Module 3 Nutrition

Exessive alcohol intake can impair the absorption of water soluble vitamins ...

riboflavin, folate, thiamin, niacin, B-6 and B-12

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except

sodium

Fatty acid oxidation

the breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP

What is the primary site for alcohol metabolism ?

the liver

Women should not consume alcohol when...

they are taking medications that may interact with alcohol they are currently pregnant

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-coA occurs in a process called ____________ __________

transition reaction

lipoproteins

transport large lipid molecules from the small intestine through the lymph and blood to body cells

What are other names for the citric acid cycle?

tricarboxylic acid cycle and Krebs sysle

T/F Soy protein is a plant based protein that meet essential amino acid needs

true

Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of

uncontrolled type 1 diabetes

The amino group from an amino acid is excreted in the

urine

Which of the following affect alcohol metabolism?

usual alcohol intake alcohol content of the beverage the amount of alcohol consumed

What is the best way to consume amino acids

whole food

Alcoholics may have trouble seeing in the dark because of an alcohol-induced ____ deficiency

Vitamin A

The most common nutritional concerns for infants and children following vegetarian and vegan diets are

Vitamin D, Iron, Vitamin B12, Zinc and Calcium vegan- riboflavin

When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?

When oxygen is lacking In cells without mitochondria

ceruloplasmin

a carrier protein for copper

retinol-binding protein

a carrier protein for vitamin A

Which calorie source requires no digestion and is the most efficiently absorbed?

alcohol

An alcoholic is likely to suffer from nutrient deficiencies because

alcohol contains few nutrients alcoholics get little other nutrition

Which enzymes are involved in alcohol metabolism

alcohol dehydrogenase acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

________ is characterized by developing a tolerance to the effects of alcohol and experiencing withdrawal symptoms when alcohol is not consumed

alcohol dependence

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into ______ _____

amino acids

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

The amino group is in what form in the urine

ammonia

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids are

converted into glucose or fat metabolized as fuel

High ATP concentration

decrease in energy-yielding reactions

In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be __________ during digestion.

denatured

Non essential amino acids are also called

dispensable amino acids

vegan

does not consume any animal products

Animal proteins are a good source of all nine _________ amino acids

essential

Indispensable amino acid is another for a(n)

essential amino acid

The result of feasting is the accumulation of body

fat

A diet rich in animal source of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat foods of animal origin are often high in cholesterol

Which of the following foods can be fermented to produce alcohol?

grains, cereals, fruits, honey, milk. and potatoes

Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids?

help to maintain body fluid

Although a vegan may be getting adequate total protein what specific type of protein may be deficient in their diet?

high biological value

Which of the following is the primary cause of marasmus?

lack of food/nutrients

A(n) _________ amino acid is the essential amino acids needed in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize

limiting

After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the _____

liver

what organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?

liver

In middle-ages adults, moderate drinking has been shown to ______ the risk of cardiovascular disease in comparison with non-drinkers.

lower

The electron transport chain is located in the __________

mitochondria

A substance is ________ when it gains 1 or more electrons.

oxidized

What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?

oxygen

What is the term for the chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein?

peptide bond

High PER

plant based food have a lower PER

low levels of insulin

promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis

increase insulin levels

promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient _______, which makes it a costly energy source of calories

protein

Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

protein

Almost all enzymes are ________

proteins

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins

T/F Protein synthesis is the process of altering a three-dimensional structure of a protein

False. It is denaturation

Energy (ATP) can be formed from .....

-amino acids -fatty acids -glucose -phosphorus

To use amino acids as a fuel, they must

-have their amino group removed -be deaminated

What is the RDA for protein?

0.8 grams/kg

Place in the correct order the steps that lead to ketosis.

1) Insufficient insulin production 2) Large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells 3) Fatty acids flood liver and are converted to the Acetyl-CoA 4) Citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP 5) Ketone bodies are formed

Liver damage order

1) fatty liver 2)alcoholic hepatitis 3) cirrhossis

Protein digestions order

1) proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2) partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3) CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes 4) trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller segments

Put in the correct order, the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration beginning with a molecule of glucose

1)glycolysis 2)Transition reaction 3)Citric acid cycle 4)Electron transport chain

Ketone bodies are produced during the incomplete breakdown of _____

Fat

World wide, nearly _____ of men and 2/3 of women do not drink

1/2

There are a total of __ nonessential amino acids

11. 9 are essential

A standard drink is equal to a

12 oz beer

How many grams of alcohol are in a standard drink

14

Cirrhosis of the liver affects about __ million people in the U.S.

2 mill

How many pounds equate to 1 kilogram

2.2

Children of alcoholic have a __ times greater risk of developing alcoholism

4 times

Recent surveys have shown that about __% of high school students repot currently consuming alcohol

40 %

The recovery rate for a person with alcoholism that is socially stable and well motivated is ____ %

60%

Alcohol has __ calories per gram

7

At any given time, about ___% of people in the U.S. meet the criteria for either alcohol abuse of alcohol dependency

8.5 %

What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body?

ATP

ATP consists of .....

Adenine and three phosphates

Which process is considered more efficient?

Aerobic metabolism

__________ is defined as an illness characterized by significant impairments directly related to persistent and excessive use of alcohol

Alcoholism

Metabolism

All chemical processes involved in maintaining life

_____ acids are the building blocks of protein

Amino

If your carbohydrate intake is inadequate the liver is forced to make glucose from the macronutrient

Amino acids or protein

During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP

Anaerobic

The relatively lower rates of alcohol abuse in this population group may be due to the uncomfortable side effects of having lower levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase

Asian Americans

What is another name for fatty acids oxidation?

Beta- oxidation

__________ _______ is a measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein.

Biological value

Catabolism

Breaking down compounds to small units

This questionnaire is commonly used in routine health care to detect alcohol abuse and dependency and is known by the acronym ____

CAGE

Carnitine

Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria

During periods of weight loss or during a wasting disease such as cancer, the body is in a ________ state.

Catabolic

Which population has a high prevalence of PEM?

Central America, Africa, Southeast Asia, South America

Plant proteins are a heart healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no __________ than animal sources of protein.

Cholesterol and saturated fat

________ is a disease that involves a loss of function liver cells, which are replaces by nonfunctioning connective tissue. Any substance the poisons liver cells can lead to this disease

Cirrhosis

What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced?

Combining with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle Forming ketones

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ___ code

DNA

____ is a double-stranded molecule in a helical form

DNA

Fasting

Decrease in metabolism and conservation of energy

The RDA for protein would be higher ....

During recovery from illness or injury in highly trained athletes

Where does the majority of ATP production occur?

Electron transport chain

_____ is the chemical term for the form of alcohol found n alcoholic beverages

Ethanol

T/F about 50% of college students report academic consequences from their drinking

F. 25%

T/F Adults need to consume abundant amounts of protein in order to meet the body's protein needs.

False

T/F Amino acids are formed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen

False

T/F Most plant proteins are examples of complete proteins

False

T/F essential amino acids needs must be met at each meal

False

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true?

Fatty liver is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor A young chid may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruel Edema is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor

It is unclear how physical malformation and disabilities occur in ____ (FASD)

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

What is the name of the pathway that is use to produce glucose from amino acids?

Gluconeogenesis

Match the number of ATP produced with one molecule of glucose by each stage of metabolism

Glycolysis- 2 ATP Electron transport chain - 28 ATP Complete oxidation og glucose (total) - 32 ATP

Catabolic pathways produce which of the following compounds that are a result during the production of ATP

Heat, water, and carbon dioxide

______ protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease

High

High ADP concentrations

Increase in energy-yielding reactions

Feasting

Increase in metabolism

What is the name of the compounds formed in one of the many steps in a metabolic pathways

Intermediates

The incomplete breakdown of fat results in ______ bodies

Ketone

What is produced from incomplete fatty acid oxidation?

Ketone bodies

Cancer cells use glycolysis and produce ______

Lactate

Which of the following supply the body with usable energy?

Lipids, Carbs, and proteins

What are some physiological benefits that may be associated with moderate drinking in some studies?

Lower risk for developing type 2 diabetes lower risk for developing dementia lower risk for developing cardiovascular diseases

During light alcohol consumption the ADH pathway is used but during moderate to excessive alcohol intake the body uses the ____

MEOS

What pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption?

MEOS

Which pathway is responsible for metabolizing excessive amount of alcohol

MEOS or microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

Which of the following are pathways that are followed in the metabolism of alcohol?

MEOS, ADH, and Catalase

Aerobic

Making ATP in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic

Making ATP without oxygen

Which of the following should someone with PKU avoid?

Meat, eggs, and milk

Which of the following ground tend to have the highest alcohol consumption?

Native American Indians Alaska Natives Native Hawaiians

A ________ protein balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed.

Negative

Which two of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?

Niacin and Riboflavin

Growth and development in the offspring of alcoholics may be delayed because of the reduced delivery of ______ and nutrients

Oxygen

The body needs a _______ protein balance when growing or recovering from illness or injury.

Positive

Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein?

Protein concentration in the blood drops edema can develop immune function is impaired

Which of the following is true about the functions of protein

Protein serves multiple function in the body Its main function is to build muscle Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair

Which nutrient plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by forming important structures in the body, making up a key part of the blood, helping regulate many body functions, and fueling body cells?

Proteins

________ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood

Proteins

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

Proteins aid in cell synthesis. Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions.

Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism?

Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better.

To prolong survival during fasting the body goes through these adaptations.

Reduction in energy requirements Slowing of metabolic rate Nervous system uses less glucose

Cellular respiration

Removing electrons from food molecules to produce energy

Anabolism

Smaller, simpler compounds are used to build larger more complicated compounds

Lipolysis

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

What will happen if the DNA code contains errors?

The incorrect mRNA will be produced The polypeptide chain will be incorrect Ribosomes will not read the correct message

How does changing a proteins shape affect the protein?

The protein loses its biological activity It destroys the proteins ability to function normally

Which of the following is true about the oxidation-reduction reactions?

These reaction go together. one cannot occur without the other

What are two functions of glycolysis?

To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds To produce energy

The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. the amino group which contains nitrogen is converted to ________. This substance must be removed from the body as a build-up of it is toxic. this substance is removed from the body through urea which is eventually excreted in urine

ammonia

When a person has a protein deficiency it can result in immune incompetence called ______

anergy

When protein intake equals the amount in losses an individual is in protein _______

balance

Moderate alcohol use can affect which of the following in a positive way?

brain function hypertension

Which of the following minerals may be deficient in an alcoholic?

calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron

alcohol consumption is associated with an increase risk for which disease?

cancer

An amino acid without an amino group is called a (an)

carbon skeleton

transferrin

carries iron

Hemoglobin

carries oxygen from the lungs to cells

Food Intolerance

caused by an individuals inability to digest certain food components.

Food Allergy

causes an immune response.

A ____________ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids

complementary

lacto

consumes milk

Lacto ovo vegetarian

consumes milk and eggs