Motor Learning Final

Perceptual narrowing does NOT result in which of the following? a. ability to detect fewer stimuli b. focus on the most pertinent information c. shifts in attention d. ability to use more of the information in the environment

d. ability to use more of the information in the environment

a schema increases in strength with an increase in ________ a. variability in practice b. attempts c. experience d. all of the above

d. all of the above

inserting ___________ during intervals of rest from physical practice can benefit learning a. demonstrations b. observation c. mental practice d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which is NOT an assumption of the specificity hypothesis? a. there are many separate abilities b. abilities are independent c. any skill depends on a set of abilities d. any ability depends on a specific set of skills

d. any ability depends on a specific set of skills

which of the following is NOT an essential feature of a transfer design? a. allow enough time for any temporary effects to dissipate b. evaluate the learners in a transfer and retention test in which everyone performs under identical conditions c. any differences observed in the test are due to a relatively permanent change acquired during practice d. any differences observed in the test are due to a temporary change acquired during practice

d. any differences observed in the test are due to a temporary change acquired during practice

fitts' stages of learning were designed to consider ___________ components involved in skill acquisition a. passive b. perceptual c. motor d. both perceptual and motor

d. both perceptual and motor

which of the following is NOT a basic need that determines intrinsic motivation? a. autonomy b. relatedness c. competence d. challenge

d. challenge

Considering cruise control in a car as an example of a closed-loop system, the actual speed of the car would be compared to which of the following: a. difference in speed b. error signal c. the system's output d. desired speed

d. desired speed

which of the following is NOT an important distinction of abilities? a. inherited traits b. stable and enduring c. few in number d. developed with practice

d. developed with practice

___________ skills have a definite beginning and end. They usually start and end quickly a. serial b. closed c. continuous d. discrete

d. discrete

in open-loop control, which of the following does NOT need to be specified in the programming process in order to generate skilled movements? a. which muscles contract b. forces of muscle contractions c. sequencing of contractions d. feedback and results of contractions

d. feedback and results of contractions

_________ engineers exploit alterations in proprioception in the design of equipment a. motor learning b. ecological viewpoint c. motor behavior d. human factors

d. human factors

fitts' law states that movement time is linearly related to the __________ a. width of the target b. amplitude of the movement c. reaction time d. index of difficulty

d. index of difficulty

Reaction time and decision making are NOT influenced by which of the following a. number of possible stimuli b. response compatibility c. number of choices d. movement execution

d. movement execution

in fitts' ________ stage of learning, learners begin to monitor their own feedback and detect their errors

fixation

The interval of time that elapses between a suddenly presented stimulus and the beginning of the response is called the __________

reaction time interval

The total of reaction time plus movement time is called _________

response time

difficulty in making countless stored programs instantly retrievable from memory is part of the ___________ problem

storage

T/F A theory cannot survive if something predicted from it does not hold true

true

T/F An abundance of information, from multiple sensory inputs, can lead to performance failure

true

T/F Any single performance of a task may not reflect the skill level underlying it.

true

T/F As the SOA lengthens, the delay in RT for a second stimulus in a double-stuimulation paradigm also increases

true

T/F Attention is a resource that must be shared among primary and secondary tasks

true

T/F Choking under pressure can occur because of information-processing errors related to attention

true

T/F Deidrich and Warren (1995) found that walking variability was destabilized above and below normal walking speeds when walking was maintained

true

T/F Maintaining posture requires feedback

true

T/F Movement-produced stimuli are compared against anticipated states in the comparator

true

T/F Short-term memory and working memory are the same thing

true

T/F Stimulus identification is primarily a sensory stage

true

T/F The RT interval is a measure of the accumulated durations of the three stages of information processing

true

T/F The blindsight phenomenon demonstrates that we can respond to objects in the environment unconsciously

true

T/F The psychological refractory period is the delay in responding to the second of two closely spaced stimuli

true

T/F a specific, challenging goal is strongly motivating

true

T/F a transfer design can analyze whether a change that improves performance in practice also improves learning

true

T/F according to scheme theory, learners can use similar past experiences to estimate the correct movement for a novel task

true

T/F an inverted U-relationship exists between spatial accuracy and force requirements, with the least accuracy produced at moderate force levels

true

T/F an open-loop system is not sensitive to whether actions were successful in meeting the goal

true

T/F effective prediction for a desired activity would require a full understanding of the requisite abilities

true

T/F fitts' law accurately predicted the MTs when two limbs were moving to targets with congruent IDs

true

T/F fitts' law describes the tendency for performers to trade speed for accuracy

true

T/F improvements in the way actions are selected during response selection are thought to be influenced by practice

true

T/F in a learned movement pattern, relative timing is typically invariant

true

T/F in general, continuous tasks are retained for longer periods than discrete tasks

true

T/F individual differences must be based on stable, enduring differences

true

T/F it is reasonable to suspect that slower movements are more accurate, at least in part, because there is more time to detect errors and to make corrections

true

T/F motor behavior is a complex blend of open and closed-loop processes

true

T/F positive feedback can produce better performance than no feedback, even if it is false

true

T/F relatively permanent and temporary effects can occur simultaneously in practice

true

T/F shortening the movement time of the bat swing in baseball should allow for more accurate anticipation of where and when the ball will arrive

true

T/F skills with purely temporal goals seem to follow different principles than those with purely spatial goals

true

T/F some motor learning can occur in the absence of movement by producing anticipated sensations during mental practice

true

T/F specificity of learning suggests that what you learn depends on what you practice

true

T/F switching takes longer to stabilize when going from an in-phase pattern to an anti-phase pattern than from an anti-phase pattern to in-phase

true

T/F the elaboration hypothesis and the forgetting hypothesis are complementary rather than competing explanations for the contextual-interference effect

true

T/F the inclusion of both practice sessions and test sessions by a coach can help to overcome conflicting practice goals

true

T/F the most effective schedule for practice is not necessarily the most efficient schedule

true

T/F the specificity hypothesis suggests that many specific and independent motor abilities are the basis for every type of motor performance

true

T/F If a general motor ability exists, all motor skills show strong relationships

true

The different placements of windshield washer switches in different cars is an example of _________ mapping conditions

varied

___________ decrement is the term for when a learner suffers a large performance decrement and is temporarily prevented from performing at his or her maximum potential at the beginning of performance

warm-up

motor learning can be defined as ____________ a. a set of processes associated with practice b. a set of abilities underlying skilled performance c. a set of abilities associated with practice d. a set of processes defined by innate characteristics of the learner

a. a set of processes associated with practice

____________ is the level of excitement of a person's central nervous system a. arousal b. stress c. anxiety d. excitability

a. arousal

___________ describes processing that is quick, done in parallel, and involuntary. It does not demand attention, is more prominent during the later stages of learning, and takes lots of practice a. automatic processing b. parallel processing c. controlled processing d. stroop effect

a. automatic processing

__________ is a device for recording the electrical activity in the muscles; it has been used in some studies to provide evidence that motor programs exist a. electromyograph (EMG) b. central pattern generator c. reaction time (RT) d. deafferentation

a. electromyograph (EMG)

Sensory information that primarily comes from sources outside of a person's body is called a. exteroception b. proprioception c. kinesthetics d. interoception

a. exteroception

what did bernstein propose as a solution to the degrees of freedom problem? a. freezing degrees of freedom b. releasing all degrees of freedom c. increasing movement of redundant body parts d. increasing overall movement

a. freezing degrees of freedom

which of the following is NOT necessary for an open-loop controlled motor program to run? a. identification of the largest motor unit producing the action b. force of various muscle contractions c. timing and sequencing d. duration of contractions

a. identification of the largest motor unit producing the action

When discussing information processing, ______________ is the information a person reviews for processing a. input b. stimulus identification c. response d. output

a. input

a _________ is the prestructured set of movement commands that defines and shapes the movement a. motor program b. feedback loop c. reflex d. startle reaction time

a. motor program

when the learner gains information by watching another's performance, that is called: a. observational learning b. mental learning c. attentional focus d. self-regulated practice

a. observational learning

__________ skills are performed in an environment that is varied and unpredictable a. open b. discrete c. serial d. closed

a. open

the period of time during which no further practice is undertaken, and during which time forgetting may occur, is called ____________ a. retention interval b. retention trial c. acquisition trial d. training session

a. retention interval

__________ describes the linear speed-accuracy trade-off a. schmidt's law b. fitts' law c. ballistic movement hypothesis d. target width plus amplitude

a. schmidt's law

___________ is the type of accuracy required when the position of the movement's end point is important to the performance a. spatial accuracy b. temporal accuracy c. timing accuracy d. velocity accuracy

a. spatial accuracy

_______________ is the stage of information processing in which a person recognizes and distinguishes the input a. stimulus identification b. response selection c. response interpretation d. movement programming

a. stimulus identification

_________ is an assessment of a participant's inconsistency rather than accuracy a. variable error b. constant error c. absolute error d. everyday error

a. variable error

What visual system is used to identify an object in the center of the visual field, is conscious, leads to identification, and is affected by lighting? a. ventral vision b. dorsal vision c. perceptual vision d. optical flow

a. ventral vision

tests for specific transfer are most appropriate for which type of motor skill? a. a skill that can be used in many situations such as throwing a ball in softball and cricket b. a closed skill, such as bowling c. an open skill such as throwing in a rugby game d. a skill that can use more than one effector, such as writing your name with both hands

b. a closed skill, such as bowling

the term ________ refers to stable and enduring traits that are genetically determined and underlie a person's skilled performance a. skills b. abilities c. individual differences d. movement continuity

b. abilities

during fitt's _________ stage of learning, movements involving open skills become more automatic with practice a. fixation b. autonomous c. cognitive d. verbalizable

b. autonomous

___________ is the interval between the presentation of one of several stimuli to the beginning of one of several possible responses a. foreperiod b. choice reaction time c. anticipation d. response selection

b. choice reaction time

________ skills unfold without a recognizable beginning and end in an ongoing fashion a. discrete b. continuous c. closed d. serial

b. continuous

Studies suggest that an ___________ focus of attention almost always results in better performance than an _________ focus of attention a. internal; external b. external; internal c. narrow; wide d. wide; narrow

b. external; internal

characteristics of an open-loop control system include all of the following EXCEPT a. preplanned instructions that specify the functions to be performed b. feedback to provide information that arises from various sensory systems c. a system that carries out the instructions with little or no modifications d. the explanation of rapid and discrete movements

b. feedback to provide information that arises from various sensory systems

the __________ hypothesis explains the contextual-interference effect by suggesting that the learner forgets task A to do task B and then has to relearn task A the next time is is needed a. elaboration b. forgetting c. short-term memory d. desirable difficulties

b. forgetting

throwing a softball from second base and from left field to first base would require the same __________ but different ___________ a. parameters; general motor program b. general motor program; parameters c. practice; parameters d. parameters; types of practice

b. general motor program; parameters

according to Guadagnoli and Lee (2004), when might random practice be detrimental to learning? a. if the learner is bored b. if the task is very difficult for that learner c. if the task is very simple d. if the learner is an expert

b. if the task is very difficult for that learner

which of the following processes is influenced by practice? a. increased cognitive requirements b. increased automaticity c. elimination of action selection d. the building of a single, generalized motor program

b. increased automaticity

Which of the following is NOT a limitation associated with the closed-loop system? a. takes time b. maintains a desired goal c. uses slow information processing repeatedly d. does not account for rapid movements

b. maintains a desired goal

___________ occurs when two or more stimuli are processed at the same time without interference a. automatic processing b. parallel processing c. controlled processing d. stroop effect

b. parallel processing

in what type of practice does the learner perform a number of different skills in no particular order, while avoiding or minimizing consecutive repetition? a. blocked practice b. random practice c. varied practice d. constant practice

b. random practice

Which information processing stage requires a process of determining what to do? a. stimulus identification b. response selection c. movement execution d. movement programming

b. response selection

the major roles of a motor program include all of the following EXCEPT a. to define and issue commands to determine muscles to contract b. to adjust using feedback once the movement had begun c. to make postural adjustments to support action d. to adapt reflexes to ensure the goal is achieved

b. to adjust using feedback once the movement had begun

experiments suggest that practicing parts of a discrete task in isolation ___________ a. transfers a great deal to the whole task b. transfers very little to the whole task c. improves performance on a transfer test of the whole task d. improves performance on a retention test of the whole task

b. transfers very little to the whole task

Mixing the batter for baking a cake would be best described as a. a discrete skill b. a serial skill c. a continuous skill d. a compound skill

c. a continuous skill

___________ is a type of information processing that is deliberate and requires consciousness. It is slow, sequential, demanding of attention, voluntary, and more prominent during the early stages of learning a. automatic processing b. parallel processing c. controlled processing d. stroop effect

c. controlled processing

preparatory postural adjustments during a throwing task would likely involve the ________ muscles a. arm b. shoulder c. core d. chest

c. core

practicing in a particular environment often leads to better performance __________ a. in new environments b. in later practice in new environments c. in that specific environment d. under pressure

c. in that specific environment

Which of the following does NOT describe a difference between ventral vision and dorsal vision? a. conscious versus nonconscious b. affected by lighting versus not affected by lighting c. information routed from the retina to primary visual cortex versus secondary visual cortex d. peripheral versus central vision

c. information routed from the retina to primary visual cortex versus secondary visual cortex

which of the following is NOT an important distinction of skills? a. many in number b. modified with practice c. inherited traits d. developed with practice

c. inherited traits

Which of the following is NOT generally involved in the execution of a motor skill? a. maximizing the certainty of goal achievement b. minimizing the physical energy costs of performance c. maximizing the mental energy costs of performance d. minimizing the time used to execute the skill

c. maximizing the mental energy costs of performance

which of the following is NOT true of learning? a. learning results from practice or experience b. learning changes are inferred from certain performance changes c. performance changes are sometimes transitory d. learning is not directly observable

c. performance changes are sometimes transitory

The three stages of information processing between input and output include all of the following EXCEPT a. stimulus identification b. response selection c. response interpretation d. movement programming

c. response interpretation

__________ refers to giving learners ownership over some of the components of practice, such as how to organize the practice schedule a. random practice b. intrinsically motivated practice c. self-regulated practice d. yoked practice

c. self-regulated practice

Proprioception includes all of the following EXCEPT a. feedback regarding position of plants b. sensory feedback regarding the position of body and limbs c. sensory information from outside of the body d. feedback regarding orientation of the body in various positions

c. sensory information from outside of the body

In the study of anticipation, one research method involves showing a video clip in which the view of an opponent's body part is blocked. If the blocked view interferes with the athlete's anticipation, this indicates that ___________ a. the athlete is right-handed b. the athlete is a visual learner c. the athlete uses that perceptual information d. the athlete does not need that perceptual information

c. the athlete used that perceptual information

a _________ can separate the relatively permanent and temporary effects of a variable a. performance curve b. performance average plot c. transfer design d. percentage change in ability plot

c. transfer design

the estimation errors when attempting to run the water for 8 seconds should be about _________ of the error when attempting 4 seconds a. one third b. one half c. twice d. the same

c. twice

The tendency for visual information to supersede information coming from the other senses during perception is termed a. visual capture b. perceptual vision c. visual dominance d. all of these

c. visual dominance

if a movement is slow or long in duration, control is dominated by __________ processes. If a movement is brief, control is dominated by __________ processes.

closed-loop; open-loop

which of the following is NOT evidence that supports the idea that motor programs exist a. reaction time studies in humans b. the impact on performance when movement is unexpectedly blocked c. deafferentation experiments d. movement pattern generator experiments

d. movement pattern generator experiments

___________ is the stage of information processing in which the person organizes the motor system to produce the desired output a. stimulus identification b. response selection c. response interpretation d. movement programming

d. movement programming

This form of visual control detects movement of patterns of light rays from the environment and allows a person to perceive motion, position, and timing a. ventral vision b. dorsal vision c. perceptual vision d. optical flow

d. optical flow

if a movement is ___________, instructions to decrease movement time have a detrimental effect on spatial accuracy a. relatively slow b. relatively fast c. well learned d. without vision

d. without vision?

the two essential parts to an open-loop system are the _________ and _________

executive; effector

"Aim for the backboard, just above the net" is an example of an instruction to induce an _________ focus of attention

external

T/F Auditory delays in PA systems decrease timing errors by slowing rates of speaking

false

T/F Emerson just got a strike in the first frame of his game bowling, which clearly indicates he is a skilled bowler

false

T/F Learning is another word for improved performance

false

T/F Short-term memory is the briefest of all memory

false

T/F abilities can be modified with practice

false

T/F an "all-around" athlete possesses greater general motor ability than a classmate who is less athletic

false

T/F because the velocity of a movement is larger when a movement is sped up, decreasing the movement time for a task increases timing error

false

T/F decreases in accuracy when movement times are very short are simply due to less time for feedback utilization

false

T/F for most performers, instructing them to pay attention to aspects of the movement itself, rather than the intended result of an action, produces a more skilled performance

false

T/F hockey players born in the first three months of the year tend to have a better general ability than those born later in the year

false

T/F mental practice is beneficial for learning only the cognitive aspects of a motor task

false

T/F movements that are self-initiated are started more quickly than reactive movements

false

T/F one benefit of practice is that increased attention is demanded by tasks that have been well learned

false

T/F researchers who study motor learning are interested in the discovery of practice conditions that maximize the development of relatively temporary changes in performance

false

T/F the more the components of a task that interact with each other, the more effective part practice is

false

T/F the open-loop control system returns feedback to the system after instructions have been sent to the effector level

false

T/F the prediction of success in movement skills is very effective

false

T/F the reflex reversal phenomenon is illustrated when the same stimulus produces the same effect when presented at different locations in the step cycle

false

T/F understanding and predicting abilities are easy tasks for movement practitioners

false

T/F using simulators to train motor skills can be cost effective and always requires less time for training

false

T/F victoria has followed her new weight-training program for three months now and has seen a great improvement in her miniature golf games. This is a good example of motor learning

false

T/F visual acuity, color vision, height, and build are considered skills rather than abilities

false

T/F when experimenters used startle trials to examine RT, participants had a shortened RT on startle trials, but the motor program was altered

false

T/F "Make sure you are reaching your arms out straight when you swing at the ball" is an example of an instruction to induce an external focus of attention

false

T/F repetition can be used to create a more durable stamp on the memory for that specific moment

false ?

T/F transfer concerns how performance on the task is influenced by practice on the same task

false?

when instructors wish to train learners to develop general capabilities for a wide variety of skills, where the eventual goal is quite different from the original practice setting, this is called the __________ transfer

far

the ___________ theory addresses the storage problem because the theory holds that an infinite number of movement variations can be produced by a single basic program, so only one program needs to be stored

general motor program

in movies in which combatants duel in a gunfight, the person who draws first almost always loses. this is illustrative of the ___________ effect

gunslinger

_________ transfer occurs when a motor experience is detrimental to performance, producing even worse performance than a condition where that motor experience did not take place. answer either positive or negative in the blank

negative

the _________ problem refers to the fact that simple motor program theory does not account for movements that have not been previously made

novelty

modifying __________ determines how your signature is executed at any one time

parameters

__________ fidelity refers to the degree to which the physical features of the simulation and criterion tasks are identical

physical

___________ transfer occurs when a motor experience on one task facilitates performance on some other task over and above a condition where that motor experience did not take place. Answer either positive or negative in the blank

positive