Module 3 Nutrition
Exessive alcohol intake can impair the absorption of water soluble vitamins ...
riboflavin, folate, thiamin, niacin, B-6 and B-12
All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except
sodium
Fatty acid oxidation
the breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP
What is the primary site for alcohol metabolism ?
the liver
Women should not consume alcohol when...
they are taking medications that may interact with alcohol they are currently pregnant
The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-coA occurs in a process called ____________ __________
transition reaction
lipoproteins
transport large lipid molecules from the small intestine through the lymph and blood to body cells
What are other names for the citric acid cycle?
tricarboxylic acid cycle and Krebs sysle
T/F Soy protein is a plant based protein that meet essential amino acid needs
true
Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of
uncontrolled type 1 diabetes
The amino group from an amino acid is excreted in the
urine
Which of the following affect alcohol metabolism?
usual alcohol intake alcohol content of the beverage the amount of alcohol consumed
What is the best way to consume amino acids
whole food
Alcoholics may have trouble seeing in the dark because of an alcohol-induced ____ deficiency
Vitamin A
The most common nutritional concerns for infants and children following vegetarian and vegan diets are
Vitamin D, Iron, Vitamin B12, Zinc and Calcium vegan- riboflavin
When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?
When oxygen is lacking In cells without mitochondria
ceruloplasmin
a carrier protein for copper
retinol-binding protein
a carrier protein for vitamin A
Which calorie source requires no digestion and is the most efficiently absorbed?
alcohol
An alcoholic is likely to suffer from nutrient deficiencies because
alcohol contains few nutrients alcoholics get little other nutrition
Which enzymes are involved in alcohol metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
________ is characterized by developing a tolerance to the effects of alcohol and experiencing withdrawal symptoms when alcohol is not consumed
alcohol dependence
Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into ______ _____
amino acids
What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
The amino group is in what form in the urine
ammonia
When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids are
converted into glucose or fat metabolized as fuel
High ATP concentration
decrease in energy-yielding reactions
In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be __________ during digestion.
denatured
Non essential amino acids are also called
dispensable amino acids
vegan
does not consume any animal products
Animal proteins are a good source of all nine _________ amino acids
essential
Indispensable amino acid is another for a(n)
essential amino acid
The result of feasting is the accumulation of body
fat
A diet rich in animal source of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because
foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat foods of animal origin are often high in cholesterol
Which of the following foods can be fermented to produce alcohol?
grains, cereals, fruits, honey, milk. and potatoes
Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids?
help to maintain body fluid
Although a vegan may be getting adequate total protein what specific type of protein may be deficient in their diet?
high biological value
Which of the following is the primary cause of marasmus?
lack of food/nutrients
A(n) _________ amino acid is the essential amino acids needed in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize
limiting
After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the _____
liver
what organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?
liver
In middle-ages adults, moderate drinking has been shown to ______ the risk of cardiovascular disease in comparison with non-drinkers.
lower
The electron transport chain is located in the __________
mitochondria
A substance is ________ when it gains 1 or more electrons.
oxidized
What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?
oxygen
What is the term for the chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein?
peptide bond
High PER
plant based food have a lower PER
low levels of insulin
promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis
increase insulin levels
promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein
The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient _______, which makes it a costly energy source of calories
protein
Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?
protein
Almost all enzymes are ________
proteins
The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form
proteins
T/F Protein synthesis is the process of altering a three-dimensional structure of a protein
False. It is denaturation
Energy (ATP) can be formed from .....
-amino acids -fatty acids -glucose -phosphorus
To use amino acids as a fuel, they must
-have their amino group removed -be deaminated
What is the RDA for protein?
0.8 grams/kg
Place in the correct order the steps that lead to ketosis.
1) Insufficient insulin production 2) Large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells 3) Fatty acids flood liver and are converted to the Acetyl-CoA 4) Citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP 5) Ketone bodies are formed
Liver damage order
1) fatty liver 2)alcoholic hepatitis 3) cirrhossis
Protein digestions order
1) proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2) partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3) CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes 4) trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller segments
Put in the correct order, the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration beginning with a molecule of glucose
1)glycolysis 2)Transition reaction 3)Citric acid cycle 4)Electron transport chain
Ketone bodies are produced during the incomplete breakdown of _____
Fat
World wide, nearly _____ of men and 2/3 of women do not drink
1/2
There are a total of __ nonessential amino acids
11. 9 are essential
A standard drink is equal to a
12 oz beer
How many grams of alcohol are in a standard drink
14
Cirrhosis of the liver affects about __ million people in the U.S.
2 mill
How many pounds equate to 1 kilogram
2.2
Children of alcoholic have a __ times greater risk of developing alcoholism
4 times
Recent surveys have shown that about __% of high school students repot currently consuming alcohol
40 %
The recovery rate for a person with alcoholism that is socially stable and well motivated is ____ %
60%
Alcohol has __ calories per gram
7
At any given time, about ___% of people in the U.S. meet the criteria for either alcohol abuse of alcohol dependency
8.5 %
What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body?
ATP
ATP consists of .....
Adenine and three phosphates
Which process is considered more efficient?
Aerobic metabolism
__________ is defined as an illness characterized by significant impairments directly related to persistent and excessive use of alcohol
Alcoholism
Metabolism
All chemical processes involved in maintaining life
_____ acids are the building blocks of protein
Amino
If your carbohydrate intake is inadequate the liver is forced to make glucose from the macronutrient
Amino acids or protein
During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP
Anaerobic
The relatively lower rates of alcohol abuse in this population group may be due to the uncomfortable side effects of having lower levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase
Asian Americans
What is another name for fatty acids oxidation?
Beta- oxidation
__________ _______ is a measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein.
Biological value
Catabolism
Breaking down compounds to small units
This questionnaire is commonly used in routine health care to detect alcohol abuse and dependency and is known by the acronym ____
CAGE
Carnitine
Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria
During periods of weight loss or during a wasting disease such as cancer, the body is in a ________ state.
Catabolic
Which population has a high prevalence of PEM?
Central America, Africa, Southeast Asia, South America
Plant proteins are a heart healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no __________ than animal sources of protein.
Cholesterol and saturated fat
________ is a disease that involves a loss of function liver cells, which are replaces by nonfunctioning connective tissue. Any substance the poisons liver cells can lead to this disease
Cirrhosis
What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced?
Combining with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle Forming ketones
Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ___ code
DNA
____ is a double-stranded molecule in a helical form
DNA
Fasting
Decrease in metabolism and conservation of energy
The RDA for protein would be higher ....
During recovery from illness or injury in highly trained athletes
Where does the majority of ATP production occur?
Electron transport chain
_____ is the chemical term for the form of alcohol found n alcoholic beverages
Ethanol
T/F about 50% of college students report academic consequences from their drinking
F. 25%
T/F Adults need to consume abundant amounts of protein in order to meet the body's protein needs.
False
T/F Amino acids are formed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen
False
T/F Most plant proteins are examples of complete proteins
False
T/F essential amino acids needs must be met at each meal
False
Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true?
Fatty liver is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor A young chid may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruel Edema is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor
It is unclear how physical malformation and disabilities occur in ____ (FASD)
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
What is the name of the pathway that is use to produce glucose from amino acids?
Gluconeogenesis
Match the number of ATP produced with one molecule of glucose by each stage of metabolism
Glycolysis- 2 ATP Electron transport chain - 28 ATP Complete oxidation og glucose (total) - 32 ATP
Catabolic pathways produce which of the following compounds that are a result during the production of ATP
Heat, water, and carbon dioxide
______ protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease
High
High ADP concentrations
Increase in energy-yielding reactions
Feasting
Increase in metabolism
What is the name of the compounds formed in one of the many steps in a metabolic pathways
Intermediates
The incomplete breakdown of fat results in ______ bodies
Ketone
What is produced from incomplete fatty acid oxidation?
Ketone bodies
Cancer cells use glycolysis and produce ______
Lactate
Which of the following supply the body with usable energy?
Lipids, Carbs, and proteins
What are some physiological benefits that may be associated with moderate drinking in some studies?
Lower risk for developing type 2 diabetes lower risk for developing dementia lower risk for developing cardiovascular diseases
During light alcohol consumption the ADH pathway is used but during moderate to excessive alcohol intake the body uses the ____
MEOS
What pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption?
MEOS
Which pathway is responsible for metabolizing excessive amount of alcohol
MEOS or microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
Which of the following are pathways that are followed in the metabolism of alcohol?
MEOS, ADH, and Catalase
Aerobic
Making ATP in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic
Making ATP without oxygen
Which of the following should someone with PKU avoid?
Meat, eggs, and milk
Which of the following ground tend to have the highest alcohol consumption?
Native American Indians Alaska Natives Native Hawaiians
A ________ protein balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed.
Negative
Which two of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?
Niacin and Riboflavin
Growth and development in the offspring of alcoholics may be delayed because of the reduced delivery of ______ and nutrients
Oxygen
The body needs a _______ protein balance when growing or recovering from illness or injury.
Positive
Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein?
Protein concentration in the blood drops edema can develop immune function is impaired
Which of the following is true about the functions of protein
Protein serves multiple function in the body Its main function is to build muscle Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair
Which nutrient plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by forming important structures in the body, making up a key part of the blood, helping regulate many body functions, and fueling body cells?
Proteins
________ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood
Proteins
Proteins serve which of the following functions?
Proteins aid in cell synthesis. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions.
Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism?
Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better.
To prolong survival during fasting the body goes through these adaptations.
Reduction in energy requirements Slowing of metabolic rate Nervous system uses less glucose
Cellular respiration
Removing electrons from food molecules to produce energy
Anabolism
Smaller, simpler compounds are used to build larger more complicated compounds
Lipolysis
The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol
What will happen if the DNA code contains errors?
The incorrect mRNA will be produced The polypeptide chain will be incorrect Ribosomes will not read the correct message
How does changing a proteins shape affect the protein?
The protein loses its biological activity It destroys the proteins ability to function normally
Which of the following is true about the oxidation-reduction reactions?
These reaction go together. one cannot occur without the other
What are two functions of glycolysis?
To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds To produce energy
The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. the amino group which contains nitrogen is converted to ________. This substance must be removed from the body as a build-up of it is toxic. this substance is removed from the body through urea which is eventually excreted in urine
ammonia
When a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called ______
anergy
When protein intake equals the amount in losses an individual is in protein _______
balance
Moderate alcohol use can affect which of the following in a positive way?
brain function hypertension
Which of the following minerals may be deficient in an alcoholic?
calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron
alcohol consumption is associated with an increase risk for which disease?
cancer
An amino acid without an amino group is called a (an)
carbon skeleton
transferrin
carries iron
Hemoglobin
carries oxygen from the lungs to cells
Food Intolerance
caused by an individuals inability to digest certain food components.
Food Allergy
causes an immune response.
A ____________ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids
complementary
lacto
consumes milk
Lacto ovo vegetarian
consumes milk and eggs