MODULE 4M - STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

IMMUNOLOGIC

o Decreased immune response; lowered resistance to infections.

TEAM PLAY

o Develops from the need for group interaction. o Involves team games and sports.

Genetics Temperament Family Nutrition Environment Health Culture

FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Sexuality

Hormonal changes take place in both men and women. Menopause Climacteric.

OLDER ADULTS (OVER 65 YEARS)

o Increased skin dryness. o Increased skin fragility. o Progressive wrinkling and sagging of the skin. o Brown "age spots" (ientigo senilis) on exposed body parts

NEUROMUSCULAR CHANGES

o Loss of bone mass. o Joint stiffness. o Impaired balance. o Sarcopenia

PARALLEL PLAY

o Playing BESIDE rather than with another child.

EARLY ADULTHOOD

o Selecting a mate. o Learning to live with a partner. o Starting a family. o Rearing children. o Managing a home. o Getting started in an occupation. o Taking on civic responsibility. o Finding a congenial social group.

AT 2 YEARS

o Toddlers can hold a spoon and PUT it into the MOUTH correctly. o Can RUN. o Gait is steady and can BALANCE on one foot. ○ RIDE a tricycle.

Paradoxical Consolidative Stage

* Occurs after 30 years old * Awareness of truth from many different viewpoints.

Genital Stage

* PUBERTY and after * Focus of Pleasure: GENITAL * Characteristics: Pleasure is directed in the development of SEXUAL relationships. * Tasks to be Attained: Engagement in activities to promote INDEPENDENCE

TODDLERS (1-3 years)

o Usually CHUBBY, with relatively SHORT LEGS and a LARGE HEAD o Have a pronounced LUMBAR LORDOSIS and a protruding ABDOMEN. o 2-year-olds - 4X their birth weight o 3-year-old- HEARING is at adult level

INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD

* walk * take solid foods * talk * control the elimination of body waste * sex differences and sexual modesty. * Achieving psychological stability. o Forming simple concepts of social and physical reality o relate emotionally to parents, siblings, and other people. o distinguish right from wrong and developing conscience.

9 months

• Creeps and crawls. Uses pincer grasp with thumb and forefinger. • Complies with simple verbal commands. • Displays fear of being left alone. • Waves "bye-bye"

Neonates and Infants

* (Birth to 1 year) Weight: o At birth = 2.7-3.8 kg o 5 months of age = 2x (twice) the birth weight o 12 months of age = 3x (thrice) the birth weight * Smell, Taste and Touch: *Motor Development

Undifferentiated

* 0-3 years * There is a formulation of concepts about self and the environment.

Anal Stage

* 1 ½ years - 3 years * Focus of Pleasure: ANUS * Characteristics: Pleasure is accomplished by exploring the organs of elimination. * Tasks to be Attained: Bowel and bladder control, TOILET TRAINING.

Phallic Stage

* 4 - 6 years * Focus of Pleasure: GENITAL * Characteristics: Pleasure is accomplished by exploring the genitals. * The child is attracted to the parent of the opposite sex. * Penis envy * Tasks to be Attained: Resolution of the OEDIPUS or ELECTRA COMPLEX

Intuitive Projective

* 4-6 years * The child has a combination of images and beliefs. The child is introduced to images and beliefs from trusted people. The child also utilizes their own imagination and experiences in their spiritual development.

Latency Stage

* 6 years - PUBERTY * Focus of Pleasure: NONE * Characteristics: Pleasure is directed by focusing on RELATIONSHIPS with same-sex peers and parent of the same sex. *Tasks to be Attained: Engagement in ACTIVITIES, such as sports, schoolwork, and socialization with the same-sex peers.

Mythic-Literal Faith

* 7-12 years * Encompasses symbols, stories, and myths that possess spiritual meaning

Synthetic Conventional Stage

* Adolescence * The environment is structured by the expectations and judgment of others

Individual Reflexive Stage

* After the age of 18 years old * The adult builds one's own spiritual system.

Motor Development

* At 1 month o The infant lifts the head momentarily when prone. o Has a head lag when pulled to a sitting position.

Oral Stage

* Birth - 1 ½ years Focus of Pleasure: Erogenous * * * Zone - MOUTH * Characteristics: Pleasure is accomplished by exploring the mouth and by sucking. * Tasks to be Attained: WEANING

Stage One: Trust vs Mistrust INFACNY

* Birth - 18 months • The infant learns to TRSUST the primary care giver to meet their needs for food, shelter, and personal care. • Establishment of the BASIC sense of trust is ESSENTIAL for the development of a healthy personality. • Successful resolution of this stage requires a CONSISTENT care giver who is available to meet the infant's needs. • Formation of trust results in FAITHCand OPTIMISM.

ERIK ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

* By Erik Erikson * The theory proposes that life is a sequence of developmental stages or LEVELS of achievement. * Has 8 (eight) stages which reflect both positive and negative aspects of the critical LIFE PERIODS * Each stage signals a task that MUST be ACCOMPLISHED. * RESOLUTION of the task can be COMPLETE, PARTIAL or UNSUCCESSFUL

NEONATES AND INFANTS

* NUTRITION o BREASTFEEDING is recommended. o The addition of solid foods is NOT recommended before the age of 6 months. o The introduction of cereals, fruits, vegetables and meat during the SECOND 6 MONTHS of life provides iron and vitamins. o SOLID FOODS should be offered one new feed at a time. * SOLITARY PLAY o Children play ALONE.

Temperament

- (i.e., the way individuals respond to their external and internal environment) sets the stage for interactive dynamics of growth and development. - persist throughout the life span, through caution must be taken not to irrevocably "label" or categorize infants and children.

temperament

- An individual's CHARACTERISTIC manner of thinking, BEHAVING or REACTING to stimuli in the environment. - The EASY child - The DIFFICULT child - The SLOW TO WARM up child

Principles of growth and development

- Growth and development are CONTINUOUS ORDERLY, SEQUENTIAL PROCESSES influenced by maturational, environmental and genetic factors. - All humans follow the SAME pattern of growth and development. - The sequence of each stage is PREDICTABLE, although the time of onset, the length of the stage, and the effects of each stage vary with the INDIVIDUAL. - LEARNING can either HELP OR HINDER the maturational process, depending on what is learned. - Each developmental stage has its own CHARACTERISTICS. - Growth and development occur in CEPHALOCAUDAL DIRECTION - Growth and development also occur in a PROXIMODISTAL DIRECTION - Development proceeds from SIMPLE TO COMPLEX, or from single acts to integrated acts. - Development becomes INCREASINGLY DIFFERENTIATED - Certain stages of growth and development are MORE CRITICAL than others. - The PACE OF GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT is UNEVEN

Developmental Task

- Is a task which ARISES at or about a certain period in the life of an individual - SUCCESSFUL ACHIEVMENT of which leads to his happiness and to success with later tasks, while - FAILURE leads to UNHAPPINESS in the individual, DISAPPROVAL by society, and DIFFICULTY with later tasks.

Development

- Is an increase in the complexity of FUNCTION and SKILL progression. - It is the capacity and skill of a person to ADAPT to the environment. - BEHAVIORAL aspect of growth. - QUALITATIVE change - Ability to WALK, RUN, and THINK - Takes place during the first 20 years of life and also CONTINUES after that point.

SIGMUND FREUD'S PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

- Personality develops in 5 (five) overlapping stages from birth to adulthood. - oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital - Individual must MEET the needs of each stage in order to move successfully to the NEXT developmental stage - If the personCDOES NOT achieve satisfactory progression at one stage, the personality becomes FIXATED at that stage. - libido and fixation

Maturation

- The changes are COMPARED against established norms. - Child development - DIFFERENTATION and REFINING of abilities and skills, based on an IN-BORN "timetable". Although children benefit from EXPERIENCE, they will achieve maturational milestones. - SYNONYM for development.

Family

- to provide support and safety for the child. - involved in their children's physical and psychological well-being and development. Children are socialized through family dynamics. The parents set expected behaviors and model appropriate behavior.

Growth

-refers to PHYSICAL CHANGE and INCREASE in size -the pattern of PHYSIOLOGICAL GROWTH is similar for all people. - Indicators include HEIGHT, WEIGHT, BONE SIZE, and DENTITION. - Generally, takes place DURING the FIRST 20 YEARS of life. - Can be measured QUANTITAIVE (quantitative change)

INITIATIVE PHASE (4 - 7 YEARS)

• Egocentric thinking diminishes. • Words express thoughts.

Stage Five: Identity vs Role Confusion ADOLESCENCE

12-20 years • Young adults STRUGGLE to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated. • PREOCCUPIED with appearance and body image. • Begins with the goal of achieving, "Who I am?" • Must bring together everything they have learned about themselves and integrate these different images into a whole that makes a sense. • If they cannot do so, they are left with role confusion or are left unsure of what kind of person they want to become. • A sense of identity is essential for making adult decisions such as CHOICE of vocation or marriage partner. • Successful mastery of this stage resulted in DEVOTION and FIDELITY to others and their own ideals.

Stage Two: Autonomy vs Sense of Shame and Doubt TODDLER

18 months - 3 years • The child begins to IDENTIFY with the development of control of bodily functions. • Child develops AUTONOMY by making CHOICES. • LIMITING choices or harsh PUNISHMENT leads to feelings of shame and doubt. • The toddle who successfully masters this stage achieves CONTROL and will POWER

Stage Six: Intimacy vs Isolation YOUNG ADULT

18-25 years • The individual is EXPLORING relationships with other individuals while also exploring work experiences. A negative resolution would be the AVOIDANCE of career or relationship. • Intimacy is finding the self and losing the self in another. • Establishing a firm sense of self and reaching out to others to develop loving, intimate relationship is the key. • If not able to establish companionship and intimacy, ISOLATION will result because they fear rejection and disappointment

Stage Seven: Generativity vs Self-Absorption and Stagnation MIDDLE AGE

25 - 65 years • Creative and develops other INTERESTS. • Generativity • Stagnation • Focuses on SUPPORTING future generations. • Achieve success in this stage by contributing to future generations through PARENTHOOD, teaching and community involvement. • Achievement of generativity results in CARE as a basic strength. • Inability to play a role in the development of the next generation results in STAGNATION .

Stage Three: Initiative vs Guilt PRESCHOOLER

3 - 5 years • The child becomes ASSERTIVE and is AWARE of their own behavior. If this task is not successfully achieved the child will have a DECREASED SELF-CONFIDENCE and feeling of fear will result. • FANTASY and IMAGINATION allow children to further explore their environment. • Children must be given FREEDOM and opportunity to initiate MOTOR play. • Parents must ANSWER child's questions and NOT inhibit fantasy or play activity. • Conflicts often occur between the child's desire to explore and the limits placed on his/her behavior *sometimes leads to frustrations and guilt

Stage Four: Industry vs Inferiority SCHOOL-AGE

6 - 12 years • Successful attainment indicates the child's ability to CREATE. A negative response is WITHRAWAL and a sense of HOPELESNESS. • Eager to apply themselves to learning SOCIALLY productive skills and tools. • Encourage in their EFFORTS to do practical tasks or make practical things and praise and reward for the finished results. • A sense of INDUSTRY is also developed by working on projects that result in a feeling of accomplishment. • Without proper support for learning of new skills or if skills are too difficult, children develop a sense of INADEQUACY and INFERIORITY. • Adult's attitude toward work are traced to successful achievement of this task

Stage Eight: Integrity vs Despair OLD AGE

65 years - death • The individual ACCEPTS their life and ultimate DEATH. • Many older adults review their lives with satisfaction even with their inevitable mistakes. • Others see themselves as failures with their lives marked by DESPAIR and REGRET. • People who attain ego integrity view life with a sense of WHOLNESS and derive satisfaction from past accomplishments. They view death as ACCEPTABLE completion of life. • People who despair often believe that they have made POOR CHOICES during life and wish they could live life over

Personality

A complex concept that is difficult to define, can be considered as the OUTWARD(INTERPERSONAL) expression of the INNER (INTRAPERSONAL) self.

Libido

A dynamic PSYCHIC ENERGY which is the underlying motivation to human development

Stagnation

A sense of BOREDOM and IMPOVERISHMENT.

Electra Complex

Attachment of a FEMALE child towards her FATHER.

ARNOLD GESELLS'S BIOPHYSICAL THEORY

APPEARANCE MUSCUSKELETAL SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM SENSORY PERCEPTION METABOLISM GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM SEXUALITY

Reversibility

Ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition.

Conservation

Ability to see objects or quantities as remaining the same despite a change in physical appearance.

Universalizing Stage

An individual may not ever reach this stage. The individual expresses the principles of love and justice in their life

Females

Appearance of breast buds (thelarche)

Males

Appearance of pubic hair and the enlargement of the scrotum and testes

Neonates

Birth to end of first month.

cardiovascular system

Blood vessel lose elasticity and becomes thicker

Genetics Environment Temperament Health Nutrition Family CULTURE

FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Infants

From 1 month to 1 year of age.

gastrointestinal system

Gradual decrease in tone of large intestine may predispose the individual to constipation.

appearance

Hair begins to thin, and gray hair appears. Skin turgor and moisture decrease, subcutaneous fat decreases, and wrinkling occurs. Fatty tissue is redistributed, resulting in fat deposits in the abdominal area.

Health

Illness, injury, or congenital conditions (e.g., congenital cardiac conditions) can affect growth and development. Being hospitalized is stressful for a child and can affect coping mechanisms of the child and family. Prolonged or chronic illness may affect normal developmental process.

Fixation

Is IMMOBILIZATION or inability of the personality to proceed to the next stage because of ANXIETY

Faith Development

Is an interactive process between the person and the environment.

Moral Development

Is the pattern of change in moral behavior with age.

Seriation

Mental classification of objects according to their quantitative dimensions

Metabolism

Metabolism slows and may result in weight gain.

SENSORY/PERCEPTUAL CHANGES

o Increased sensitivity to glare and decreased ability to adjust to darkness. o Partial or complete glossy white circle around the periphery of the cornea (arcus senilis). o Cataracts o Progressive loss of hearing (presbycusis). o Decreased sense of taste, especially the sweet sensations at the tip of the tongue.

Muscuskeletal System

Skeletal muscle bulk decreases at about age 60. Thinning of the intervertebral disks causes a decrease in height of about 1 inch. Calcium loss from bone tissue is more common among postmenopausal women. Muscle growth continues in proportion to use.

PRECONVENTIONAL

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience • Actions are judged in terms of physical consequences. Stage 2: Individual Instrumental Purpose and Exchange • An individual engages in actions that are right to meet his/her needs. • The individual separates his/her own interests from the interests of the authorities.

CONVENTIONAL

Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Conformity • The individual is paying attention to the feelings of others. • The individual puts oneself in other person's shoes. Stage 4: Social System and Conscience Maintenance • An individual fulfills the duties assigned by authority figures, thus fulfilling obligations set forth by society's laws.

Oedipus Complex

Strong emotional attachment of a MALE child towards his MOTHER.

Language

Tasks which indicate the child's ability to hear, follow directions and to speak.

Fine-Motor Adaptive

Tasks which indicate the child's ability to see and use his hands to pick up objects and to draw.

Gross-Motor

Tasks which indicate the child's ability to sit, walk, and jump.

Generativity

The CONCERN for establishing and GUIDING the next generation.

sensory perception

Visual acuity declines, often by the late 40s, especially for near vision (presbyopia). Auditory acuity for high frequency sounds also decreases (presbycusis), particularly in men. Taste sensations also diminish.

LATER MATURITY

o Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health. o Adjusting to retirement and reduced income. o Adjusting to death of a spouse. o Establishing an explicit affiliation with one's age group. o Meeting social and civil obligations. o Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements.

Nutrition

an essential component of growth and development. For example, poorly nourished children may not attain their full height potential.

Smell, Taste and Touch

o At birth: Sense of smell and taste are functional shortly after. Sense of touch is well-developed. o Newborns prefer sweet taste and tend to decrease their sucking in response to liquids with salty content.

AT 18 MONTHS

o Can PICK UP raisins or cereal pieces and place them in a receptacle. o Can HOLD a spoon and a cup. o Can WALK upstairs with ASSISTANCE.

Culture

customs can influence a child's growth and development. Nutritional practices may influence the rate of growth for infants. Childrearing practices may influence development

Environment

influence growth and development include living conditions of the child (e.g., homelessness), socioeconomic status (e.g., poor versus financially stable), climate, and community (e.g., provides developmental support versus exposes the child to hazards).

MIDDLE AGE

o adult civic and social responsibility. o Establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living. o Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults. o adult leisure-time activities. o Relating oneself to one's spouse as a person. o Accepting and adjusting to the physiological changes of middle age. o Adjusting to aging parents.

ADOLESCENCE

o new and more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes. o a masculine or feminine social role. o Accepting one's physique and using the body effectively. o emotional independence from parents and other adults. o assurance of economic independence. o Selecting and preparing for occupation. o marriage and family life. o intellectual skills and concepts necessary for civic competence. o Desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior. o Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior

middle childhood

o physical skills necessary for ordinary games. o Building wholesome attitude toward oneself as a growing organism. o get along with agemates. o an appropriate masculine and feminine social rule. o fundamental skills in reading, writing, calculating. o concepts necessary for everyday living. o conscience, morality and values. o Achieving personal independence o attitudes toward social groups and institutions.

pregenital stages

oral, anal, phallic

METRO MANILA DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING TEST

• A simple tool used in the early detection of developmental delays in children 6 1/2 years old and below. • To recognize slow development. • Modified and standardized by DR. PHOEBE WILLIAMS from the original DEVEN DEVELOPMENTAL Screening Test (DDST) by Dr. William K. Frankenburg. • FOUR SECTORS: o Personal-Social o Fine-Motor Adaptive o Language o Gross-Motor

JEAN PIAGET'S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY

• By Jean Piaget • Cognitive Development • 5 Major Phases: o Sensorimotor (with 6 stages) o Preconceptual o Intuitive Thought o Concrete Operations o Formal Operatio • Sensorimotor Phase o Stage 1: Use of Reflex o Stage 2: Primary Circular Reaction o Stage 3: Secondary Circular Reaction o Stage 4: Coordination and Secondary Schemata o Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reaction o Stage 6: Inventions of New Means

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG'S MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

• By Lawrence Kohlberg • Moral Development • The morality of an individual's decision was not Kohlberg's concern. • He focused on the REASONS an individual makes a DECISION. • Levels of Moral Development: o Preconventional o Conventional o Postconventional • Levels and stages are not always linked to a certain developmental stage or age

HAVIGHURST'S DEVELOPMENTAL TASK

• By Robert Havighurst • Developmental Task • A task which arises at or about a certain period in the life of an individual. • Successful achievement of which leads to happiness and success with later tasks. • Failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by society and difficulty with later tasks.

JAMES FOWLER'S SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

• Fowler describes the development of faith as a force that gives meaning to a person's life. He uses the term faith as a form of knowing, a way of being in relation to "an ultimate environment". To Fowler, "faith is a relational phenomenon; it is an active 'mode of-being-in-relation' to another or others in which we invest commitment, belief, love, risk and hope. They evolve from a combination of knowledge and values. • Faith Development

6 months

• May sit without support. • Lifts chest and shoulders off table when prone, bearing weight on hands. • Manipulates small objects • Starts to imitate sounds. Vocalizes one syllable sounds: "ma ma", "da da"

4 months

• Rolls over. Sits with support, hold steady when sitting. • Babbles, laughs and exhibits increased response to verbal play.

CONCRETE OPERATIONS PHASE (7 - 11 YEARS)

• Solves concrete problems. • Developed "conservation", "reversibility", and "seriation". • Understands right and left. • Conservation • Reversibility • Seriation

Newborn

• Turns head from side to side when in prone position. • Grasps by reflex when object is placed in palm of hand. • Displays displeasure by crying and satisfaction by soft vocalizations. • Attends to adult face and voice by eye contact and quieting.

PRECONCEPTUAL PHASE (2 - 4 YEARS)

• Uses "egocentric" approach to accommodate the demand of an environment. • Explores the environment. • Language development is rapid. • Associate words with objects.

FORMAL OPERATIONS PHASE (11 - 15 YEARS)

• Uses rational thinking. • Reasoning is deductive and futuristic

12 months

• Walks alone with help. • Uses spoon to feed self. • Turn the pages of a book • Clings to mother in unfamiliar situations. • Demonstrates emotions such as anger and affection.

ARNOLD GESELLS'S BIOPHYSICAL THEORY

• the development of the physical body. • is directed by genetics (Gesell) • Child development is a process of maturation, or differentiation and refining of abilities and skills, based on a in-born timetable. • Neonates • Infants • Neonates and Infants