muscle performance part 1
Determinants of a resistance exercise program
-alignment -stabilization -intensity -volume -exercise order -frequency -rest interval -duration -mode of exercise -velocity of exercise -periodization -integration of exercises into functional activities
stages of tissue healing
acute: inflammation subacute: proliferation, repair, and healing chronic: maturation and remodeling
fatigue factors
health status diet lifestyle
aerobic exercise
low intensity, high rep effort over an extended period of time.
T/F pain is a subjective experience
true
indications of resistance training
Presence of muscle performance deficits or impaired function 2. Integral component of strength conditioning or maintenance program
strength training def
Systematic practice of using muscle force to raise, lower, or control heavy external loads for a relatively low number of repetitions or over a short period of time
endurance training def
Systematic practice of using muscle force to raise, lower, or control a light external load for many repetitions over an extended period of time
T/F Recovery from acute exercise, in which the force-producing capacity of muscle returns to 90-95% of pre-exercise capacity, usually takes 3-4 minutes, with the greatest proportion of recovery occurring in the first minute
TRUE
Mode
The form of exercise, the type of muscle contraction that occurs, and the manner in which the exercise is carried out
SAID principle (specific adaptation to imposed demands)
To improve a specific muscle performance element, the resistance program should be matched to that element's constructs applies to all body systems and is an extension of Wolff's law
signs and symptoms of muscle fatigue
Uncomfortable sensations, pain, cramping, Trembling while muscle is contracting, Jerky movement, Change in ability to complete full ROM, Substitution, Inability to continue low intensity exercise, Decline in peak torque in isokinetic testing
endurance def
ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against an external load, generate or sustain tension, and resist fatigue over an extended period of me
functional strength
ability of the neuromuscular system to produce appropriate amount of force during functional activities in a smooth, coordinated manner
impairments in muscle performance
activity limitations participation restrictions increased risk of dysfunction
when body systems are exposed to greater than usual resistance stimuli, they react with severe _______ __________ _______ before adapting
acute physiological responses
isometric contraction
against an unmovable external resistance
patient
an individual with impairments and functional deficits receiving care from a PT goal: to improve function and prevent disability
client
an individual without impairments receive care from PT goal: to promote health and wellness and prevent dysfunction
Alignment and stabilization
appropriate positioning of the body and alignment of a limb or body segment essential for strengthening a specific muscle or muscle group effectively without substitution
muscles require adequate _________ _________ to provide tissues with oxygen
blood supply
how is proper alignment determined ?
by considering the fiber orientation, the line of pull, and the specific action desired of the muscle to be strengthened
accommodating resistance
can be implemented by use of an isokinetic dynamometer that controls the velocity of active movement during exercise
Transfer of training
carryover of training effects from one variation of exercise or task to another has been reported Cross-training effect may occur from an exercised limb to a nonexercised, contralateral limb
training induced adaptations to resistance exercise is also known as
chronic physiological response
dynamic resistance
concentric eccentric
when does muscle local fatigue occur
during exercise when a muscle repeatedly contracts statically or dynamically against an imposed load
Muscles need adequate sources of ____________ to contract, generate tension, and resist fatigue
energy
what other factor can influence how quickly fatigue occurs and how much time is required for recovery?
environmental factors
what are neural adaptations seen?
first 4-8 weeks of training when there is little to no evidence of muscle fiber hypertrophy
anaerobic exercise
high intensity, low rep effort as muscle fatigue at near max intensity
greatest increase in protein synthesis and hypertrophy are associated with
high volume moderate resistance exercise performed eccentrically
Stabilization refers to
holding down a body segment or holding the body steady can be achieved through external or internal means
what Becomes an increasingly important adaptation that accounts for strength gains after extended period of moderate- to high-intensity resistance training, usually by 4-8 weeks, but possibly as early as 2-3 weeks with very high intensity
hypertrophy
volume
includes variables such as reps, sets, frequency
neural adaptations
initial gains in strength following resistance training are primarily the result of this mechanism
factors that impair muscle performance:
injury disease immobilization disuse inactivity
internal stabilization examples
isometric contraction of adjacent muscle
fatigue threshold
level of exercise that cannot be sustained indefinitely
Forms of resistance
manual mechnical accomodating
external stabilization examples
manually by the PT, equipment, body weight/gravity, treatment to table surfaces
a constant or variable load can be imposed through what kind of resistance?
mechanical (free weights or weight machine)
initial neural responses to resistance exercises are attributed to
motor learning and improved coordination through increased recruitment and increased rate and synchronization of motor unit firing.
eccentric
muscle lengthening
concentric
muscle shortening
what system is critical for meeting physical demands imposed on the body?
musculoskeletal
what system allows us to be mobile, recreate, work, pursue meaningful experiences?
musculoskeletal system
in what population is fatigue irregular?
neuromuscular cardiopulmonary inflammatory cancer-related psychological disorders
example of mode
patient may perform an exercise dynamically or statically or in a weight bearing or noweightbearing position
phases of rehabilitation
phase 1- max protection phase 2- moderate protection/controlled motion phase 3- minimum to no protection/return to function
intervention: power training
power can be trained/gained by: -reducing the amount of time required to produce the work -increase the work a muscle must perform during a specified time the greater the intensity and the shower the time period taken to generate force> greater the muscle power time is often the manipulated variable
intensity
refers to how much external resistance is imposed on the muscle
Detraining
reflected by reductions in muscle performance, begins a week or two after the cessation of resistance exercises and continues until training effects are lost
Connective tissue adaptations
resistance training for muscle strength also increases the tensile strength of tendons, ligaments, and bone
types of muscle contraction
static dynamic isometric isotonic
key elements of muscle performance
strength power endurance
increased neural activity may be a source of additional gains in what?
strength , late in a RT program after muscle hypertrophy has plateaued
muscle (local) fatigue
the diminished response of a muscle to a repeated stimulus; reflective in a progressive decrement in the amplitude of motor unit potentials acute physiological response that is normal and reversible
how is the patient/client positioned to have proper alignment?
the direction of movement of a limb or segment of the body replicates the action of the muscle or muscle groups to be strengthened
A patient's threshold for fatigue could be noted as?
the length of time a contraction is maintained or the number of reps of an exercise that initially can be performed
Cardiopulmonary fatigue
the systemic, diminished response of an individual to a stimulus as the result of prolonged physical activity, such as walking, jogging, cycling, or repetitive work
T/F decline is temporary in the force production capacity of neuromuscular system, and leads to decrease in muscle strength
true
T/F endurance training has little to no cross-training effect on muscle strength
true
T/F it is imperative that gains in strength and endurance are incorporated into daily activities as early as possible
true
T/F muscles adapt to endurance training by increases in their oxidative and metabolic capacity
true
T/F pain often does not correlate with tissue damage
true
modes of exercise
types of muscle contraction position for exercise forms of resistance energy systems range of movement application to function
functional performance testing
uses a variety of physical skills and test to determine the ability to participate at the desired level or return to participation without functional limitations. ability to move through 3 planes of movement. assessed using nontraditional testing that provides qualitative and quantitative information related to specialized motions
isokinetic contraction
when velocity of limb movement is held consistent by a rate-controlling device
power def
work (force x distance) produced by a muscle unit per unit of time (force x distance/time) the rate of performing work
what are the 3 main energy systems?
ATP-PC, anaerobic.glycolytic/latic acid, and aerobic systems
Reversibility
Adaptive changes in the body's systems in response to a resistance exercise program are transient unless training-induced improvements are regularly used for functional activities, or unless an individual participates in a maintenance program of resistance exercises
Specificity
Adaptive effects of training are highly specific to the training method • Whenever possible, exercises incorporated in a program should mimic anticipated function/sport task-specific practice must be emphasized • May be related to morphological and metabolic changes in muscle and neural adaptations to the training stimulus associated with motor learning
resistance exercise training def
An activity in which static or dynamic muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of an individual muscle fiber caused by increased myofibrillar volume
precautions of overload
Application of the overload principle must always be done in the context of the underlying pathology, patient/client age, stage of tissue healing, patient/client response, and overall abilities and goals • Body must be given time to adapt to demands of increased intensity or volume before further increases
benefits of RT
Enhanced muscle performance through restoration, improvement, or maintenance of muscle strength power, endurance. increase CT strength increase BMD decrease joint stress improve balance a lot more on slide 14
Strength (broad definition)
Extent that contractile elements of muscle produce force
Repetition maximum (RM)
Greatest amount of weight or load that can be moved with control through the full, available range of motion (ROM) a specific number of times before fatiguing
strength (clinical definition)
Greatest measurable force exerted by a muscle or muscle group to overcome resistance during a single, maximal effort
Uses of RM
Identify an initial exercise load (amount of weight) to be used during exercise for a specified number of repetitons 2. Document a baseline measurement of the dynamic strength of a muscle or muscle group against which exercise-induced improvements in strength can be compared
Overload
If muscle performance is to improve, a resistance load that exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle must be applied If the external demands remain constant aber the muscle has adapted to exercise, the level of muscle performance can be maintained but not increased
Factors that influence tension generation in normal skeletal muscle
Morphological, biomechanical, neurological, metabolic, and biochemical factors affect the tension-generating capacity of normal skeletal muscle
