-term

A person with a reduced digit span would likely have a problem with ______ memory.

short-term

Chunking

small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

Short-Term Memory

system involved in storing small amounts of information for a brief period of time

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

the central executive and long-term memory

Proactive Interference

the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with leaning new information

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being

the same as or resembling the priming stimulus

Iconic Memory

corresponds to the sensory memory stage and visual stimuli

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

semantic

Serial Position Curve

created by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after another

Lamar has gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second and third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the first group names and the accountants name. Lamar's experiences demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference

Working Memory

a limited capacity for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

Imagine you are at a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a _________ process in short-term memory.

control

Echoic Memory

auditory stimuli, lasts for a few seconds after presentation of the original stimulus

Regency Effect

better memory for the stimuli presented at the end of a sequence

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested

Episodic Buffer

can store information (thereby providing extra capacity) and is connected to LTM (thereby making interchange between working memory and LTM possible).

Persistence of Vision

continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present.

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

Control Processes

dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

elaborative is more effective than maintenance

" I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ______ memory.

episodic

Personal Semantic Memories

facts associated with personal experiences

Primacy Effect

findings that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a sequence

Coding

form in which stimuli are represented

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of a second word pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

holds visual and spatial information

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

i remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

According to the text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

implicit

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that _______ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling but is unaware of things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Semantic memory is to _______ as episodic memory is to ________.

knowing; remembering

Delayed Partial Report Method

letters were flashed on and off and then the cue tone was presented after a short delay.

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

location

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

organizational context

Propoganda Effect

participants are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, simply because they have been exposed to them before

Recall

participants are presented with stimuli and then after a delay are asked to report back as many of the stimuli as possible

Partial Report Method

participants saw the 12-letter display for 50ms but immediately after is was flashed, they heard a tone that told them which row to report.

Whole Report Method

participants were asked to report as many letters as possible from the entire 12-letter display. average of 4 letters out of 12.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only one place at any given time. The experience is an effect of memory that occurs because

persistence of vision

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ______ effect.

propoganda

Central Executive

pulls information from LTM and coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad by focusing on specific parts of a task and deciding how to divide attention between different tasks.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

Elaborative Rehearsal

rehearsing information by considering meaning or making connections to other information better memory

Maintenance Rehearsal

rehearsing information without any consideration of meaning or making connections with other information poor memory

You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory suggests you should take your test with a _________ mindset.

relaxed

Rehearsal

repeating a stimulus over and over

Sensory Memory

retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ________ in long-term memory

retrieval cues

Modal Model of Memory

richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968). sensory, LTM, STM

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new information in her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory when tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

transfer-appropriate

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of _______.

two

Phonological Loop

two components: 1. phonological loop- has limited capacity and hold information for only a few seconds 2. articulatory rehearsal process- responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying