Motivations and Emotions Exam 1

Without any water replenishment, the typical human being will die in about: a. 1 day. b. 3 days. c. 5 days. d. 7 days.

3 days.

In the United States, about what percentage of adults are obese? a. 10% b. 20% c. 35% d. 60%

35%

When a person's stomach is full and distended, people experience little to no hunger. By the time the stomach empties _____ of its contents, however, people begin to report the first signs of hunger. a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 60%

60%

The human body is mostly water: about ___ %. a. 50 b. 67 c. 84 d. 95

67

Which of the following statements is most true? a. A motive is an internal process that energizes and directs behavior. b. Cognitions are short-lived physiological-functional-expressive phenomena. c. External motives (incentives) predict behavior better than do internal motives (needs). d. Internal motives (needs) predict behavior better than do external motives (incentives).

A motive is an internal process that energizes and directs behavior.

Which is the best characterization (description) of operant conditioning? a. A person performs some action, and depending on what happens as a consequence of that action, the likelihood of that same behavior occurring again will either increase or decrease. b. Automatic responses become associated with new stimuli when they occur at the same time. c. Over time and with repeated experience, the person changes how to best understand a concept or problem. d. The person is exposed to a great deal of information, the person relates the new information to preexisting knowledge, and then organizes all the new information in a coherent way.

A person performs some action, and depending on what happens as a consequence of that action, the likelihood of that same behavior occurring again will either increase or decrease.

Which of the following statements is true? a. All needs direct behavior, but only some needs energize behavior. b. All needs energize behavior; but needs differ from one another in how they direct behavior toward different goals. c. People experience acquired needs more intensely than they experience innate needs. d. People experience psychological needs more intensely than they experience physiological needs.

All needs energize behavior; but needs differ from one another in how they direct behavior toward different goals.

The major negative feedback system that regulates and lessens the experience of thirst and inhibits drinking is found in the body's: a. cells. b. mouth. c. stomach. d. all of the above

All of the Above

The ____ specifically regulates the emotions involved in self-preservation, such as anger, anxiety, and fear. a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Hypothalamus d. reticular formation

Amygdala

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Androgens and estrogens are potent sexual stimuli in human beings. b. Images and fantasies are stronger sexual cues than are levels of the sex hormones. c. Sexual motives are mostly environmentally regulated. d. The sight, smell, touch, and emotional intimacy of the sexual partner are the strongest cues to sexual motivation.

Androgens and estrogens are potent sexual stimuli in human beings.

_______ refers to how actively involved a person is during the activity in terms of being on-task and displaying effort and persistence. a. Agentic engagement b. Behavioral engagement c. Cognitive engagement d. Emotional engagement

Behavioral engagement

_______ engagement expresses the extent to which the person actively monitors how well things are going and uses sophisticated learning and problem-solving strategies. a. Behavioral b. Cognitive c. Emotional d. Social

Cognitive

Which of the following sentences best captures the spirit of extrinsic motivation? a. Building high confidence is the antidote to anxiety and avoidance. b. Do this in order to get that. c. Doing, or saying, is believing. d. Motivation is the joint product of expectancy times value.

Do this in order to get that.

_____ is the theoretical term used to depict the psychological discomfort stemming from a persistent biological deficit. a. Drive b. Homeostasis c. Need d. Pain

Drive

__________ are short-lived subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena that orchestrate how a person reacts to significant life events. a. Cognitions b. Emotions c. Motivations d. Motives

Emotions

According to the _____ hypothesis, when body weight (or proportion of body fat) drops below its in-born homeostatic balance, then increased hunger and increased eating behavior become more probable. a. Glucostatic b. Lipostatic c. Osmometric d. Volumetric

Glucostatic

Which of the following ways of delivering praise best supports the intrinsic motivation of the other person? Saying: a. Good job, you improved by 10%. b. Good job, but you must try harder next time. c. Good job, please keep it up because you make me so proud. d. Good job, you did just what you were supposed to do.

Good job, you improved by 10%.

Cannon's conceptualization of _____ arose from his observations of the bloodstream's inherent tendency to maintain a constant water content, salt level, temperature, oxygen level, and so on. a. Drive b. Homeostasis c. Need d. Osmosis

Homeostasis

A motivation researcher interested in understanding why a person eats a meal needs to answer all of the following questions, except: a. How is food digested? b. Why did the eating begin? c. Why did the eating end? d. Why is the person eating a meal rather than doing something else?

How is food digested?

The ____ controls the autonomic nervous system, hence the body's fight-or-flight system (from sympathetic and parasympathetic activation). a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Hypothalamus d. reticular formation

Hypothalamus

What is the primary distinction between psychological needs such as autonomy and implicit motives needs such as achievement? a. Psychological needs are felt more intensely than are implicit motives. b. Implicit motives predict important outcomes in a more reliable way than do psychological needs. c. Implicit motives are acquired through experience and socialization. d. Implicit motives are proactive in that they motivate people's initiative more than do psychological needs.

Implicit motives are acquired through experience and socialization.

A(n) _____ is an environmental object that occurs before the start of a sequence of behavior and attracts or repels the individual to engage or not in the behavior. a. Consequence b. Incentive c. Need d. Punisher

Incentive

If a musician who enjoys playing music "for fun" begins to receive money for playing music at weddings week after week, what is most likely to happen to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to play music in the future? a. Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases. b. Intrinsic increases, while extrinsic decreases. c. Both decrease. d. Both increase.

Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.

If a person engages in an intrinsically motivating activity and begins to receive extrinsic rewards for doing so, what happens to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations? a. Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases. b. Intrinsic increases, while extrinsic decreases. c. Both decrease. d. Both increase.

Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.

_____ emerges spontaneously from psychological needs, personal curiosities, and innate strivings for growth. a. Achievement motivation b. Extrinsic motivation c. Identified regulation d. Intrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation

From where does a person's high level of intrinsic motivation come? a. It emerges spontaneously from psychological needs. b. It is learned over time from experiences of praise and positive feedback. c. It is the product of positive incentives and positive reinforcers. d. It comes from social models who show high intrinsic motivation in their lives.

It emerges spontaneously from psychological needs.

Which of the following is true about hunger and eating? a. People who are very thirsty feel more hunger than people who are not thirsty. b. Large portion sizes lead people to eat more than do small portion sizes. c. People eat more when alone than when with others who are also eating. d. People eat more when they have a monotonous diet rather than a high-variety diet.

Large portion sizes lead people to eat more than do small portion sizes.

Which of the following statements is true about sexual motivation? a. Human sexual motivation is determined mostly by the rise and fall of hormones. b. In women, the correlation between physiological arousal and psychological desire is high. c. Men and women experience and react to sexual desire very differently. d. Women with small or petite eyes are rated as more physically attractive than are women with large eyes.

Men and women experience and react to sexual desire very differently.

The study of extrinsic motivation revolves around three central concepts. Which of the following is not one of those concepts? a. Incentive b. Need c. Punishment d. Reward

Need

_________ are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being. a. Cognitions b. Emotions c. Motives d. Needs

Needs

________ act as chemical messengers within the brain's central nervous system; ________ act as chemical messengers within the body's endocrine system. a. Feeders; receivers b. Receivers; feeders c. Hormones; neurotransmitters d. Neurotransmitters; hormones

Neurotransmitters; hormones

______ is the so-called bonding hormone that typically motivates the "tend and befriend" coping response. This hormone raises levels of trust in others. a. A-peptide b. Cortisol c. Oxytocin d. Testosterone

Oxytocin

People fail to self-regulate their bodily appetites for three primary reasons. Which one of the following is not one of those reasons? a. People fail to monitor what they are doing, as they become distracted or overwhelmed. b. People can lack standards of how to behave (how much to eat, drink). c. People pay relatively too much attention to their long-term goals and relatively too little attention to their short-term goals. d. When not currently experiencing biological urges, people underestimate how powerful these urges can be.

People pay relatively too much attention to their long-term goals and relatively too little attention to their short-term goals.

Assessing a person's heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to infer the presence and intensity of a person's motivational state constitutes which type of measure of motivation? a. Automated b. Behavioral c. Enactive d. Psychophysiological

Psychophysiological

A(n) ___ is any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for his or her service or achievement. a. Consequence b. Incentive c. Need d. Reward

Reward

Which one of the following is not a "hidden cost of rewards?" a. is almost always balanced (or offset) by motivation. b. is the best motivational state to possess in terms of day-to-day functioning. c. is the worst motivational state to possess in terms of day-to-day functioning. d. starts with motivation but ends with amotivation.

Rewards tend to undermine goal-directed effort.

Many antidepressants work by making which of the following more readily available? a. Acetylcholine b. Testosterone c. Cortisol d. Serotonin

Serotonin

Of the following physiological needs, which one is relatively less regulated by intraorganismic mechanisms and relatively more regulated by extraorganismic ones? a. Hunger b. Pain c. Sex d. Thirst

Sex

Which of the following is an example of motivation as an intervening variable? a. Motivation - Outcome b. Motivation - Multiple outcomes c. Social context - Motivation d. Social context - Motivation - Outcome

Social context - Motivation - Outcome

______ is associated with high competition, status-seeking, and sexual motivation. It is most strongly related to status-seeking behavior after social status has bene questioned or threatened. a. Cortisol b. K-peptide c. Oxytocin d. Testosterone

Testosterone

Which of the following statements about the neural interventions between the frontal cortex and the amygdala is most true? a. The amygdala projects relatively many fibers upward to the frontal cortex, while the frontal cortex projects relatively few fibers down to the amygdala. b. The amygdala projects relatively few fibers upward to the frontal cortex, while the frontal cortex projects relatively many fibers down to the amygdala. c. The number of nerve fibers projected upward from the amygdala to the frontal cortex is about the same as the number of frontal cortex fibers projected to the amygdala. d. Dense fibers flow both ways—many amygdala fibers project upward to the frontal cortex, and many frontal cortex fibers project downward to the amygdala.

The amygdala projects relatively few fibers upward to the frontal cortex, while the frontal cortex projects relatively many fibers down to the amygdala.

Which of the following statements is not true about hunger and feeding behavior? a. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus increases feeding behavior. b. Intravenous injection of glucose decreases activity in the lateral hypothalamus. c. Hunger is the body's means of defending its genetic set point of how much it should weigh. d. The glucostatic hypothesis explains the set-point theory of hunger and eating.

The glucostatic hypothesis explains the set-point theory of hunger and eating.

The following example reveals the importance of which theme in the study of motivation? The worker who has an interesting job and works with supportive co-workers will perform better and be happier on the job than will the worker who has a boring job and works with conflictual co-workers. a. Motivation includes both approach and avoidance tendencies. b. Types of motivation exist. c. To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions. d. We are often not consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behavior.

To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions.

Among the following questions, which is considered to be a core, perennial question within motivation study? a. Is human behavior mostly conscious or mostly unconscious? b. Under what conditions do people learn best? c. What causes behavior? d. Why are people happy?

What causes behavior?

Which of the following statements best defines motivation? Motivation is: a. an intense desire to succeed. b. a force that energizes and directs behavior. c. a system of rewards and punishments to influence behavior. d. positive beliefs about oneself, such as high self-esteem.

a force that energizes and directs behavior.

Wanting (needing something) and liking (experiencing pleasure) typically go hand-in-hand and complement one another. But, the two motivational experiences can diverge apart from one another, and that is typically what happens during: a. Addiction b. Play c. Romantic love d. Work

addiction

If a student asked questions, offered suggestions, and expressed his preferences for how to learn the lesson, he would be rated as scoring high on __________ engagement. a. agentic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. emotional

agentic

The structure responsible for detecting and generating motivational states to respond to environmental threats and dangers is the: a. amygdala. b. anterior cingulate cortex. c. nucleus accumbens. d. reticular formation.

amygdala.

Lepper et al.'s study with preschool children with the drawing activity and good player awards found that the extrinsic reward decreased intrinsic interest only when children received: a. an award for drawing better than the other children. b. an expected award for drawing. c. an unexpected award for drawing. d. multiple rewards.

an expected award for drawing.

The _____ is the brain's information-processing conflict detector. a. anterior cingulate cortex b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. insular cortex d. ventromedial prefrontal cortex

anterior cingulate cortex

The _____ monitors motivational conflicts. It resolves emotional and decision-making conflicts by recruiting other cortical brain structures for executive control over basic urges and emotions. a. anterior cingulate cortex b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. insular cortex d. orbitofrontal cortex

anterior cingulate cortex

One function of the left prefrontal cerebral cortex is to generate: a. approach motivation and emotion. b. arousal. c. behavioral inhibition during unexpected, surprising, or novel events. d. withdrawal motivation and emotion.

approach motivation and emotion.

If a student pays very close attention to the learning materials, puts a lot of effort into the learning, and persists in the learning for an extended period of time, she would be rated as scoring high on ___________ engagement. a. behavioral b. cognitive c. emotional d. social

behavioral

In general, motivation researchers rely heavily on _____ measures, but only lightly on _____ measures. a. behavioral and physiological; self-report b. behavioral; self-report and physiological c. self-report and behavioral; physiological d. self-report; behavioral and physiological

behavioral and physiological; self-report

Which of the following influences has not been found to produce restraint release (i.e., binge eating) in dieters? a. Alcohol b. Anxiety c. being alone d. depression

being alone

If a person receives a paycheck for coming to work on time, then the worker becomes more likely to come to work on time in the future. This example illustrates that the paycheck acts as a(n): a. incentive. b. negative reinforcer. c. positive reinforcer. d. punisher.

c. positive reinforcer.

According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is controlling means that it: a. acts more like a negative reinforcer than a positive reinforcer. b. coerces a person into doing some particular act. c. communicates a job well done. d. provides an incentive to increase motivation.

coerces a person into doing some particular act.

According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is informational means that it: a. communicates either a job done well or a job done poorly. b. is more likely to act as a positive reinforcer than a negative reinforcer. c. provides an incentive to increase motivation. d. signals that extrinsic motivation exceeds intrinsic motivation.

communicates either a job done well or a job done poorly.

Proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: S : R C. What does the "C" stand for? a. Commitment b. compassionate care c. consequence d. control

consequence

Motivation study concerns itself with those processes that give behavior its: a. benefits and costs. b. energy and direction. c. feedforward and feedback. d. success and personal authenticity.

energy and direction.

From where does a person's high level of extrinsic motivation come? a. environmental incentives, consequences, and rewards b. growth motivation c. internalized sources of motivation d. psychological need satisfaction

environmental incentives, consequences, and rewards

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard so the teacher won't yell at me."? a. external regulation b. identified regulation c. intrinsic motivation d. introjected regulation

external regulation

The smell of food, the appearance of food, the time of day, and the presence of other people who are eating all represent ___ that contribute to and regulate the rise and fall of hunger and eating. a. Amygdala b. basal ganglia c. hypothalamus d. insula

extraorganismic mechanisms

Which type of motivation is most closely associated with the following orientation: "Do this in order to get that," where the "this" is the requested behavior? a. Amotivation b. intrinsic motivation c. extrinsic motivation d. all of the above

extrinsic motivation

According to the textbook, the current gold standard for technology that allows us to look deeply inside the brain to monitor activity during a motivational or emotional state is the: a. BRAIN, Balanced Recording And Imagining Network. b. BOSS, Blood Oxygenation Sampling System. c. EEIT, ElectroEncephalogram Imaging Technique. d. fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The hormone _____ generates a desire to eat (hunger), while the hormone _____ generates a feeling of satiety. a. ghrelin, leptin b. leptin, ghrelin c. insulin, secretin d. secretin, leptin

ghrelin, leptin

According to the _____ hypothesis of hunger, appetite rises and falls in response to changes in plasma glucose. a. corrective regulation b. lipogenesis c. lipostatic d. glucostatic

glucostatic

If a person took a personality inventory and scored high on the BAS (Behavior Activating Style) and low on the BIS (Behavior Inhibition System) scales, what sort of personality would you expect from this person? a. happy but not neurotic b. neurotic but not happy c. happy and neurotic d. neither happy nor neurotic

happy but not neurotic

Bodily systems show a remarkable capacity for maintaining a steady state of equilibrium, even as these systems perform their functions and are exposed to widely differing and stressful environmental conditions. The term that describes the body's tendency to maintain a steady state is: a. disruption tolerance. b. drive. c. fluctuation tolerance. d. homeostasis.

homeostasis.

If a motivation researcher measured chemicals within a person's blood or saliva (e.g., epinephrine, cortisol), then that researcher would be assessing which aspect of brain and physiological activity as an expression of the person's motivation? a. brain activity b. cardiovascular activity c. electrodermal activity d. hormonal activity

hormonal activity

Which of the following brain structures is most responsive to natural rewards in the regulation of eating, drinking, and mating. It also regulates both the endocrine system and the autonomy nervous system? a. Amygdala b. basal ganglia c. hypothalamus d. insula

hypothalamus

An externally provided rationale works as a motivational strategy during an uninteresting activity because it can: a. calm and alleviate the person's anxiety and arousal. b. increase desired behavior and decrease undesired behavior. c. increase internalization, valuing, and identified regulation. d. provide the person with an opportunity to perform high-frequency, not just low-frequency, behaviors.

increase internalization, valuing, and identified regulation.

The _____ is involved in processing both one's own feelings (e.g., intrinsic motivation) as well as the feelings and emotions of other people (e.g., empathy). a. anterior cingulate cortex b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. insular cortex d. orbitofrontal cortex

insular cortex

Amotivation _______ a. is almost always balanced (or offset) by motivation. b. is the best motivational state to possess in terms of day-to-day functioning. c. is the worst motivational state to possess in terms of day-to-day functioning. d. starts with motivation but ends with amotivation.

is the worst motivational state to possess in terms of day-to-day functioning.

To adapt optimally, people need a motivational repertoire that features: a. just as many avoidance-based motives as approach-based motives. b. many more approach-based motives than avoidance-based motives. c. many more avoidance-based motives than approach-based motives. d. many more psychologically based motives than biologically based motives.

just as many avoidance-based motives as approach-based motives.

Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "Yes, I like this; I want to."? a. Amygdala b. left prefrontal cerebral cortex c. medial forebrain bundle d. reticular formation

left prefrontal cerebral cortex

According to the ice cream eating study, which of the following is true? Compared to how much they eat when alone, people eat: a. about the same in the presence of other people who are also eating. b. less in the presence of other people who are also eating. c. more in the presence of other people who are also eating. d. less when they are in the presence of family and friends.

more in the presence of other people who are also eating.

The behavioral act of taking out the garbage in order to stop your roommate's persistent nagging to do so results in _____ for the act of taking out the garbage. a. how stimulating or how potentially arousing the environment is. b. potential fight-or-flight responses, especially emotions like anger and fear. c. potential signals of punishment and negative emotionality. d. potential signals of reward and positive emotionality.

negative reinforcement

Which of the following events increases the future probability of a behavior? a. Extinction b. negative reinforcement c. nonreinforcement d. punishment

negative reinforcement

Extrinsic rewards do not always undermine intrinsic motivation, as some types of extrinsic rewards are more undermining than other types. All of the following are undermining characteristics of extrinsic rewards, except: a. controlling. b. expected. c. novel. d. tangible.

novel.

Pairing "science" and "motivation" in the phrase "motivational science" means that answers to motivational questions require: a. that one's personal beliefs about motivation are confirmed by cultural norms. b. opportunities to reflect on one's personal experiences so as to gain personal insights about the nature of motivation. c. objective, data-based, empirical evidence from well-conducted research. d. that one recognizes that most motivational states cannot be studied scientifically.

objective, data-based, empirical evidence from well-conducted research.

Given the following scenario, what brain structure would be expected to be highly active? The person looks at a menu, trying to decide which item to order. As she considers the options listed in front of her, her awareness of her past experiences with the various items informs her decision to choose option A over option B. a. anterior cingulate cortex b. orbitofrontal cortex c. right prefrontal cortex d. septal area

orbitofrontal cortex

The _____ stores and processes reward-related value information of environmental objects and events to formulate preferences and to make choices between options. a. anterior cingulate cortex b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. insular cortex d. orbitofrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex

Cellular dehydration causes _____ thirst, whereas dehydration of the bloodstream leads to _____ thirst. a. long-term; short-term b. short-term; long-term c. osmometric; volumetric d. volumetric; osmometric

osmometric; volumetric

People experience intrinsic motivation because: a. of forethought and self-reflection. b. of interrelationships among contingency, cognition, and activity. c. people are sensitive to extrinsic rewards. d. people have innate psychological needs.

people have innate psychological needs.

People with relatively high activity in their left prefrontal lobes ("left-side asymmetry") show a relatively strong sensitivity to: a. how stimulating or how potentially arousing the environment is. b. potential fight-or-flight responses, especially emotions like anger and fear. c. potential signals of punishment and negative emotionality. d. potential signals of reward and positive emotionality.

potential signals of reward and positive emotionality.

People often say that the best way to motivate others is to increase their self-esteem, as in "Find a way to make people feel good about themselves, and then all sorts of good things start to happen." In response to this approach to motivation, the textbook concluded that: a. no research exists on self-esteem because it is best studied through personal experience. b. a great deal of evidence supports this approach to motivation. c. practically no evidence supports this approach to motivation. d. while not perfect, increasing self-esteem is still the most effective approach to motivating other people.

practically no evidence supports this approach to motivation.

Reinforcement is to _____, as punishment is to _____. a. extinction; satiation b. promoting behavior; suppressing behavior c. satiation; extinction d. suppressing behavior; promoting behavior

promoting behavior; suppressing behavior

Which of the following is the closest synonym for appetite? a. Homeostasis b. negative feedback signal c. psychological drive d. reactance

psychological drive

Which of the following structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "No, I don't want to do this."? a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. ventromedial prefrontal cortex d. right prefrontal cerebral cortex

right prefrontal cerebral cortex

Which of the following structures is involved in generating avoidance motivation? a. left prefrontal cortex b. medial forebrain bundle c. basal ganglia d. right prefrontal cortex

right prefrontal cortex

People often try to self-regulate their bodily appetites. When mental states regulate physiological needs, ___ occurs; when physiological needs overwhelm mental control, ___ occurs. a. appetite; aversion b. aversion; appetite c. self-regulation; self-regulation failure d. self-regulation failure; self-regulation

self-regulation; self-regulation failure

For men's faces, the facial metrics associated with physical attractiveness include: a. expressive characteristics. b. neonatal features. c. sexual maturity features. d. large eyes, a small nose, and a small chin.

sexual maturity features.

Engagement is a multidimensional expression of motivation. Which of the following aspect of engagement is not central to understanding the person's underlying motive status? a. behavioral engagement b. cognitive engagement c. emotional engagement d. social engagement

social engagement

According to the textbook, the most important environmental influence on drinking behavior is: a. body temperature. b. room temperature. c. taste. d. water availability.

taste.

In what ways do needs differ from one another? a. how future-oriented the satisfaction of each need tends to be b. how long it takes (in hours) to satisfy each different need c. the amount of energy each separate need generates d. the goal the person pursues to satisfy each different need

the goal the person pursues to satisfy each different need

A motivational psychologist would agree with each of the following statements, except: a. changes in environmental conditions cause changes in motivational states. b. motivation includes both approach and avoidance tendencies. c. to adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives. d. to flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions.

to adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives.

Theories help motivation researchers: a. avoid having to collect data to test their hypotheses. b. avoid statistics to analyze the data they collect in their experiments. c. understand the public's priority as to what motivation researchers should study. d. understand the complex phenomena they study.

understand the complex phenomena they study.

The anatomical starting point in the brain's dopamine-based reward system is the: a. Amygdala b. basal ganglia c. hypothalamus d. ventral tegmental area

ventral tegmental area

The _____ evaluates the unlearned emotional value information of basic sensory rewards and internal bodily states. It is responsible for emotional control. a. anterior cingulate cortex b. insular cortex c. orbitofrontal cortex d. ventromedial prefrontal cortex

ventromedial prefrontal cortex