Motivation theories

Self-efficacy Theory (motivation)

(Bandura) Belief in one's effectiveness at performing a task is most important.

Expectancy Theory (motivation)

(Vroom) Motivation = value x instrumentality x Expectancy

Herzberg's Two-factor "Motivator -Hygiene" Theory

1) Motivators are intrinsic and increase satisfaction. 2) Hygiene (extrinsic motivation) prevents dissatisfaction but will not make you "happy".

Instinct-based theory

Behavior is motivated by biological (innate) instincts which are activated by environmental stimuli. Not something that is learned.

Incentive theory of motivation

Behavior is motivated by internal or external incentives or rewards. People behave to gain positive rewards and to avoid negative consequences.

Arousal theory of motivation

Behavior is motivated by the need to achieve optimum levels of arousal.

Goal setting theory

Goals are intrinsically motivating. (S.M.A.R.T.)

Extrinsic motivation

Motivated by external factors that are not related to the task. Motivated to do a task as a means to an end (not as an end in itself). e.g. Grades, money, recognition

Intrinsic motivation

Motivated by internal factors. Engage in a task because it gives you pleasure or develops a skill you value. (Ex. Wanting to learn, having fun)

Drive Reduction theory

Motivation originates from biological needs to maintain the body in a state of homeostasis (balance or equilibrium). Includes primary and secondary drives.

Physiological needs

Needs relating to physical survival (ex. food & water) 1st in Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.

Achievement Motivation

People are driven to strive for excellence and to master tasks. Intense satisfaction from doing so.

Expectancy

Person's belief as to whether or not they can succeed. "Can I do it?" (Expectancy theory)

Instrumentality

Relationship between performance and the outcome. "If I do it, will I get what I want?" (Expectancy theory)

S.M.A.R.T.

Specific. Measurable. Assignable. Realistic. Time-based.

Esteem need

The need to feel good about oneself. 4th in Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.

Safety needs

The need to feel safe and secure. (ex. Shelter) 2nd in Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.

Love and Belonging needs

The need to have close relationships with others and be accepted as a group. 3rd in Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.

Primary drives

arise from basic unlearned biological needs (e.g. food, water).

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

five basic classes of hierarchically organized needs. Theory says "lower" needs must be at least partially satisfied before "higher" needs can be effective motivators.

Secondary drives

learned from prior associations with fulfillment of primary drives. They motivate us to act as if we have unmet basic needs. (e.g. Money)

Existence, Relatedness, Growth (ERG) Theory

places needs in three categories. Existence needs (e.g. food and water). Relatedness needs: social interactions and attachments. Growth needs: such as for developing one's capabilities.

Homeostasis

tendency to keep physiological systems at a steady level, or equilibrium, with constant fine-tuning of adjustments to combat environmental changes.

Self-actualization

to reach one's full potential as a human being. 5th in Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.

Valence

value of outcome (Expectancy theory)