Module 5!!
the megafauna provided...
vast supplies of meat
ornamentation independent of tools also appears in
amber and stone pendants and small figurines representing for example, the head of an elk
in most cases we have to balance data and interpretation to come to
an informed judgement, recognizing that our judgement will likely change with new data
during upper paleolithic, peoples from asia also populated
australia, new guinea, and some islands of western melanesia, clearly demonstrating the ability of these peoples to navigate on the sea to use its resources
vertical zonation means that a wide range of plants and animals were
available in relatively close proximity - different environments were close by - and the Archaic peoples took advantage of these varied conditions to hunt and collect a broad range of resources
when people started to use more diverse resources in their environments, the use of local resources allowed upper paleolithic groups in the old world to
beecome more sedentary than their predecessors -began to trade w neighboring groups to get resources not available in their local territories
another reason for adopting the blade toolmaking way have
been that it made for easy repair of tools
the corridor between Laurentide and Cordilleran would not have likely supported
big game and permitted humans to hunt enough for sustenance
the preagricultural developments in SE Asia probably were responses to changes in
climate and environment, including a warming trend, more moisture, and a higher sea level
tools found with mammoth kills are known as the
clovis complex, which includes clovis projectile point as well as stone scrapers and knives and bone tools
agriculture and sedentarism did not necessarily
develop together
On the Pacific coast, some Paleo-Indian people
developed food-getting strategies more dependent on fish
many spear shafts and similar objects were decorated with
figures of animals
pressure flaking would usually be used in the
final stages of retouching a tool
the warming waterways began to be filled with
fish and many other aquatic resources
special purpose camps were created year round as
groups went out from the base camp to hunt and collect particular resources, like stone for making tools
Kent Flannery and the wheat harvest experiment concluded that
harvest would necessitate a degree of dedentism
Moas had
low reproductive rates, became extinct shortly after humans colonized, increases in adult mortality
burins have been found in
middle and lower paleolithic sites but are present in great number and variety only in the upper paleoltihic
new world includes
north and south america
neolithic means
of the new stone age
the Olsen-Chubbuck site, a kill site excavated in Colorado shows the
organization that may have been involved in hunting bison
in SW france some groups were seen to have...
paved parts of the shelter floors with stones -tentlike shelters were built in some caves to keep out of the cold -some open air sites have also been found
which of the following describes the upper paleolihic in North Africa?
people hunted grassland animals, moved regularly, and traded for stone
as time went on, all over the old world, were
smaller and smaller blade tools were produced
burial patterns began to suggest more
social differences between people
upper paleolithic had an environment different from today, the earth was gripped by
the last ice age -glaciers covering Europe as far south as Berlin and Warsaw and North America as far south as Chicago
since homo sapiens fossils have been found in north and south america, migrations of humans to the new world had to have take place after the emergence of
H sapiens
An 8,400 year old skeleton was found in Washington State. the cranial features resemble those of Ainu and Polynesians, but the individual's DNA is similar to existing Native Americans
"Kenniwick Man"
the hunters of bison used a projectile point called the
Folsom point, which was much smaller than the Clovis point
some adaptions to the changing environment can be seen in the cultural remains of the settlers in Northern Europe who archaeologists call
Maglemosians -peat bogs - where their remains have been found
what contains the most carefully reported pre-Clovis occupation in North America
Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Western Pennsylvania
Archaeological remains of early New World hunters called Paleo-Indians have been found in
US, Mexico, Canada
significant changes in the archaeological record, reflecting important changes in cultural and social life, art, many new inventions, and increase in population is all seen in
Upper Palelitihic -europe, near east, and asia -40,000 years ago -neolithic period
once humans colonized the americas, they established a way of life very similar to that of
Upper Paleolithic cousins in the Old World, a life generally based on big game hunting, as time went on, life became more sedentary, with increasing interaction among local groups
a decline in stature often indicates
a poorer diet
woodlands and greasslands expanded providing
a range of new plants to exploit -ground stone woodworking tools such as axes and adezes first appeared as did nut-processing tools such as mortars and pestles
Cactus Hill in VA, gault and friedkin in TX and shriver in Missouri all contain
a stratum of blades and other stone tools below a Paleo-Indian stratum containing Clovis tools
which of the following describes the settlement at Dolni Vestonice?
a wall built with mammoth bones surrounded four animal-skin huts and an open, central hearth
the hafting required inventing...
a way to trim the blade's back edge so that it would be blunt rather than sharp -in this way the blades would not split the handles into which they might be inserted; the blunting would also prevent the users of an unhafted blade from cutting themselves
The Olsen-Chubbuck site, a kill site excavated in Colorado, shows that the organization that may have been involved in hunting bison. in dry gulch dated to 6,500 BCE were the remains of 200 bison. at the bottom were complete skeletons, and at the top were completely butchered animals. this find clearly suggests that paleo-indian hunters deliberately stampeded the animals into a natural trap
an arroyo
the hill away from the first settlement had a hut with
an oven, 2,300 small fired fragments of animal figurines -hollow bones- possibly instruments -burial find of a woman with a disfigured face: ivory plaque near it, so most likely important
the subjects of paintings were mostly
animals
upper paleolithic is also characterized by a variety of new developments like
art, bow and arrow, spear thrower, and tiny replaceable blades that were put into handles
the indirect percussion method of the upper paleolithic would yield as much
as much as 25 yards of working edge
the paintings were on bare walls with no
backdrops or environmental trappings
in the Rio Grande Valley, the folsom toolmakers characteristically established a
base camp on low dune ridges overlooking both a large pond and broad open gazin gareas
the earliest discovered traces of art are
beads and carvings, then paintings
which of the following tools are characteristic of the upper paleolitihic?
blades, bruins, and microliths
which material were used in the manufacture of needles, awls, and harpoons during the Upper Paleolithic?
bone, antler, and ivory
the pattern of broad-spectrum food collecting seems also to have been characteristic of the areas
both south and north of the Sahara -one area showing increased sedentarism is the Dakhelh Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt
Maglemosians tool kit included
bow and arrow -some were ornamented with finely engraved designs
hunting strategies shifted toward a
broader range of game species, particularly deer, antelope, bison, and small mammals
remains of microband camps are often found in
camp or rock shelters -from which a variety of environments could be exploited by moving either upslope or downslope from the campsite
most of the upper paleolithic remains that have been excavated were found in
caves and rock shelters
burins are
chisel-like stone tools used for carving; bone and antler needles, awls, and projectile points could be produced with them
in Moravia the mammoths may have
come to lick deposits of calcite and other sources of magnesium and calcium, particularly during the late spring and early summer when resources were short and mortality was high
the settlement found in dolni vestonice description
consisted of 4 tentlike huts - made from animal skins, great open hearth in the center, mammoth bones on the outside, surrounded most likely by a wall -100 mammoths bones -each hut housed a group of related families: 20-25 people, each hut was around 27ft by 45ft and had 5 hearths distributed inside it, one for each family -settlement population was probably around 100-125 people
in some areas of the world, people began to live in permanent villages before they
cultivated and domesticated plants and animals, whereas people in other places planted crops without settling down permanently
food production is
cultivation and domestication of plants and animals, near east 8000 BCE
Upper Paleolithic refers to
cultural developments in all areas of the Old World during the neolithic period
sickles were used in
cutting grain
the cold, treeless plains, tundras, and grasslands eventually gave way to
dense mixed forests, mostly birch, oak, and pine, and the Pleistocene megafauna became extinct
evidence shows that homo erectus must have had language to
develop the broadly shared Acheulean tool tradition
innovation most lasting importance in both New and Old Worlds was the
development of domesticated plants and animals
one of the innovations of the Archaic peoples was the
development of ground stone woodworking tools -axes, adzes, and tools for grinding seeds and nuts became more and more common in the tool kit
if we think of language as a system of shared symbols(whether vocal or written), then the emergence of symbolic art in the Upper Paleolithic may be taken as
direct archaeological evidence of language
warmer adapted plants had advantages as food resources for humans over cold-adapted ones because
edible seeds, fruits, and nuts were common -more plentiful and accessible
siberian mammoths were the largest ___________ to live
elephants -some were taller than 14 ft
game included what towards the end of the upper paleolithic
elk, wild ox, deer, and wild pig
pressure flaking works by...
employing pressure with a bone, wood, or antler tool at the edge of the tool to remove small flakes
the symbolic significance of the cave paintings in SW France is more
explicitly revealed, by the results of patricia rice and ann patersons statistical study
Epipaleolithihic was marked by
exploitation of local, relatively permanent resources that led to an increased about of settled way of life
broad-spectrum collecting may have involved
exploitation of new sources of food, but that does not mean that people were eating better
tundra zone location
extending in Europe to the Alps and in North America to the Ozarks, Appalachians, and well into the Great Plains
the last ice age was characterized by the appearance of which kinds of animals?
extremely large game animals
preagricultural switch to broad-spectrum collecting was
fairly common
T/F the cave paintings of the upper paleolithic are inconsistent with the idea that "the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of upper paleolithic people" the art of the cultural period that followed the upper paleolithic did not reflect how people got their food once getting food no longer depended on hunting large game
false
T/F the upper paleolithic was not known as a period of great advancement in toolmaking
false
theres evidence that people subsisted on a variety of resources including
fish, mollusks, and water life, wild deer, sheep, and goats, wild grains, nuts, and legumes
as climate became warmer and drier, the _____ changed
flora and fauna of North America chnaged
areas opened up for human occupation as the
glaciers retreated and temperatures rose
venus could symbolize
goddess or fertility symbol
tools suggest that the Natufians
harvested wild grain intensively
during the preagricultural period,
height apparently declined by as much as two inches in many parts of the Old World -decline may have been a result of decreasing nutrition but also be that natural selection for greater height was relaxed because leverage for throwing projectiles such as spears was not so favored after the decline of big game hunting
in which region is there evidence of a switch to broad-spectrum collecting the establishment of permanent villages
highland mesoamerica
unlike Natufians there is no evidence of social differences among the Archaic peoples of
highland mesoamerica
in the New World, there were centers of cultivation and domestication in
highlands of Mesoamerica and central Andes around Peru and Eastern Woodlands of North America
large timbers appear to have been split for
houses; trees were hollowed out for canoes; and small pieces of wood were made into paddles
cave paintings from the upper paleolithic are thought to reflect which of the following
how people got their food
the study of tools should reveal not only how the implements were made but also
how they were used
Meadowcroft site shows clear signs of
human occupation, a small fragment of human bone, a spearpoint, and chipped knives and scrapers
in North and South america the neolithic period began when
humans first entered the New World
mark cohen argued that
hunter gatherers were filling up the world and they had to seek new possibly less desirable sources of food
tools made by upper paleolithic peoples suggest that they were much more effective
hunters and fishers than their predecessors
Alexander Marshack believed that
hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark the phases of the moon
upper paleolithic cultures relied heavily on
hunting
altitude became an important factor in the
hunting and collecting regime, as different altitudes have different plant and animal resources
natufians appear to have concentrated on
hunting gazelle which they would take by surrounding whole herds
the upper paleolithic peoples in south asia combined
hunting, fishing, and gathering with seasonal movements to exploit seasonally abundant resources
in addition to an increased reliance on hunting, which of the following developed during the Upper Paleolithic of the Old World?
increased sedentism and trade
in South Asia, the upper paleolithic saw an
increasingly sedentary lifestyle developing along the banks of freshwater steams
T/F during the upper paleolithic period in Europe, the availability of vast supplies of meat from the magafauna, giant game animals, and other diverse resources allowed them to become more sedentary and trade with neighboring groups
True
T/F the symbolic aspects of culture blossomed during the upper paleolithic and set the stage for the complex cultural life we follow today
True
indirect percussion used
a hammer-struck punch, common in upper paleolithic -after shaping a core into a pyramidal or cylindrical form, toolmakers put a punch of antler, wood, or other hard material into position and struck it w a hammer -since fore was direct, toolmakers were able to strike off consistently shaped blades, more than twice as long as they are wide
the cutting edge of a tool might consist of
a line of razorlike microliths set into a piece of wood -the tool would not be usable if just one of the cutting edge's microliths broke off or was chipped -but if the user carried a small prepared core of flint from which an identical-sized microlith could be struck off, the tool could be repaired easily by replacing the lost could be replacing the lost or broken microlith
if the more advanced Mousterian technique was used,
a lump of equal size would yield 2 yards of working edge
natufian foraging based on
a more intense use of stationary resources such as wild grain, but the archaeological evidence suggests increasing social complexity
people turned away from reliance on big game hunting to the
intensive collecting of wild plants, mollusks, fish, and small game to make up for the extinction of large game animals they had once relied on
some archeologists think that the blade technique was adopted because...
it made for more economical use of flint
the emergence of language may have been a
key aspect of the upper paleolithic cultural fluorresence
Europeans post upper paleolithic had finds such as
kitchen middens that centuries of post upper paleolithic seafood eaters had discarded, and the remains of fishing equipment, canones, and boats indicate that these people depended much more heavily on fishing than had their ancestors in upper paleolithic times
many of the European post-upper paleolithic sites are along
lakes, rivers, and oceanfronts -these sites probably were not inhabited year-round -there is evidence that at least some groups moved seasonally from one settlement to another, between coast and inland areas
some people suggest that FOXP2 was directly associated with
language and because Neandertals and modern humans share the same gene, Neandertals must have had language
clovis projectile point is
large and leaf-shaped, flaked on both sides -it has a broad groove in the middle, presumably so that the point could be attached to a wooden spear shaft
upper paleolithic peoples hunted
large animals on the grasslands that covered the region during that period
a mammoth was found with 8 clovis points, indicating that clovis people hunted
large game
upper paleolithic is also noted for the production of
large numbers of bone, antler, and ivory tools; needles, awls, and harpoons made of bone appear for the first time
in africa, the cultural period comparable to the upper paleolithic is known as the
later stone age
In eastern and southern Africa, a way of life known as the
later stone age developed that persisted in some areas until very recently -people lived in small, mobile groups, hunting large animals, and collecting a wide variety of plant foods -interaction was common among these bands
the increased utilization of stationary food sources such as wild grain may explain some of why people in Near East began to
lead more sedentary lives during the Epipaleolithic
lifestyles during the upper paleolithic were similar to ________
lifestyles before -people were mainly hunters, gatherers, and fishers who lived in mobile bands -made their camps out in the open in skin-covered huts and in caves and rock shelters -produced smaller and smaller stone tools
on the Atlantic coast individual groups apparently moved seasonally along
major river valleys, establishing summer base camps in the piedmont and winter camps near the coast
clovis points have often been found in association with which of the following
mammoth bones
pleistocene megafauna included
mammoth, mastodon, rhinoceros, giant ground sloth, and others like a horse
High plains which was east of the rockies had what animals
mammoths, bison, wild camels, and wild horses
the faunal remains in inland sites indicate that
many different sources of food were exploited from the same base camps
which of the following offers the most direct evidence that post upper paleolithic Europeans were more dependent on fishing than their ancestors?
middens and remains of canoes
blades were found in
middle paleolithic assemblages, not widely used until upper paleolithic
an archaeological site called monte verde in chile demonstrates that
modern humans got to southern South America by at least 12,500 years ago
the main purpose of the blade toolmaking technique may not have been to make
more economical use of flint but rather to allow easy replacement of damaged blades
what was found at the site of Monte Verde in Chile?
more than 700 stone tools, evidence of hide-covered huts, a child's footprint, and a hearth
which of the following features was characteristic of both Maglemosian people in Europe and Archaic people in the New World
reliance on forest products and sedentary settlements
Eynan is a stratified site containing the
remains of three villages in sequence, one atop another -each village consisted of 50 circular pit houses
pit houses had the advantage of
retaining heat longer than houses built above the ground -villages appear to have had stone-paved walks w circular stone pavements ringed with what seem to be permanent hearths, and the dead were interred in village cementaries
melting of the glacial ice caused the oceans to
rise and as the seas moved inland, the waters inundated some of the riches fodder-producing costal plains, creating islands, inlets, and bays
Valleys tend to have
scrubby, grassland vegetation, wheras foothills and mountains have thorn forests of cactuses and succulents
microband camps were also inhabited
seasonally probably by a single family, when groups were not assembled into macroband camps
Archiac peoples of North America, began to have a more ______ lifestyle
sedentary
what was the first step in creating a stone tool using an indirect percussion technique
shaping a core into a pyramidal or cylindrical shape
during the upper paleolithic and probably for the first time, spears were
shot from a spear thrower rather than thrown with the arm
Jacques Bordaz suggested that the evolution of toolmaking techniques which continually increased the amount of usable edge that could be gotten out of a lump of flit, was
significant because people could then spend more time in regions where flint was unavailable
the tooth enamel of natufian shows
signs of nutritional deficiency and their stature declined over time
in North America the Upper Paleolithic peoples lived in
small communities located within easy access to water and other resources, and they moved regularly, probably to follow the animal herds -trade took place between local groups, particularly for high quality stone used in making tools
atlatls were found in upper paleolithic
spear throwers
to deal with the new, more forested environment, the Maglemosians made
stone axes and adzes to chop down trees and form them into various objects
LeRoy McDermott has argued that Venus figurines are not
symbolic representations at all but rather accurate self-portraits made by pregnant women
what did Andre Leroi Gourham of the Musee in Paris calculate
that a 2-pound lump of flint yielded 16 inches of working edge and produced only two hand axes
Which of the following supports the costal migration model for the arrival of humans in the New World?
the discovery of stone tools in ancient coastlines that are now under the Bering sea
which of the following may have an important element in the flourishing of Upper Paleolithic culture?
the emergence of language
which of the following may be evidence of the existence of human language during the Upper Paleolithic?
the emergence of symbolic art
Richard Klein sees the rapid emergence of art and ritual in the upper paleolithic as evidence of
the emergence of the modern human brain
hearth
the floor of a fireplace
art is related to
the importance of hunting in the economy of upper paleolithic people
there is little evidence of ritual behavior beyond the presence of
what may have been a ceremonial dance floor in a macroband campsite in valley of oxaca
what foods became prominent at the end of the Upper Paleolithic in northern areas that had been tundra and grasslands?
wild plants, mollusks, fish, and small game
tools are found with many other kids of animal remains like
wolf, turtle, rabbit, horse, fox, deer, and camel -bison hunters obviously depended on other animals as well
during the last ice age, which areas would have had environments similar to modern-day Siberia?
North America and Europe
according to comparative linguists Joseph Greenburg and Merritt Ruhlen there were 3 waves of migration into the new world
-first arrivals spoke a language that diverged over time into most of the languages found in the New World: the Amerind family of languages - speaks of this occupied all south and central america as well as most of north america -na Dene family - today is Navajo and Apache in the SW United States in various Athapaskan languages of northern California, costal Oregon, NW Canada, and Alaska -ancestors of the Inuit(Eskimo) and Aleut - Inuit-Aleut family
two new techniques of toolmaking appeared
-indirect percussion -pressure flaking
two forms of archaic settlement appear to have been more
-residential base camp: inhabited seasonally by several, related families -special-purpose camp: short-term habitation near a particular resource or perhaps used by a group of hunters for a short period of time
east Asia species examples during last ice age
-wolly rhioceros -giant deer
Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three locations of paintings in the caves of western europe:
1)obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances - art as decoration or "art for arts" sake 2)galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves 3)in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there
by what point had people successfully domesticated certain species of plants?
14,000 years ago in the Old World and 10,000 years ago in the New World
most of the worlds major food plants and animals were domesticated well before
2000 BCE -also developed by that time were techniques of plowing, fertilizing, fallowing, and irrigation
natufian sites on the avg were _ times larger than those of their predecessors
5
the monte verde site contains more than
700 stone tools, the remains of hide-covered huts, and child's footprint next to a hearth
in North America, giant ground sloths were how tall
8-10ft -weighed several thousand pounds
the traditional assumption is that the Native Americans came to North America from Siberia on foot on land that is now under water in the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska
Beringia land Bridge
in Old World there were independent centers of domestication in
China, Southeast Asia(now Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and New Guinea), and Africa in 6000 BCE
what was found in the fifth hut outside the settlement of Dolni Vestonice?
a bake oven and broken animal figurines
entire settlement plan was found in
Dolni Vestonice, now Czech Republic
there is evidence that modern humans were in southern South America at least 12,500 years ago
Monte Verde, Chile
________ were the earlieset Epipaleolithic people known to have stored surplus crops
Natufians
areas known best archaeologically for the developments leading to food production and settled life
Near East and Mesoamerica
domestication of plants and animals became more important in the ________ period
Neolithic
bone harpoons and pottery are found in areas of
Nile Valley through the central and southern Sahara westward to what is nos Mali
the most surprising physical evidence for early people in the Americas comes from the
Paisley Caves in southern Oregon -human coprolites(dried feces) have been found
Archaeological remains of early New World hunters have been found in the United States, Mexico, and Canada
Paleo-Indians
environmentally during the Upper Paleolithic period, both Europe and North America resembled contemporary
Siberia and northern Canada -everywhere else in the world conditions were not as extreme but still different from conditions today
neolithic revolution
The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution -termed by V Gordon Childe
what evidence indicates that the Natufians harvested wild grains
natufian sickles have a sheen consistent with that produced by striking grass stems with flint
which of the following describes the differences between the worlds climate during the last ice age and today
north Africa was wetter, and south Asia was drier
Archaic was marked by
not an increase in settled lifestyle
one way of suggesting what a particular tool was used in the past is to
observe the manner in which similar tools are used by members of recent or contemporary societies, preferably societies with subsistence activities and environments similar to those of the ancient toolmakers -ethnographic analogy
when the tundras and grasslands disappeared, hunters could no longer
obtain large quantities of meat simply by remaining close to migratory herds of animals
microliths were
often hafted or fitted into handles, one blade at a time or several blades together, to serve as spears, adzes, knives, and sickles
art in the upper paleolithic included
painting on cave walls and stone slabs, carving tools, decorative objects, and personal ornaments out of bone, antler, shell, and stone -people began to obtain materials from distant sources
Paleo-Indian people in woodland regions depended more heavily on
plant food and smaller game -some areas may have depended on
in the Natufians homes, what was beneath the floors?
plastered storage pits for wild grain and other resources
large game animals collectively were known as
pleistocene megafauna -huge compared to descendants
upper paleolithic is characterized by what tools
preponderance of blades; there were also burins, bone and antler tools, and microliths
S A Semenov did what
re-created prehistoric stone tools and used them in a variety of ways to find out which uses left which kinds of wear marks -ex: by cutting into meat with his re-created stone knives, he produced a polish on the edges that was like the polish on blades from a prehistoric site in Siberia -this finding led Semenov to infer that the Siberian blades were probably also used to cut meat
the largest social unit, the macroband camp was probably composed of
related family groups and leadership in these groups was probably informal
which of the following statements about the Later Stone Age in Africa is true?
ways of life that developed during this period have persisted until recent times
problem with ethnographic analogy is
we cannot be sure that the original use of a tool was the same as the present use
what is the significance of the Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Western Pennsylvania
there is clear evidence of pre Clovis occupation
what is the problem with using ethnographic analogy to determine what a tool was used for?
there is no way to be sure that contemporary tool use reflects that of the ancient past
controversies around venus figurines provide insight into a basic problem in archaeology:
there is often little to no evidence that allows us to accept or reject a particular interpretation
which of the following was a result of changing ocean currents during the last ice age?
there were extreme temperature contrasts
which of the following is a characteristic of the lifestyle of Paleo-Indians living in the Illinois River valley?
they lived in permanent villages of 100 to 150 people
what do upper paleolithic tools suggest about their makers?
they were better hunters and fishers than those who came before them
which of the following describes the patterning of early preagricultural settlements as seen in the archaeological record
they were clustered around regions rick in natural resources
by analyzing the polish found on prehistoric blades from a site in Siberia, SA Semenov established that _________
they were used to cut meat
another way to suggest what a particular kind of tool was used for is
to compare the visible and microscopic wear marks on the prehistoric tools made and experimentally used by contemporary researchers
similarities in biological traits include
tooth forms, blood types, and on possible linguistic relationships, anthropologists agree that Native Americans originally came from Asia
the canoes presumably were built for
travel and perhaps for fishing on the lakes and rivers that abounded in the postglacial environment
T/F the tools made by upper paleolithic peoples suggest that they were much more effective hunters and fishers than their predcessors - spears were shot from a spear thrower rather than thrown with the arm; the bow and arrow was used for fishing and perhaps for hunting reindeer, were invented at this time
true
Richard Klein believed that 50,000 years ago, some key mutation occurred that
unlocked our big brain's potential for abstract and symbolic thought
pressure flaking also appeared during the
upper paleolithic
what does the arrival of people in Australia during the Upper Paleolithic indicate?
upper paleolithic people from Asia were skilled at sea travel
what do the animal bones found at Dolni Vestonice suggest about Upper Paleolithic behaviors?
upper paleolithic people scavenged and hunted
Olga Soffer suggests that
upper paleolithic peoples may have located their settlements near places where many mammoths died naturally in order to make use of the bones for building
cave art reached a peak toward the end of
upper paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing
In Near East, there seems to have been a shift from mobile big game hunting to the
utilization of a broad spectrum of natural resources at the end of the Upper Paleolithic
in east and southeast asia, ocean resources became
vital to costal-dwelling peoples, whereas those inland lived primarily in caves, hunting and collecting broadly in the local environment -many sites appear to have been occupied for long periods of time, showing sedentism
in Africa too, the preagricultural period was marked by a
warmer, wetter environment