Module 4 Quiz

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses. A) The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell. B) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled. C) Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses. D) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.

A) The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? A) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. B) They can be called postsynaptic potentials. C) They can form on receptor endings. D) They are short-lived.

A) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

The depolarization phase of an action potential is punctuated by the closing of inactivation gates in the voltage gated sodium ion channels. All of the following are consequences of this inactivation except one. Choose the statement below that is not a consequence of the closing of inactivating gates. A) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell. B) This allows for the one way transmission of action potential down the axon. C) This limits the frequency of action potentials down the axon. D) This stops the depolarization of the axon membrane.

A) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell.

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________. A) afferent nerves B) mixed nerves C) efferent nerves D) motor nerves

A) afferent nerves

The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) bones and skeletal muscles B) the liver and gall bladder C) the adrenal glands D) the blood vessels

A) bones and skeletal muscles

The term central nervous system refers to the ________. A) brain and spinal cord B) sensory (afferent) nerves C) the somatic nerves D) the spinal nerves

A) brain and spinal cord

Drugs called beta-blockers ________. A) decrease heart rate and blood pressure B) have widespread sympathetic effects C) increase a dangerously low heart rate D) are potent antidepressants

A) decrease heart rate and blood pressure

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. A) diencephalon B) basal nuclei C) midbrain D) brain stem

A) diencephalon

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes B) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane C) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time D) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids

A) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________. A) ependymal cells B) astrocytes C) oligodendrocytes D) Schwann cells

A) ependymal cells

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain? A) ependymal cells B) neurons C) astrocytes D) epithelial cells

A) ependymal cells

The central sulcus separates which lobes? A) frontal from parietal B) frontal from temporal C) parietal from occipital D) temporal from parietal

A) frontal from parietal

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. A) ganglia B) nerves C) tracts D) nuclei

A) ganglia

Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following? A) inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft B) stimulation of the production of acetylcholine C) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh D) inability to release acetylcholine

A) inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________. A) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure B) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure C) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure D) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

A) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

Complicated interlacing of the ventral rami form networks called nerve plexus. The crisscrossing of the nerve fibers from the various spinal nerves is advantageous because ________. A) injury to any single spinal nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of innervation to any particular organ B) having several nerve fibers unite enhances sensory function C) viruses that infect us by moving through PNS nerves are prevented entry to the CNS D) having several nerve fibers unite enhances motor function

A) injury to any single spinal nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of innervation to any particular organ

Tactile sensation is a combination of touch, pressure, stretch and vibration. Which of the following is most likely the receptor type that senses tactile stimulation? A) mechanoreceptors B) proprioceptors C) nociceptors D) thermoreceptors

A) mechanoreceptors

Which of the choices below describes the ANS? A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands B) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles C) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract D) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS

A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. A) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers B) unmyelinated nerve fibers only C) cell bodies D) myelinated nerve fibers only

A) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

If someone spills very hot coffee (200 0F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation? A) nociceptors B) chemoreceptors C) mechanoreceptors D) thermoreceptors

A) nociceptors

The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________. A) parasympathetic division B) somatic division C) peripheral division D) sympathetic division

A) parasympathetic division

Which of the following is mismatched? A) promotes urination; sympathetic B) gallbladder contracts to expel bile; parasympathetic C) bronchiole dilation in lungs; sympathetic D) penis ejaculation; sympathetic

A) promotes urination; sympathetic

Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc? A) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector B) receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector C) effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor D) effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor

A) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? A) red blood cells B) glucose C) protein D) potassium

A) red blood cells

Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

A) sensory (afferent) division

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

A) sensory (afferent) division

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells B) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone C) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide D) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone

A) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that ________. A) the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane B) the membrane is now impermeable to all ions C) the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory D) the inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed

A) the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? A) Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open. B) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. C) Specific sodium gates will open. D) Specific potassium gates will open.

B) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers B) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers C) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit D) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene

B) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? A) Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels. B) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. C) Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. D) Ions always move passively across membranes.

B) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

Which of the following does NOT describe the ANS? A) a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands B) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells C) general visceral motor system D) involuntary nervous system

B) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? A) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction B) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions C) senses changes in the environment

B) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

Bacteria in the blood can be prevented entry to the fluids surrounding the brain. Which cells are most responsible for preventing bacteria from entering the fluids of the brain? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

B) astrocytes

The concentration neurotransmitters in the fluid of the synaptic cleft must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

B) astrocytes

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

B) astrocytes

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time B) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ D) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA

B) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? A) motor command center B) executive suite C) visceral command center D) decussation center

B) executive suite

A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________. A) ilioinguinal B) femoral C) sciatic D) iliohypogastric

B) femoral

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland? A) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B) growth hormone C) luteinizing hormone D) follicle-stimulating hormone

B) growth hormone

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? A) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract B) innervation of skeletal muscle C) innervation of cardiac muscle D) innervation of glands

B) innervation of skeletal muscle

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? A) it has a depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization phase B) it can have amplitudes of various sizes C) it is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane D) it travels long distances

B) it can have amplitudes of various sizes

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________. A) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional B) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release

B) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________. A) reticulospinal B) lateral spinothalamic C) ventral (anterior) spinothalamic D) posterior spinothalamic

B) lateral spinothalamic

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. A) cerebrum B) medulla oblongata C) midbrain D) pons

B) medulla oblongata

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? A) biogenic amine B) nucleic acid C) amino acid D) ATP and other purines

B) nucleic acid

Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus? A) radial B) phrenic C) ulnar D) median

B) phrenic

We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. The following receptors are most likely responsible for this ability. A) nociceptors B) proprioceptors C) exteroceptors D) interoceptors

B) proprioceptors

Oxytocin ________. A) exerts its most important effects during menstruation B) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism C) is an anterior pituitary secretion D) controls milk production

B) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

B) somatic nervous system

A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________. A) flexor reflex B) tendon reflex C) crossed-extensor reflex D) plantar reflex

B) tendon reflex

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. A) all sodium gates are closed B) the membrane potential has been reestablished C) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell D) proteins have been resynthesized

B) the membrane potential has been reestablished

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. A) thyroid gland B) thymus gland C) adrenal medulla D) pancreas

B) thymus gland

Which of the following is false or incorrect? A) An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. B) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. C) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

C) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell? A) Chemically gated chloride channels will open. B) Chemically gated potassium channels will open. C) Chemically gated sodium channels will open. D) Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed.

C) Chemically gated sodium channels will open.

If a post synaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________. A) the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell B) the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential C) a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP D) the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP

C) a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. A) repolarization B) resting period C) absolute refractory period D) depolarization

C) absolute refractory period

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity B) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA C) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene D) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones

C) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) neural B) humoral C) enzymatic D) hormonal

C) enzymatic

In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would ________. A) abduct B) also flex C) extend D) adduct

C) extend

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. A) motor neurons B) called neuroglial cells C) found in the retina of the eye D) found in ganglia

C) found in the retina of the eye

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) enzymes B) antibodies C) hormones D) proteins

C) hormones

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. A) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur B) a change in sodium ion permeability C) hyperpolarization D) opening of voltage-regulated channels

C) hyperpolarization

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________. A) thalamus B) medulla C) hypothalamus D) cerebellum

C) hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF? A) nourishment of the brain B) reduction of brain weight C) initiation of some nerve impulses D) protection from blows

C) initiation of some nerve impulses

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. A) longitudinal fissure B) cranial fossa C) lateral sulcus D) central sulcus

C) lateral sulcus

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection? A) Schwann cells B) oligodendrocytes C) microglia D) satellite cells

C) microglia

Which of the following is mismatched? A) sympathetic preganglionic fibers; release ACh B) parasympathetic preganglionic fibers; release ACh C) parasympathetic postganglionic fibers; release NE D) sympathetic postganglionic fibers; release NE

C) parasympathetic postganglionic fibers; release NE

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ________. A) promotes dehydration B) increases urine production C) secretion is inhibited by alcohol D) is produced by the anterior pituitary

C) secretion is inhibited by alcohol

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? A) moves membrane potential away from threshold B) opens K+ or Cl- channels C) short distance depolarization D) short distance hyperpolarization

C) short distance depolarization

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? A) induces secretory activity B) alters plasma membrane permeability C) stimulates production of an action potential D) activates or deactivates enzymes

C) stimulates production of an action potential

Second-order neurons of ascending pathways that contribute to sensory perception terminate in the ________. A) somatosensory cortex B) spinal cord C) thalamus D) medulla

C) thalamus

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________. A) the thalamus B) sympathetic ganglia C) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord D) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord

C) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

As a cook chops red onions he begins to tear up due to activation of the lacrimal gland. Which of the following nerves provided the stimulus? A) the vagus nerve (X) B) the optic nerve (II) C) the facial nerve (VII) D) the olfactory nerve (I)

C) the facial nerve (VII)

Injury to cervical vertebra C3-C4 is particularly problematic because ________. A) several ganglia are near this region that serve the heart B) the greater auricular nerve that serve the parotid gland receive there fibers from here C) the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here D) part of the brain stem is located here

C) the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open? A) voltage gated calcium channels B) chemically gated chloride channels C) voltage gated potassium channels D) voltage gated sodium channels

C) voltage gated potassium channels

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential? A) The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes. B) Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions. C) Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization. D) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

D) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so? A) Acetylcholine has many different forms. B) Acetylcholine has a "dose effect". Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit. C) Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times. D) Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors.

D) Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors.

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons? A) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate. B) They conduct impulses. C) They have extreme longevity. D) They are mitotic.

D) They are mitotic.

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerves ________. A) VII (facial) B) XII (hypoglossal) C) V (trigeminal) D) X (vagus)

D) X (vagus)

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? A) gamma aminobutyric acid B) cholinesterase C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine

D) acetylcholine

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? A) dura and epidura B) arachnoid and epidura C) arachnoid and dura D) arachnoid and pia

D) arachnoid and pia

Spinocerebellar tracts ________. A) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord B) terminate in the spinal cord C) give rise to conscious experience of perception D) carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

D) carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation? A) elimination of urine B) salivation C) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera D) dilation of the pupils

D) dilation of the pupils

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? A) size of action potentials B) origin of the stimulus C) type of stimulus receptor D) frequency of action potentials

D) frequency of action potentials

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A) fissures B) ganglia C) sulci D) gyri

D) gyri

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) carbohydrate oxidation B) protein synthesis C) catabolic inhibition D) humoral stimulation

D) humoral stimulation

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the post synaptic cell? A) influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell B) opening of chemically gated sodium channels C) depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane D) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

D) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? A) lateral fissure B) central fissure C) parieto-occipital fissure D) longitudinal fissure

D) longitudinal fissure

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. A) alcohol B) anesthetics C) nutrients such as glucose D) metabolic waste such as urea

D) metabolic waste such as urea

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________. A) negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell B) positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell C) positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell D) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

D) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. This patient may have damage to which of the following? A) vagus nerve (X) B) hypoglossal nerve (XII) C) facial nerve (VIII) D) olfactory nerve (I)

D) olfactory nerve (I)

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. A) astrocytes B) microglia C) ependymal cells D) oligodendrocytes

D) oligodendrocytes

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

D) parasympathetic division

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________. A) nucleotides B) calcium C) deactivating ions D) second messengers

D) second messengers

A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________. A) gyrus B) furrow C) fissure D) sulcus

D) sulcus

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________. A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic division C) cerebrum D) sympathetic division

D) sympathetic division

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. A) erratic transmission of nerve impulses B) diphasic impulses C) large nerve fibers D) the myelin sheath

D) the myelin sheath

If a post synaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________. A) the post synaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold B) the post synaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels C) the post synaptic cell is slow to repolarize D) the postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

D) the postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific B) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path C) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ D) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

D) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ