Motivation-Chapter 12- AP Psychology

The human sexual response cycle consists of what four phases?

1) Excitement- the genital areas become engorged withe blood 2) Plateau- excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. 3) Orgasm- muscle contractions all over the body that were accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates. 4) Resolution- the body enters the refractory period.

What are the 5 levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs?

1) Self-actualization- need to line up to ones fullest and unique potential 2) Esteem- need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others 3) Belongingness and love- need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, need to avoid loneliness and alienation 4) Safety- need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable 5) Physiological- need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Hypothalamic Centers (LH and VMH)

1) the lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (stimulation). Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating. The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads rats to eat ravenously. 2) the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (stimulation). Destroy the VMH and the animal excessively. (Tip to remember: **Destroy the VMA's, and maybe Miley would eat excessively)**)

Ostracism

exact opposite of feeling loved and wanted.

optimal arousal perspective

human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal. Having all our biological needs satisfied we feel driven to experience stimulation. Lacking, simulation, we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal to some optimum level.

Orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Insulin increase

increases hunger

Intrinsic Motivation

involves engaging in a behavior because it is personally rewarding; essentially, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some external reward.

Glucose and the Brain

levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.

behavioral perspective

observes behaviors, and incentives (ex: avoiding something or getting something)

self-efficacy

our belief in our ability to succeed in certain situations.

Female hormones

ovaries and adrenals and estrogen (small amounts of testosterone

Destruction of the VMH causes what?

over eating

Stimulation of the LH causes what?

over eating

Leptin

protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

Male hormones

testes and testosterone (small amounts of estrogen)

Industrial/Organization (I/O) Psychologist

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

hypothalamus

the body's regulator response to hunger.

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state (s drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Bystander Effect

the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses.

Ghrelin

Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.

Insulin

Hormones excreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose.

Dopamine

chemical released when the body is stimulated (eating chocolate is more than a kiss)

Leptin increase

decreases hunger

PPY increase

decreases hunger

PYY

digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain.

What hormone or transmitter is responsible for our need for motivation?

dopamine

Role of dopamine/reward pathway

dopamine is the nero transmitter that we associate with motivation because its our pleasure center.

Anorexia Nervosa

A condition in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent woman) continuously loses weight but still feels overweight.

Ghrelin increase

Increases hunger

Orexin increase

Increases hunger

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Assessment: Murray's TAT

McClelland used the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) as a tool to measure the individual needs of different people. The TAT is a test of imagination that presents the subject with a series of ambiguous pictures, and the subject is asked to develop a spontaneous story for each picture. The assumption is that the subject will project his or her own needs into the story.

Drives vs. Motivates

Motivation is often defined as an internal or external desire to achieve a goal in life. While many types of motivation exist in the business environment, internal motivation may be thought of as an individual's personal "drive." This informal description describes an individual's personal character traits for achieving goals and creating a successful business.

What three hormones increase hunger?

Orexin, Ghrelin, Insulin (Oh, gee, I hungry. (OGI= increases in hunger)

Collectivistic Culture

People in this culture generally do not partake in activities of a highly individual nature. They tend to align their personal goals and interests to those of the group or organization as a whole.

Individualistic Culture

People in this culture tend to view themselves mainly in terms of their own self-interests, goals, and accomplishments and do not normally associate these factors with those of the group or organization with which they belong. The concept of self-actualization is far more prevalent in this type of culture

Arousal

Physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli.

Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal Theory)

Simple, well learned tasks need higher arousal (pump-up music) for optimal performance. Complicated or unfamiliar tasked need a low level of arousal for optimal performance.

Theory Y

These assumptions are (1) physical and mental effort are natural and most people (depending on the work environment) find work to be a source of satisfaction, (2) they generally, on their own motivation, exercise self-control, self-direction, creativity, and ingenuity in pursuit of individual and collective (company) goals, (3) they either seek responsibility or learn to accept it willingly, and that (4) their full potential is not tapped in most organizations.

Theory x

These assumptions are (1)most people dislike work and will avoid it to the extent possible, therefore (2) they must be continually coerced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to get the work done, and that (3) they have little or no ambition, prefer to avoid responsibility, and choose security above everything else.

What did researchers Bibb Latane and John Darley find in a series of classic studies?

They found that the amount of time it takes the participant to take action and seek help varies depending on how many other observers are in the room.

David McClelland N-Aff

Those with a high need for affiliation (nAff) need harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by other people. (N-Aff = Affiliation Needs)

Industrial/Organization Psychologist focus method

To prepare others for an unknown future many colleges and universities focus less on training your job skills and more on enlarging your capacities for understanding, thinking, and communicating in any work environment.

biological/neuro-psychological perspective

brain structure, the central nervous system, when we are feeling motivated its because our brain has chemicals and hormones.

Industrial/Organization Psychologist flow method

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills.

instinct

a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern through out a species and be unlearned.

Obesity

a disorder characterized by being excessively overweight. (This increases the risk for health issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and black problems.)

Bulimia Nervosa

a disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Oxytocin

a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.

Motivation

a need or desire (driving force) that energizes behavior and directs (pulls you) to a specific goal

incentives

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

estrogen

a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, and increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. (Manipulate the LH or VMH. Weight will change, but will eventually level off to new set point.)

self-determination

theory of human motivation and personality, concerning people's inherent growth tendencies and their innate psychological needs.

sex hormones

these effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activates sexual behavior.

Masters and Johnson's study

they found that the Physiology of the response was remarkable similar for men and women. (they acknowledge psychology may be different)

Industrial/Organization Psychologist subfield human factors method

this explores how machines and environments can be optimally designed to fit human abilities.

reticular activating system

this is involved with arousal in the brain-stem where connections throughout the cortex become sensitive to incoming signals.

sexual motivation

this is nature's clever way of making people procreate, thus enabling our species' survival.

Extrinsic Motivation

this occurs when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity in order to earn a reward or avoid a punishment.

Conformity (see Ash experiment)

this refers to an individual's tendency to follow the unspoken rules or behaviors of the social group to which he or she belongs.

cognitive perspective

thoughts that help us think positive to motivate us.

Destruction of the LH causes what?

under eating

Stimulation of the VMH causes what?

under eating

evolutionary perspective

we do what we do to survive as a species