Module 8 part 2

Classless

Classful addressing was abandoned in the late 1990s for the newer and current _________ addressing system.

Private

Is 172.16.35.2 Public or Private

202

What is the equivalent decimal value given a binary number of 11001010?

211

What is the equivalent decimal value given a binary number of 11010011?

234

What is the equivalent decimal value given a binary number of 11101010?

243

What is the equivalent decimal value given a binary number of 11110011?

Receive and look at the packet.

With a broadcast, the packet contains a destination IPv4 address with all ones (1s) in the host portion. This means that all hosts on that local network (broadcast domain) will. . .

Multicast

__________ transmission reduces traffic by allowing a host to send a single packet to a selected set of hosts that subscribe to a __________ group.

Public

Is 192.0.3.15 Public or Private

DHCP

Many network protocols, such as _____, use broadcasts.

Internetwork

Unicast packets use the address of the destination device as the destination address and can be routed through an. . .

Unicast

What IP address type is intended for a specific host?

254

How many usable hosts are available given a Class C IP address with the default subnet mask?

Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6)

The subnet mask is compared to the IPv4 address from left to right, bit for bit. The 1s in the subnet mask represent the network portion; the 0s represent the. . .

Unicast communication

. . . is used for normal host-to-host communication in both a client/server and a peer-to-peer network.

Limited

A ________ broadcast is sent to 255.255.255.255.

Directed

A _________ broadcast is sent to all hosts on a specific network.

192.168.30.255/24 is the network IP address and 192.168.30.255/24 is the IP broadcast address.

A network design engineer has been asked to design the IP addressing scheme for a customer network. The network will use IP addresses from the 192.168.30.0/24 network. The engineer allocates 254 IP addresses for the hosts on the network but excludes 192.168.30.0/24 and 192.168.30.255/24 IP addresses. Why must the engineer exclude these two IP addresses?

An IP phone, a printer with an intergrated NIC, a server with 2 NICs

A technician is setting up equipment on a network. Which three devices will need IP addresses?

Routing

A typical use of reserved local network multicast address is in ________ protocols using multicast transmission to exchange ________ information.

AfriNIC (African Network Information Centre) is located in. . .

Africa Region

APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) is located in. . .

Asia/Pacific Region

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are managed by:

Packets

Broadcast ________ are sent to all hosts in the network using a broadcast address.

Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8)

Designed to support extremely large networks with more than 16 million host addresses. It used a fixed /8 prefix (255.0.0.0) with the first octet to indicate the network address and the remaining three octets for host addresses.

Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 to 223.255.255.0 /24)

Designed to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts. It used a fixed /24 prefix (255.255.255.0) with the first three octets to indicate the network and the remaining octet for the host addresses.

Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 to 191.255.0.0 /16)

Designed to support the needs of moderate to large size networks with up to approximately 65,000 host addresses. It used a fixed /16 prefix (255.255.0.0) with the two high-order octets to indicate the network address and the remaining two octets for host addresses.

Destination Host

During the encapsulation process, the source host uses its IPv4 address as the source address and the IPv4 address of the _________________ as the destination address.

RIPE NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre) is located in. . .

Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia

Public addresses assigned.

For a company or organization to support network hosts, such as web servers that are accessible from the internet, that organization must have a block of. . . (Remember that these addresses must be unique, and use of these addresses is regulated and allocated to each organization separately)

Source and destination IPv4 addresses.

For unicast communication, the addresses assigned to the two end devices are used as the. . .

10.5.4.0

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 10.5.4.100 255.255.255.0. What is the network address of Host-A?

10.5.4.1 & 10.5.4.99

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 10.5.4.100 255.255.255.0. Which of the following IPv4 addresses would be on the same network as Host-A? (Choose all that apply)

172.16.0.0

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 172.16.4.100 255.255.0.0. What is the network address of Host-A?

172.16.4.99 & 172.16.0.1

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 172.16.4.100 255.255.0.0. Which of the following IPv4 addresses would be on the same network as Host-A? (Choose all that apply)

192.168.1.1 & 192.168.1.100

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0. Which of the following IPv4 addresses would be on the same network as Host-A? (Choose all that apply)

This is the job of the subnet mask.

How do hosts know which portion of an IPv4 address is the network and which is the host?

224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

IPv4 has reserved the ____________________________________________________ addresses as a multicast range.

0.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

IPv4 unicast host addresses are in the address range of __________________________. However, within this range are many addresses that are reserved for special purposes.

Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8), Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 to 191.255.0.0 /16), & Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 to 223.255.255.0 /24) (Note: There is also a Class D multicast block consisting of 224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0 and a Class E experimental address block consisting of 240.0.0.0 - 255.0.0.0)

In 1981, internet IPv4 addresses were assigned using classful addressing. Customers were allocated a network address based on one of three classes, A, B, or C. The addresses were divided into the following ranges or classes:

End Device

In an IPv4 network, the unicast address applied to an ___________ is referred to as the host address.

- 10.0.0.0 /8 or 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 - 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 - 192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

In the mid-1990s private IPv4 addresses were introduced because of the depletion of IPv4 address space. Private IPv4 addresses are not unique and can be used by an internal network. Specifically, the private address blocks are:

Filtered (discarded) by internet routers.

It is important to know that addresses within private address blocks are not allowed on the internet and must be. . .

LACNIC (Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP Address Registry) is located in. . .

Latin America and some Caribbean Islands

ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) is located in. . .

North America Region

Private Addresses

Not all available IPv4 addresses can be used on the internet. There are blocks of addresses called ________ _________ that are used by most organizations to assign IPv4 addresses to internal hosts.

RFC 1918

Private addresses are defined in:

Unicast Address

Regardless of whether the destination specified a packet as a unicast, broadcast or multicast; the source address of any packet is always the ______________ of the originating host.

AfriNIC, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, & RIPE NCC

Regional Internet Registries

Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)

The IANA manages and allocates blocks of IP addresses to the. . . (These are responsible for allocating IP addresses to ISPs who in turn provide IPv4 address blocks to organizations and smaller ISPs.)

224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255

The IPv4 multicast addresses __________________________________________ are reserved for multicasting on the local network only. These addresses are to be used for multicast groups on a local network. A router connected to the local network recognizes that these packets are addressed to a local network multicast group and never forwards them further.

255.0.0.0 (8-bits), 255.255.0.0 (16 bits) and 255.255.255.0 (24 bits).

The subnet masks we see most often with home and small business networking are:

Public IPv4 addresses

These addresses are addresses which are globally routed between ISP (internet service provider) routers.

Network Address Translation (NAT)

This is used to translate between private IPv4 and public IPv4 addresses. This is usually done on the router that connects the internal network to the ISP's network.

ANDing between the address and the subnet mask yields the network address.

To identify the network address of an IPv4 host, the IPv4 address is logically ANDed, bit by bit, with the subnet mask.

False

True or False? Classful addressing is an efficient method of allocating IPv4 addresses.

10.182.27.192

Use the ANDing process to determine the network address (in decimal): host address: 10.182.27.200 subnet mask: 255.255.255.192

172.20.64.0

Use the ANDing process to determine the network address (in decimal): host address: 172.20.113.214 subnet mask: 255.255.192.0

172.24.232.64

Use the ANDing process to determine the network address (in decimal): host address: 172.24.232.71 subnet mask: 255.255.255.240

172.30.223.0

Use the ANDing process to determine the network address (in decimal): host address: 172.30.223.84 subnet mask: 255.255.255.128

224.0.0.0 - 169.254.255.255

What address prefix range is reserved for IPv4 multicast?

-Multicast transmissions can be used by routers to exchange routing information. - A single packet can be sent to a group of hosts. - Routers will not forward multicast addresses in the range of 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255.

What are three characteristics of a multicast transmission?

172.16.4.4, 192.168.5.5, & 10.1.1.1

What are three private IPv4 address?

- Decimal numbers include 0 through 9. - Binary numbers are based on powers of 2.

What are two differences between binary and decimal numbers?

Class A, B, & C

What class addresses were used by customers to assign addresses? (only 3)

172.32.0.0

What network does a host with IP address 172.32.65.13 reside on if it is using a default subnet mask?

ClassFull

What type of IPv4 address was obsoleted in the 1990s?

The part of the IP address that identifies the network.

When IPv4 is configured for a computer on a network, what does the subnet mask identify?

the host processes the packet as it would a packet addressed to its unicast address.

When a host receives a packet sent to the network broadcast address, . . .

Destination

When a host sends a packet, it compares its subnet mask to its own IPv4 address and the ____________ IPv4 address. If the network bits match, both the source and ____________ host are on the same network and the packet can be delivered locally. If they do not match, the sending host forwards the packet to the local router interface to be sent on to the other network.

IPv4 address

When an IPv4 host is configured, a subnet mask is assigned along with an _____________. Like the _____________, the subnet mask is 32 bits long. The subnet mask signifies which part of the _____________ is network and which part is host.

To identify the network address of the destination network.

Why does a Layer 3 device perform the ANDing process on a destination IP address and subnet mask?

Take the number 2 to the power of the number of host bits (2 ^ 8 = 256). From this number, we must subtract 2 (256-2).

how do we calculate the number of hosts that can be on that network?