Motivation-Chapter 12- AP Psychology
The human sexual response cycle consists of what four phases?
1) Excitement- the genital areas become engorged withe blood 2) Plateau- excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. 3) Orgasm- muscle contractions all over the body that were accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates. 4) Resolution- the body enters the refractory period.
What are the 5 levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs?
1) Self-actualization- need to line up to ones fullest and unique potential 2) Esteem- need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others 3) Belongingness and love- need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, need to avoid loneliness and alienation 4) Safety- need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable 5) Physiological- need to satisfy hunger and thirst
Hypothalamic Centers (LH and VMH)
1) the lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (stimulation). Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating. The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads rats to eat ravenously. 2) the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (stimulation). Destroy the VMH and the animal excessively. (Tip to remember: **Destroy the VMA's, and maybe Miley would eat excessively)**)
Ostracism
exact opposite of feeling loved and wanted.
optimal arousal perspective
human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal. Having all our biological needs satisfied we feel driven to experience stimulation. Lacking, simulation, we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal to some optimum level.
Orexin
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
Insulin increase
increases hunger
Intrinsic Motivation
involves engaging in a behavior because it is personally rewarding; essentially, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some external reward.
Glucose and the Brain
levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.
behavioral perspective
observes behaviors, and incentives (ex: avoiding something or getting something)
self-efficacy
our belief in our ability to succeed in certain situations.
Female hormones
ovaries and adrenals and estrogen (small amounts of testosterone
Destruction of the VMH causes what?
over eating
Stimulation of the LH causes what?
over eating
Leptin
protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.
Male hormones
testes and testosterone (small amounts of estrogen)
Industrial/Organization (I/O) Psychologist
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
hypothalamus
the body's regulator response to hunger.
basal metabolic rate
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state (s drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Bystander Effect
the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses.
Ghrelin
Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.
Insulin
Hormones excreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose.
Dopamine
chemical released when the body is stimulated (eating chocolate is more than a kiss)
Leptin increase
decreases hunger
PPY increase
decreases hunger
PYY
digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain.
What hormone or transmitter is responsible for our need for motivation?
dopamine
Role of dopamine/reward pathway
dopamine is the nero transmitter that we associate with motivation because its our pleasure center.
Anorexia Nervosa
A condition in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent woman) continuously loses weight but still feels overweight.
Ghrelin increase
Increases hunger
Orexin increase
Increases hunger
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Assessment: Murray's TAT
McClelland used the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) as a tool to measure the individual needs of different people. The TAT is a test of imagination that presents the subject with a series of ambiguous pictures, and the subject is asked to develop a spontaneous story for each picture. The assumption is that the subject will project his or her own needs into the story.
Drives vs. Motivates
Motivation is often defined as an internal or external desire to achieve a goal in life. While many types of motivation exist in the business environment, internal motivation may be thought of as an individual's personal "drive." This informal description describes an individual's personal character traits for achieving goals and creating a successful business.
What three hormones increase hunger?
Orexin, Ghrelin, Insulin (Oh, gee, I hungry. (OGI= increases in hunger)
Collectivistic Culture
People in this culture generally do not partake in activities of a highly individual nature. They tend to align their personal goals and interests to those of the group or organization as a whole.
Individualistic Culture
People in this culture tend to view themselves mainly in terms of their own self-interests, goals, and accomplishments and do not normally associate these factors with those of the group or organization with which they belong. The concept of self-actualization is far more prevalent in this type of culture
Arousal
Physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli.
Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal Theory)
Simple, well learned tasks need higher arousal (pump-up music) for optimal performance. Complicated or unfamiliar tasked need a low level of arousal for optimal performance.
Theory Y
These assumptions are (1) physical and mental effort are natural and most people (depending on the work environment) find work to be a source of satisfaction, (2) they generally, on their own motivation, exercise self-control, self-direction, creativity, and ingenuity in pursuit of individual and collective (company) goals, (3) they either seek responsibility or learn to accept it willingly, and that (4) their full potential is not tapped in most organizations.
Theory x
These assumptions are (1)most people dislike work and will avoid it to the extent possible, therefore (2) they must be continually coerced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to get the work done, and that (3) they have little or no ambition, prefer to avoid responsibility, and choose security above everything else.
What did researchers Bibb Latane and John Darley find in a series of classic studies?
They found that the amount of time it takes the participant to take action and seek help varies depending on how many other observers are in the room.
David McClelland N-Aff
Those with a high need for affiliation (nAff) need harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by other people. (N-Aff = Affiliation Needs)
Industrial/Organization Psychologist focus method
To prepare others for an unknown future many colleges and universities focus less on training your job skills and more on enlarging your capacities for understanding, thinking, and communicating in any work environment.
biological/neuro-psychological perspective
brain structure, the central nervous system, when we are feeling motivated its because our brain has chemicals and hormones.
Industrial/Organization Psychologist flow method
a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills.
instinct
a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern through out a species and be unlearned.
Obesity
a disorder characterized by being excessively overweight. (This increases the risk for health issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and black problems.)
Bulimia Nervosa
a disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Oxytocin
a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.
Motivation
a need or desire (driving force) that energizes behavior and directs (pulls you) to a specific goal
incentives
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
refractory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
estrogen
a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
set point
the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, and increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. (Manipulate the LH or VMH. Weight will change, but will eventually level off to new set point.)
self-determination
theory of human motivation and personality, concerning people's inherent growth tendencies and their innate psychological needs.
sex hormones
these effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activates sexual behavior.
Masters and Johnson's study
they found that the Physiology of the response was remarkable similar for men and women. (they acknowledge psychology may be different)
Industrial/Organization Psychologist subfield human factors method
this explores how machines and environments can be optimally designed to fit human abilities.
reticular activating system
this is involved with arousal in the brain-stem where connections throughout the cortex become sensitive to incoming signals.
sexual motivation
this is nature's clever way of making people procreate, thus enabling our species' survival.
Extrinsic Motivation
this occurs when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity in order to earn a reward or avoid a punishment.
Conformity (see Ash experiment)
this refers to an individual's tendency to follow the unspoken rules or behaviors of the social group to which he or she belongs.
cognitive perspective
thoughts that help us think positive to motivate us.
Destruction of the LH causes what?
under eating
Stimulation of the VMH causes what?
under eating
evolutionary perspective
we do what we do to survive as a species