Module 7
Which suffix will the name of the acid HNO3 use?
-ic
molecular shape at left with the correct bond angle: triagonal pyramidal
107.3°
molecular shape at left with the correct bond angle: tetrahederal
109.5°
The compound name disulfur decafluoride indicates that the formula has _______ sulfur atoms and ________ fluorine atoms.
2; 10
Which are rules for naming binary acids?
> The first word has the prefix hydro- to name the hydrogen part of the compound. > The second word is always acid.
Which are examples of covalent network solids?
Diamond Quartz
Name: N2O4
dinitrogen tetroxide
Which is the correct name for N2O4?
dinitrogen tetroxide
molecular shape at left with the correct bond angle: triagonal planar
120°
q molecular shape at left with the correct bond angle: linear
180°
The hybrid orbitals in a carbon atom in methane are called sp3 orbitals because the four hybrid orbitals form from ________ s orbital and _________ p orbitals. Each hybrid orbital contains ________ electron that it can share with another atom.
1; 3; 1
Which are true of multiple covalent bonds?
> Molecules having multiple covalent bonds contain both sigma bonds and pi bonds. > A double covalent bond consists of one pi bond and one sigma bond.
Many binary covalent compounds are generally known by their common names rather than their scientific names, such as _______ (NH3), _______ (N2H4), and _______ (NO).
Ammonia; hydrazine; nitric oxide
The oxygen atom of the H-O bonds in water are partially negative and the hydrogen atoms are partially positive. Because of a water molecule's _______ shape, the H-O bonds are asymmetric, which makes water a _______ molecule.
Bent; polar
What type of acid contains hydrogen and one other element? > Oxyacid > Molecular covalent acid > Oxyanion > Binary acid
Binary acid HX → not O unless H2O or HO-
The relative ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond is called
Electronegativity
True or False: Binary molecular compounds are generally composed of a metal and a nonmetal.
False
In a polar covalent bond, the more-electronegative atom is at the partially ______ end, while the less-electronegative atom is at the partially ______ end.
Negative; positive
An acid that contains both a hydrogen atom and an oxyanion is referred to as an
Oxyacid
Which is the type of covalent bond that forms when a shared electron pair occupies the space above and below the line that represents where the two atoms are joined together?
Pi
True or False: A structural formula shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule.
True
True or False: The carbon dioxide molecule contains two double bonds.
True True or False: All electrons in an atom are available for bonding. qqFalse
Lone pairs of electrons affect the bond angles in a molecule. Therefore, a trigonal planar molecule has bond angles of ________° while a trigonal pyramidal molecule has bond angles of
________°. 120; 107.3
Which of the following best describes a coordinate covalent bond? > a bond that has more than one Lewis structure > a double bond > a bond in which both atoms donate electrons to be shared > a bond in which one atom donates both electrons to be shared
a bond in which one atom donates both electrons to be shared
Which type of bond forms when shared electrons are not shared equally?
a polar covalent bond
Electronegativity
the relative ability of an atom to attractions in a chemical bond > How much an atom is pulling
bond lengths shortest to longest bond length
triple covalent, double covalent, single covalent
Which Greek letter is used to represent a partial charge?
δ Delta
A molecule has three single covalent bonds, one lone pair, and sp3 hybrid oritals. What is its likely shape?
> Tetrahedral > Bent > Trigonal pyramidal > Trigonal planar qq Trigonal pyramidal s=1 p=2 only 3
Sigma bonds can form from which type of orbital overlap?
An s orbital overlaps with another s orbital. An s orbital overlaps with a p orbital. Two p orbitals overlap end-to-end.
Two common types of acids exist. These are ______ acids and ________
Binary; oxyacids
The oxyanion present in HClO3 is _______ and the one in HClO2 is _______
Chlorate; chlorite
When atoms share multiple pairs of electrons, multiple covalent bonds form. ______ covalent bonds and ________ covalent bonds are examples of multiple bonds.
Double; triple
A chemical bond between atoms of different elements is never completely ionic or covalent. The character of a bond depends on how strongly each of the bonded atoms attracts __________. The character of a chemical bond can be predicted using the _________ difference of the elements that bond.
Electrons; electronegativity
Which type of reaction occurs when a greater amount of energy is required to break the existing bonds in the reactants than is released when the new bonds form in the products?
Endothermic > Why not exothermic → When more energy is absorbed to break bonds among the reactants than is released when new bonds form among the products, there is a net transfer of energy from the surroundings to the reaction system. The reaction, then, is endothermic.
Which type of reaction occurs when more energy is released during product bond formation than is required to break bonds in the reactants?
Exothermic > Why not endothermic → When more energy is released forming bonds among the products than is absorbed in breaking bonds among the reactants, there is an overall release of energy to the surroundings. The reaction, then, is exothermic.
True or False: The prefix tetra- indicates three atoms.
False
True or false: Bond angles predicted by VSEPR are unsupported by experimental evidence.
False > Reason: Bond angles predicted by VSEPR are supported by experimental evidence.
Which element has the highest electronegativity? What is the numerical value? What are the name and group number of the chemical family that has the highest overall electronegativities?
Fluorine is the highest at 3.98. It is in group 17, meaning it is a halogen; just one away from a noble gas configuration.
Bond-dissociation energy indicates the strength of a chemical bond. The stronger the bond the ____ the bond-dissociation energy
Higher
When dissolved in water, the name of the binary acid H2S is
Hydrosulfuric acid
In general, the number of valence electrons needed to form a(n) _____ equals the number of covalent bonds that can form
Octet
The type of bond that forms when electrons are not shared equally is called a(n) ________ bond
Polar covalent
range of electronegativity differences on the left with the correct bond character: 0.4-1.7
Polar covalent bond
When a molecule enters a taste bud, it must have the correct _______ for the nerve in each receptor cell to respond and send a message to the brain.
Shape
Diatomic molecules, such as chlorine (Cl2), bromine (Br2), and iodine (I2), form when two atoms of each element _____ their electrons. They exist in this form because the two-atom molecules are more ______ than the individual atoms
Share; stable
The single covalent bond that forms when an electron pair is shared by the direct overlap of bonding orbitals is called a
Sigma bond
True or False: In molecules, hydrogen is always a terminal atom.
True
True or False: The prefix hexa- indicates six atoms.
True
Intermolecular forces vary in strength but are _________ than the bonds that join atoms in a molecule or ions in an ionic compound.
Weaker
What is the electronegativity difference that usually is the dividing line between covalent and ionic bonds? a. 1.0 b. 1.7 c. 2.7 d. 4.0
b. 1.7
A nonpolar covalent bond is one in which a. electrons are transferred. b. electrons are shared unequally. c. electrons are shared equally. d. both electrons are provided by the same atom.
c. electrons are shared equally.
Name: CO2
carbon dioxide
oxyacid formula on the left with its name: HClO3
chloric acid
When such an attachment is formed, bond dissociation energy is released, and the process is
exothermic
The orbitals that are produced in this way are
identical to one another > An example of an element that commonly undergoes such formation is (9) carbon
acid formula at left with the name of the oxyanion present in the compound: HNO3
nitrate
oxyacid formula on the left with its name: HNO3
nitric acid
molecular shape at left with the correct bond angle: bent
104.5°
molecular shape at left with the correct bond angle: octahederal
90°
name of each acid on the left with its formula on the right: hydrosulfuric acid
H2S
Based on the bonds in them, table salt is a(n) ______ solid and table sugar is a(n) ______ solid.
Ionic; covalent
Oxyacid jingle
Nate & Nick ate → ic Righteous ite → ous
A molecule of CBr4 has a _____ shape.
Tetrahedral
Electrons in bonds between identical atoms have an electronegativity difference of ________ . This type of bond is considered ________ covalent, or a pure covalent bond.
Zero; nonpolar
Name: NH3
ammonia
When two atoms share electrons in a sigma bond, how do their valence atomic orbitals overlap?
end-to-end
When a greater amount of energy is required to break the existing bonds in the reactants than is released when the new bonds form in the products, the reaction is an
endothermic reaction
A model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons are arranged in molecules is called a ________. Lines or pairs of dots between the element symbols represent ______ pairs of electrons.
Lewis structure; bonding/shared
Which is the single covalent bond that forms when an electron pair is shared with the valence atomic orbitals overlapping end-to-end?
Sigma bond > Not pi bond: Reason: Pi bonds form in multiple covalent bonds when parallel orbitals overlap.
Atoms of group 17 elements form ______ covalent bonds with atoms of other nonmetals.
Single
The shape of a molecule whose central atom has four pairs of bonding electrons is a. tetrahedral. b. trigonal planar. c. trigonal pyramidal. d. linear.
a. tetrahedral.
Molecular covalent...
bonds
Name: HBrO3
bromic acid
Unequal sharing of electrons between two bonded atoms always indicates a. a nonpolar covalent bond. b. an ionic bond. c. a polar covalent bond. d. a polar molecule.
c. a polar covalent bond.
The shape of a molecule that has three single covalent bonds and one lone pair on the central atom is a. tetrahedral. b. trigonal planar. c. trigonal pyramidal. d. linear.
c. trigonal pyramidal.
The bond angle is the angle between a. the sigma and pi bonds in a double bond. b. the nucleus and the bonding electrons. c. two terminal atoms and the central atom. d. the orbitals of a bonding atom.
c. two terminal atoms and the central atom.
substance at left with its description: table sugar
covalent solid that melts at relatively low temperature
Which element has the greatest electronegativity value?
fluorine
Which of the following is true? > Metals gain stability by sharing electrons to form ions > Atoms with higher energy states are more stable > Atoms with lower energy states are more stable > Atoms in nonionic pairs gain or lose electrons
ANSWER: Atoms with lower energy states are more stable > Metals gain stability by sharing electrons to form ions > Metals don't form ions > Atoms with higher energy states are more stable > Dangerous, unstable > Atoms in nonionic pairs gain or lose electrons > Not ionic → covalent > Nonionic, prob not answer, never said in class
name of each acid on the left with its formula on the right: sulfuric acid
H2SO4
What is the meaning of the term electronegativity?
How much atoms can attract electrons. Increasing moving up a period and increasing toward the right.
If no oxygen is present in the formula for the acidic compound, the acid is named in the same way as a binary acid. For example, HCN, which is composed of hydrogen and the cyanide ion, is called ____________ in solution.
Hydrocyanic acid
If a compound produces ______ ions in solution, it is an acid.
Hydrogen
Polar molecules and ionic compounds are usually soluble in _______ substances. Nonpolar molecules dissolve only in ________ substances.
Polar; nonpolar
oxyacid formula on the left with its name: HClO2
chlorous acid
When electronegativities of two bonded atoms differ greatly, the bond is a. polar covalent. b. coordinate covalent. c. polar covalent. d. ionic.
d. ionic.
number of atoms with the prefix used when naming covalent compounds: 10
deca-
Use the rules for naming binary acids to determine the name of HCl.
hydrochloric acid
number of atoms with the prefix used when naming covalent compounds: 9
nona-
The VSEPR model is used mainly to a. determine molecular shape.. b. write resonance structures. c. determine ionic charge d. measure intermolecular distances.
a. determine molecular shape.
molecular shape at left with the hybrid orbitals present in the molecule: triagonal planar
sp2
Which are rules used to name binary molecular compounds?
> The first element in the formula is always named first, using the entire element name. > The second element in the formula is named using its root and adding the suffix -ide. > Prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element that are present in the compound.
The angle formed by two terminal atoms and the central atom is called a ________ angle. The angle can be determined because electron pairs in a molecule __________ one another, which forces the atoms in a molecule to be in certain positions relative to one another.
Bond; repel
Which is the molecular compound name for water? > Hydrogen dioxide > Hydrogen monoxide > Dihydrogen monoxide > Dihydrogen dioxide
Dihydrogen monoxide
Strongest dipole-dipole
F, O, N → hydrogen bonding can occur
True or False: When carbon and oxygen bond, the molecule contains ten pairs of bonding electrons.
False
name of each acid on the left with its formula on the right: chlorous acid
HClO2
range of electronegativity differences on the left with the correct bond character: <0.4
Mostly covalent
range of electronegativity differences on the left with the correct bond character: >1.7
Mostly ionic
In general, the number of valence electrons needed to form a(n) ____ equals the number of covalent bonds that can form a(n) ______ equals the number of covalent bonds that can form.
Octet
Each fluorine atom in a fluorine molecule has ______ pair(s) of electrons that are covalently bonded and ______ pair(s) of electrons that are unbonded.
One; three
Which describes the partial charges for the atoms in an H-Cl bond?
The H atom is partially positive because it is the less-electronegative atom. The Cl atom is partially negative because it is the more-electronegative atom.
molecular shape at left with the hybrid orbitals present in the molecule: trigonal bipyramidal
sp3d
Which forces act as two atoms approach each other?
a force of repulsion between each atom's electrons a force of repulsion between each atom's protons a force of attraction between one atom's protons and the other atom's electrons
One exception to the rules for naming molecular compounds is that the mono- prefix is never _______ used before the name of the element in the compound.
first
Which are characteristics of covalent bonding?
> The majority of covalent bonds form between atoms of nonmetallic elements. > The shared electrons are considered to be part of the outer energy levels of both atoms involved.
Which are true of the single covalent bond in a hydrogen molecule?
> The two shared electrons belong to each atom simultaneously. > Each hydrogen atom has the noble-gas configuration of helium (1s2). > Each covalently bonded atom equally attracts the pair of shared electrons.
A covalent bond involves attractive and repulsive forces. In a molecule, nuclei and electrons ____ each other, but nuceli _____ other nuceli, and electrons _____ other electrons. When this balance of forces is upset, a covalent can be broken
Attract; repel; repel
True or false: Because symmetric covalent molecules are nonpolar and asymmetric molecules are usually polar, they are typically soluble in one another.
False > Reason: Polar and nonpolar substances usually do not mix. Polar molecules and ionic compounds are usually soluble in polar substances, but nonpolar molecules dissolve only in nonpolar substances.
What is the name for H2SO3 > Hydrosulfide > Hydrosulfite > Sulfurous acid > Sulfuric acid
Sulfurous acid
Which are examples of intermolecular forces?
dipole-dipole force dispersion force hydrogen bond
The formation of new orbitals from a combination or rearrangement of valence electrons is called
hybridization
Which is the process in which atomic orbitals mix and form new, identical hybrid orbitals?
hybridization
Bent, trigonal pyramidal, and tetrahedral molecules have different numbers of lone electron pairs, but they all have ______ hybrid orbitals.
sp3
When this atom combines its three p orbitals and its one s orbital, the orbitals that result are called
sp3 orbitalsqq An example of a molecule that has this type of orbital is (11) methane.
Bond length is the distance between a. two molecules of the same substance. b. the electrons in two attached atoms. c. the nuclei of two attached atoms. d. the orbitals of two attached atoms.
the nuclei of two attached atoms
What is the shape of the PBr3 molecule?
trigonal pyramidal > Not bent → Reason: In a bent molecular shape, the central atom has two covalent bonds and two lone pairs. PBr3 has three covalent bonds and one lone pair. > Not tetrahedral → Reason: There are not four atoms arranged around the central phosphorus, so the shape of the molecule cannot be tetrahedral. > Not trigonal planar → Reason: There is a lone pair on the central phosphorus atom in a PBr3 molecule. This lone pair will push the three bonding pairs closer together, resulting in a trigonal pyramidal shape.
Which is the relative ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond?
Electronegativity
True or False: Nitrate is an example of an ion that forms resonance structures.
False
Which is a model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons are arranged in molecules?
Lewis Structure
Which is a model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons are arranged in molecules?
Lewis structure
A polyatomic ion containing one or more oxygen atoms is called a(n) __________.
Oxyanion
An energy change occurs when a bond between atoms in a molecule forms or breaks. Energy is ________ when a bond forms, but energy must be _________ to break a bond.
Released; absorbed/added/gained
Why are shared bonding orbitals pushed together by unshared pairs of electrons?
Unshared pairs of electrons occupy a slightly larger orbital than shared electrons.
A process in which atomic orbitals mix and form new, identical hybrid orbitals is called
hybridization
Name: HBR
nitric acid
Name: HNO3
nitrous acid
Which of these elements has the lowest electronegativity value?
Francium > Not hydrogen → While hydrogen is on the left side of the table, where elements tend to have lower electronegativities, electronegativity also tends to decrease as you move down a column. Francium, at the bottom of group 1, has the lowest electronegativity.
The Greek letter delta (δ) is used to represent a ____ charge.
Partial
Which describes a binary molecular compound? > Composed of two metal atoms Metallic composition > Composed of metal atom and a nonmetal atom Ionic bond > Composed of two nonmetal atoms Molecular → covalent bonds Molecules → covalently bonded > Composed of two metal atoms
ANSWER: Composed of two nonmetal atoms > Composed of two metal atoms > Metallic composition > Composed of metal atom and a nonmetal atom > Ionic bond > Composed of two nonmetal atoms > Molecular → covalent bonds > Molecules → covalently bonded > Composed of two metal atoms
What factor other than electronegativity determines whether a molecule as a whole is polar or not? a. Temperature b. its geometry c. its physical state d. its mass
b. its geometry
If the sharing involves the overlap of parallel orbitals, the attachment is called a(n)
pi bond
Which are typical properties of covalent network solids?
poor conductors brittle extremely hard
Which term refers to a chemical bond that result from sharing valence electrons? > Ionic bond > Metallic bond > Covalent bond > Molecule
ANSWER: Covalent bond → Share > Ionic bond > gain/loose electrons → transfer > Metallic bond > Sea of electrons > Molecule
If a compound produces hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, it is a(n) ______.
Acid
When naming binary acids, the second word of the name is always ______.
Acid
The distance between the two bonded nuclei at the position of maximum attraction is called
Bond length
The correct name for CCl4 is
Carbon tetrachlroide
Which is the term used to describe an acid that contains both a hydrogen atom and an oxyanion?
an oxyacid
Which is the correct name for HCN in solution?
hydrocyanic acid
What is formed when two or more atoms bond covalently?
molecule
number of atoms with the prefix used when naming covalent compounds: 1
mono-
Weakest to strongest (bond type)
single, double, triple
Fluorine exists as a diatomic molecule because ______.
the sharing of one pair of electrons gives each fluorine atom a stable noble-gas configuration > Each fluorine atom has seven valence electrons. By sharing one pair of electrons, forming a single bond, two fluorine atoms have stable noble-gas configurations.
The C-Cl bonds in a CCl4 molecule are all polar. However, CCl4 is a nonpolar molecule. How is this possible?
The partial charges are balanced because the molecule has a tetrahedral shape.
number of atoms with the prefix used when naming covalent compounds: 7
hepta-
Two fluorine atoms share electrons to form the diatomic molecule F2 because the molecule ______.
is more stable than the individual atoms
One exception to the rules for naming molecular compounds is that the first element in the compound name never uses the ______ prefix.
mono-
common name for each molecular compound with its scientific name: nitric oxide
nitrogen monoxide
common name for each molecular compound with its scientific name: ammonia
nitrogen trihydride
generally, covalent bonds are made up out of
nonmetal elements metals can, just majority is nonmetals
Fluorine exists as a diatomic molecule because ______.
the sharing of one pair of electrons gives each fluorine atom a stable noble-gas configuration > Each fluorine atom has seven valence electrons. By sharing one pair of electrons, forming a single bond, two fluorine atoms have stable noble-gas configurations.
Which factors determine bond length?
the sizes of the two atoms the number of electron pairs shared
HClO3, which contains the chlorate oxyanion, will have the acid suffix -________ in its name. HClO2, which contains the chlorite oxyanion, will have the acid suffix -________ in its name.
-ic, -ous
Which are rules for naming oxyacids?
> The first word of an oxyacid's name consists of the root of the oxyanion. > If the name of the oxyanion ends with the suffix -ite, replace it with the suffix -ous. > If the oxyanion's name ends with the suffix -ate, replace it with the suffix -ic.
What general trend in electronegativity do you note going down a group? Across a period?
Down a group, it generally decreases. Across a period, it generally increases
Unshared pairs of electrons occupy a slightly _________ orbital than shared electrons, so the presence of unshared pairs pushes the shared bonding orbitals ________ to one another.
Larger; together/closer
A molecule has 6 shared pairs of electrons and no lone pairs of electrons. Its hybrid orbitals are sp3d2. What is its likely shape? > Tetrahedral > Trigonal pyramidal > Trigonal bipyramidal > Octahedral
Octahedral
Which is the term for a polyatomic ion containing one or more oxygen atoms?
Oxyanion > Not oxyacid → Polyatomic ions containing one or more oxygen atoms are called oxyanions. An oxyanion must be in a compound with hydrogen before it is part of an oxyacid.
Which are true about the relationship between molecular polarity and attraction to electric fields?
Polar molecules tend to align with an electric field. Nonpolar molecules are not attracted by an electric field. Polar molecules are attracted by an electric field.
What is not true about resonance and resonance structures? > Resonance occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule or ion. > Resonance structures are two or more correct Lewis structures for a single ion or molecule. > The molecule behaves as though it has multiple structures. > Bond lengths are identical to each other and intermediate between single and double covalent bonds.
The molecule behaves as though it has multiple structures.
True or False: For binary acids, the hydrogen part of the compound is named using the prefix hydro-.
True
True or false: The shape of food molecules is important to our sense of taste.
True > Reason: When a molecule enters a taste bud, it must have the correct shape for the nerve in each receptor cell to respond and send a message to the brain. The brain then interprets the message as a certain taste.
The properties of covalent molecular compounds are related to the relatively ______ intermolecular forces holding the molecules together.
Weak
The symbol δ+ is placed next to which of the following? a. the less electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond b. the more electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond c. a positive ion d. the nucleus
a. the less electronegative atom in a polar covalent bond
Which of the following relationships relating to bond length is generally correct? a. the shorter the bond, the stronger the bond b. the shorter the bond, the weaker the bond c. the shorter the bond, the fewer the electrons in it d. the shorter the bond, the lower the bond dissociation energy
a. the shorter the bond, the stronger the bond
A molecule of ammonia, NH3, is a. nonpolar because it is linear. b. polar because it is linear. c. nonpolar because there is no electronegativity difference. d. polar because there is an electronegativity difference and the molecule is trigonal pyramidal.
d. polar because there is an electronegativity difference and the molecule is trigonal pyramidal.
The VSEPR model is based on the idea that a. there is always an octet of electrons around an atom in a molecule. b. electrons are attracted to the nucleus. c. molecules repel one another. d. shared and unshared electron pairs repel each other as much as possible.
d. shared and unshared electron pairs repel each other as much as possible.
The weak attraction forces between molecules are known as ______ forces, or van der Waals forces.
intermolecular
substance at left with its description: table salt
ionic solid that melts at very high temperature
The VSEPR model says that the shape of a molecule will ______.
minimize interactions between electron pairs because they repel one another > Reason: According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of a molecule minimizes the repulsions between electron pairs around a central atom.
If two atoms have a electronegativity difference greater than 1.7, what type of bond are they likely to form? > Polar covalent > Mostly covalent > Mostly ionic > Nonpolar covalent
mostly ionic
True or False: Ionic compounds are usually soluble in polar substances
true
Which is a bond that is formed when parallel orbitals overlap, concentrating the shared electrons above and below the line directly between the bonding atoms?
Pi bond > Not sigma: Reason: Sigma bonds form when the valence atomic orbitals of two atoms overlap end-to-end, concentrating the shared electrons in a bonding orbital between the two atoms.
Which is the chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons?
Covalent bond
In general, the number of valence electrons needed to form an octet is ______ the number of covalent bonds that can form.
Equal to
Which bond is present in a hydrogen molecule (H2)?
a single covalent bond that results from the atoms sharing one pair of electrons > Reason: A single bond is formed by atoms sharing one pair of electrons, not two pairs. > Reason: Double covalent bonds are formed by sharing two pairs of electrons, not one. Hydrogen atoms cannot form double bonds. > Reason: Two hydrogen atoms cannot share two pairs of electrons (four electrons total) between them.
Which are two common types of acids based on their chemical composition?
binary acids & oxyacids
Which is the term that describes the amount of energy required to break a specific covalent bond?
bond-dissociation energy
The most stable arrangement of atoms in a covalent bond exists at some optimal distance between the two nuclei. At this point, the net attraction is ______ than the net repulsion.
Greater
Which is not a rule for naming binary molecular compounds: > Identify the oxyanion present and adjust the suffix of this anion to either -ic or -ous > The first element in the formula is always named first, using the entire element name, > Prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element that are present in the compound > The second element in the formula is named using its root and adding the suffix -ide.
Identify the oxyanion present and adjust the suffix of this anion to either -ic or -ous.
Which of the following is true of a multiple covalent bond? > It consists of one sigma bond and at least one pi bond > It consists of more than one sigma bond > It consists of two sigma bonds and more than two pi bonds > None of the above is true
It consists of one sigma bond and at least one pi bond
bond length (what is weaker and what is stronger)
Long: weaker Short: stronger
Metals and nonmetals gain stability by losing or gaining electrons to form ions. The resulting ions are stable because their valence electron configurations are like the ______ gases. From the octet rule you know that atoms with a configuration of ______ valence electrons are stable
Noble; 8
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. When atoms lose or gain electrons, forming ions, the type of bonding is ionic bonding. Whether by transferring or sharing valence electrons, atoms can acquire the stable electron configuration of ___ gases to become more ______
Noble; stable
The type of covalent bond that forms when a shared electron pair occupies the space above and below the line that represents where the two atoms are joined together is called a ____ bond
Pi
Which term refers to single covalent bonds? > Pi > Ionic > Lewis > Sigma > Both start with s
Sigma → both start with s
The shorter the bond length, the _______ the bond. Therefore, a single bond, such as that in F2, is _______ than a double bond, such as that in O2. Likewise, the double bond in O2 is ________ than the triple bond in N2.
Stronger; weaker; weaker
Nitrogen is a group 15 element. In ammonia (NH3), the nitrogen atom has __________ single covalent bonds and __________ pair of unshared electrons.
Three; one
A triple covalent bond forms when ______ pairs of electrons are shared between ___ atoms
Three; two
Which prefix is used in the name of a covalent compound to indicate that there are three atoms of an element in the molecule?
Tri-
True or false: Sharing valence electrons is one way atoms can acquire the stable electron configuration of the noble gases.
True > The octet rule says that atoms with a configuration of eight valence electrons, like the noble gases, are stable. Atoms can achieve this number of electrons through transferring or sharing them.
A double covalent bond forms when _____ pairs of electrons are shared between ______ atoms
Two; two
common name for each molecular compound with its scientific name: water
dihydrogen monoxide
common name for each molecular compound with its scientific name: hydrazine
dinitrogen tetrahydride
A double covalent bond forms when ______.
two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
True or False: To find the total number of electrons available for bonding in a positive ion, you should add the ion charge to the total number of valence electrons of the atoms present.
False
True or false: It is equally easy to upset the balance of forces in all covalent bonds, causing the bond to break.
False
When sharing of electrons occurs, the attachment between atoms that results is called a(n)
(1) covalent bond
True or False: If the name of the anion of an oxyacid ends in -ate, the acid name contains the suffix -ous.
False
When parallel orbitals overlap and share electrons a(n) _____ bond forms
Pi
Metals and nonmetals gain stability by losing or gaining electrons to form ions with stable valence electron configurations. This type of bonding is called ______ bonding.
Covalent
The chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons is called a(n)
Covalent bond
Which is not a characteristic of covalent bonding?: > Covalent bonding generally occurs between elements that are far from each other on the periodic table. > The shared electrons are considered to be part of the outer energy levels of both atoms involved in covalent bonding. > Atoms share their electrons in covalent bonding to form stable electron configurations. > The majority of covalent bonds form between atoms of nonmetallic elements.
Covalent bonding generally occurs between elements that are far from each other on the periodic table.
The amount of energy required to break a specific covalent bond is called bond-_____ energy
Dissociation
The halogens, which are the group 17 elements, tend to form a ______ covalent bond with atoms of other elements.
Single
number of atoms with the prefix used when naming covalent compounds: 5
penta-
If the central atom in a molecule has two pairs of shared electrons and no lone pairs of _______ electrons, the molecular shape is
Linear
What is the name of the acid HNO2? > Nitrate > Nitric acid > Nitrous acid > Nitrate acid
Nitrous acid
Which group of elements do not tend to form new compounds because they have stable electron arrangements?
Noble gases
range of electronegativity differences on the left with the correct bond character: 0
Nonpolar covalent
Covalently bonded molecules are either polar or nonpolar. _______ molecules are not attracted by an electric field. ________ molecules, however, are attracted by an electric field.
Nonpolar; polar
True or False: In a covalent molecular compound, the attraction between molecules tends to be strong.
false
Name: HBRO3
hydrobromic acid
Which are properties of covalent molecular compounds that are explained by the relatively weak intermolecular forces present?
relatively soft solids relatively low melting points relatively low boiling points
The first word of an oxyacid's name has a suffix that depends on the oxyanion's suffix. If the oxyanion's name ends with the suffix -ate, replace it with the suffix ______. If the oxyanion's name ends with the suffix -ite, replace it with the suffix ______
-ic; -ous
How many electrons do group 17 elements need to form an octet > 1 > 2 > 3 > 8
1
A double covalent bond consists of ______ pi bond(s) and ______ sigma bond(s). A triple covalent bond consists of ______ pi bond(s) and _______ sigma bond(s).
1,1; 2,1
What are the bond angles in a trigonal planar molecule? > 90 > 109.5 > 120 > 180
120 Same plane = planar
How are the electronegativity values used to determine the type of bond that exists between two atoms?
Both electronegativity values are subtracted to find the difference between them
Which shows the correct order of elements from the highest electronegativity to the lowest electronegativity: Li, Fe, As, Br
Br, As, Fe, Li What type of bond will form between identical atoms with an electronegativity balance of zero? > Mostly ionic > Polar covalent > Nonpolar covalent > Mostly covalentqq ANSWER: nonpolar covalent > Mostly ionic > Greater than 1.7 > Polar covalent > 0.4 and 1.7 (between) > Nonpolar covalent > 0 > Like O2 > Mostly covalent > O and 0.4 (between)
The electron pairs in a molecule repel one another. These repulsive forces keep electrons from entering each other's space. Therefore, according to VSEPR theory, the atoms connected to a central atom naturally form a shape that ______ interactions between the electron pairs.
Decreases/limits
When naming a molecular compound based on its formula, which question will distinguish whether the name should use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the molecule?
Does the compound form an acidic aqueous solution? > Not Is there more than one atom of any of the elements in the compound? → Reason: Compounds can have more than one atom of an element in them, but still not require a prefix. For example, H2SO3 is sulfurous acid. > Not Is there an oxygen present in the compound? Reason: Compounds with oxygen in them can be named with prefixes. For example, NO2 is nitrogen dioxide.
When more energy is released during product bond formation than is required to break bonds in the reactants, the reaction is a(n)
Exothermic reaction
True or False: An oxyacid contains only two elements.
False
True or False: The central atom in a molecule is the one with the highest electron affinity.
False
True or False: The electrons in a coordinate covalent bond are donated by both the bonded atoms.
False
True or False: The number of bonding pairs in a molecule is equal to the number of electrons.
False
True or False: The second element in the formula of a binary compound is named using the suffix -ite.
False
The element with the greatest electronegativity value (3.98) is _______, and the element with the lowest electronegativity value (0.7) is _______
Fluorine; francium
Carbon is a group 14 element. With four valence electrons, carbon needs _______ more electrons for a noble-gas configuration. Because a hydrogen atom, a group 1 element, has ______ valence electron(s), a total of ______ hydrogen atoms are required to provide the electrons needed by a carbon atom.
Four; one; four
Which element has the lowest electronegativity? What is the numerical value? What are the name and group number of the chemical family that has the lowest overall electronegativities?
Francium is the lowest at 0.7. It is in group 1, meaning the alkali metals; it would need 7 more electrons to obtain a noble gas configuration.
Noble gases have stable electron arrangements and therefore seldom form compounds. The stable electron arrangements include a _________ outer energy level and _________ potential energy than other arrangements.
Full, lower
name of each acid on the left with its formula on the right: chloric acid
HClO3
Oxygen is a group 16 element. Water (H2O) is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Each hydrogen atom has the noble-gas configuration of _________ when it shares one electron in a single covalent bond with oxygen. Oxygen has the noble-gas configuration of __________ when it shares one electron with each hydrogen atom. In total, the oxygen atom has ___________ single covalent bonds.
Helium; neon; two
An especially strong intermolecular force that forms between the hydrogen end of one dipole and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom on another dipole is called a(n) _____ bond.
Hydrogen
Which of the following is true about drawing Lewis structures? > The atom with the most attraction to shared electrons will be the central atom in the molecule. > The central atom is usually the one closest to the right side of the periodic table. > Hydrogen is always a terminal atom. > Hydrogen often forms double bonds.
Hydrogen is always a terminal atom.
To decide whether the acid you are trying to name is a binary acid or an oxyacid, determine whether there is a(n) ________ atom present in the compound.
Oxygen
attractive force
Partially negative and positive point in double helix
The name of the acid HClO4 is _______ acid, and the name of the acid HClO is ________ acid.
Perchloric; hypochlorous
The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance is the physical property known as
Solubility
The four hybrid orbitals in a carbon atom in methane form from one s orbital and three p orbitals. Therefore, they are called ______ orbitals.
Sp3
True or False: In naming the first element in a formula, the prefix mono- is not used.
True
True or False: In the sulfate ion (SO42−), 32 electrons are available for bonding.
True
True or False: Resonance occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule.
True
The model used to determine molecular shape that is based on an arrangement that minimizes the repulsion of shared and unshared electron pairs around the central atom is the
VSEPR model
Which is the model used to determine molecular shape that is based on an arrangement that minimizes the repulsion of shared and unshared electron pairs around the central atom?
VSEPR model
In what form do elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen normally occur? a. as single atoms b. as molecules containing two atoms c. as molecules containing three atoms d. as molecules containing four atoms
b. as molecules containing two atoms
Molecules containing only polar covalent bonds a. are always polar. b. may or may not be polar. c. are always ionic. d. are always nonpolar.
b. may or may not be polar.
Which of the following correctly describes the compound carbon tetrachloride, CCl4? a. ionic b. nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds c. polar overall, with nonpolar covalent bonds d. polar overall, with polar covalent bonds
b. nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds
Molecules covalently...
bonded
Name: Co
carbon monoxide
Name: H2CO3
carbonic acid
acid formula at left with the name of the oxyanion present in the compound: HClO3
chlorate
acid formula at left with the name of the oxyanion present in the compound: HClO2
chlorite
Which of the following is not an exception to the octet rule? > molecules with odd numbers of valence electrons > molecules with double-bonded carbon atoms > coordinate covalent bonds > stable configurations with less than 8 electrons around the atom.
coordinate covalent bonds
How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond? a. none b. one c. two d. four
d. four
The shape of a molecule that has two covalent single bonds and no lone pairs on the central atom is a. tetrahedral. b. trigonal planar. c. trigonal pyramidal. d. linear.
d. linear.
Which of the following correctly describes the compound water, H2O? a. ionic b. nonpolar overall, with polar covalent bonds c. polar overall, with nonpolar covalent bonds d. polar overall, with polar covalent bonds
d. polar overall, with polar covalent bonds
When two or more atoms bond by means of electron sharing, the resulting particle is called a(n)
molecule
In order to obtain a noble-gas electron configuration, some atoms share more than one pair of electrons with one or more atoms. Sharing more than one pair of electrons forms ______ covalent bonds.
multiple
acid formula at left with the name of the oxyanion present in the compound: HNO2
nitrite
oxyacid formula on the left with its name: HNO2
nitrous acid
If a molecule has a definite positive end and a definite negative end, it is said to be ______.
polar
If the electrons shared are centered between the two atoms, the attachment is called a(n)
sigma bond
molecular shape at left with the hybrid orbitals present in the molecule: linear
sp
molecular shape at left with the hybrid orbitals present in the molecule: tetrahederal
sp3
The central atom in a molecule has a total of four pairs of electrons. Three pairs of electrons are shared, and one pair of electrons is unshared. What is the molecular shape?
trigonal pyramidal
