muscle performance part 1

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Determinants of a resistance exercise program

-alignment -stabilization -intensity -volume -exercise order -frequency -rest interval -duration -mode of exercise -velocity of exercise -periodization -integration of exercises into functional activities

stages of tissue healing

acute: inflammation subacute: proliferation, repair, and healing chronic: maturation and remodeling

fatigue factors

health status diet lifestyle

aerobic exercise

low intensity, high rep effort over an extended period of time.

T/F pain is a subjective experience

true

indications of resistance training

Presence of muscle performance deficits or impaired function 2. Integral component of strength conditioning or maintenance program

strength training def

Systematic practice of using muscle force to raise, lower, or control heavy external loads for a relatively low number of repetitions or over a short period of time

endurance training def

Systematic practice of using muscle force to raise, lower, or control a light external load for many repetitions over an extended period of time

T/F Recovery from acute exercise, in which the force-producing capacity of muscle returns to 90-95% of pre-exercise capacity, usually takes 3-4 minutes, with the greatest proportion of recovery occurring in the first minute

TRUE

Mode

The form of exercise, the type of muscle contraction that occurs, and the manner in which the exercise is carried out

SAID principle (specific adaptation to imposed demands)

To improve a specific muscle performance element, the resistance program should be matched to that element's constructs applies to all body systems and is an extension of Wolff's law

signs and symptoms of muscle fatigue

Uncomfortable sensations, pain, cramping, Trembling while muscle is contracting, Jerky movement, Change in ability to complete full ROM, Substitution, Inability to continue low intensity exercise, Decline in peak torque in isokinetic testing

endurance def

ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against an external load, generate or sustain tension, and resist fatigue over an extended period of me

functional strength

ability of the neuromuscular system to produce appropriate amount of force during functional activities in a smooth, coordinated manner

impairments in muscle performance

activity limitations participation restrictions increased risk of dysfunction

when body systems are exposed to greater than usual resistance stimuli, they react with severe _______ __________ _______ before adapting

acute physiological responses

isometric contraction

against an unmovable external resistance

patient

an individual with impairments and functional deficits receiving care from a PT goal: to improve function and prevent disability

client

an individual without impairments receive care from PT goal: to promote health and wellness and prevent dysfunction

Alignment and stabilization

appropriate positioning of the body and alignment of a limb or body segment essential for strengthening a specific muscle or muscle group effectively without substitution

muscles require adequate _________ _________ to provide tissues with oxygen

blood supply

how is proper alignment determined ?

by considering the fiber orientation, the line of pull, and the specific action desired of the muscle to be strengthened

accommodating resistance

can be implemented by use of an isokinetic dynamometer that controls the velocity of active movement during exercise

Transfer of training

carryover of training effects from one variation of exercise or task to another has been reported Cross-training effect may occur from an exercised limb to a nonexercised, contralateral limb

training induced adaptations to resistance exercise is also known as

chronic physiological response

dynamic resistance

concentric eccentric

when does muscle local fatigue occur

during exercise when a muscle repeatedly contracts statically or dynamically against an imposed load

Muscles need adequate sources of ____________ to contract, generate tension, and resist fatigue

energy

what other factor can influence how quickly fatigue occurs and how much time is required for recovery?

environmental factors

what are neural adaptations seen?

first 4-8 weeks of training when there is little to no evidence of muscle fiber hypertrophy

anaerobic exercise

high intensity, low rep effort as muscle fatigue at near max intensity

greatest increase in protein synthesis and hypertrophy are associated with

high volume moderate resistance exercise performed eccentrically

Stabilization refers to

holding down a body segment or holding the body steady can be achieved through external or internal means

what Becomes an increasingly important adaptation that accounts for strength gains after extended period of moderate- to high-intensity resistance training, usually by 4-8 weeks, but possibly as early as 2-3 weeks with very high intensity

hypertrophy

volume

includes variables such as reps, sets, frequency

neural adaptations

initial gains in strength following resistance training are primarily the result of this mechanism

factors that impair muscle performance:

injury disease immobilization disuse inactivity

internal stabilization examples

isometric contraction of adjacent muscle

fatigue threshold

level of exercise that cannot be sustained indefinitely

Forms of resistance

manual mechnical accomodating

external stabilization examples

manually by the PT, equipment, body weight/gravity, treatment to table surfaces

a constant or variable load can be imposed through what kind of resistance?

mechanical (free weights or weight machine)

initial neural responses to resistance exercises are attributed to

motor learning and improved coordination through increased recruitment and increased rate and synchronization of motor unit firing.

eccentric

muscle lengthening

concentric

muscle shortening

what system is critical for meeting physical demands imposed on the body?

musculoskeletal

what system allows us to be mobile, recreate, work, pursue meaningful experiences?

musculoskeletal system

in what population is fatigue irregular?

neuromuscular cardiopulmonary inflammatory cancer-related psychological disorders

example of mode

patient may perform an exercise dynamically or statically or in a weight bearing or noweightbearing position

phases of rehabilitation

phase 1- max protection phase 2- moderate protection/controlled motion phase 3- minimum to no protection/return to function

intervention: power training

power can be trained/gained by: -reducing the amount of time required to produce the work -increase the work a muscle must perform during a specified time the greater the intensity and the shower the time period taken to generate force> greater the muscle power time is often the manipulated variable

intensity

refers to how much external resistance is imposed on the muscle

Detraining

reflected by reductions in muscle performance, begins a week or two after the cessation of resistance exercises and continues until training effects are lost

Connective tissue adaptations

resistance training for muscle strength also increases the tensile strength of tendons, ligaments, and bone

types of muscle contraction

static dynamic isometric isotonic

key elements of muscle performance

strength power endurance

increased neural activity may be a source of additional gains in what?

strength , late in a RT program after muscle hypertrophy has plateaued

muscle (local) fatigue

the diminished response of a muscle to a repeated stimulus; reflective in a progressive decrement in the amplitude of motor unit potentials acute physiological response that is normal and reversible

how is the patient/client positioned to have proper alignment?

the direction of movement of a limb or segment of the body replicates the action of the muscle or muscle groups to be strengthened

A patient's threshold for fatigue could be noted as?

the length of time a contraction is maintained or the number of reps of an exercise that initially can be performed

Cardiopulmonary fatigue

the systemic, diminished response of an individual to a stimulus as the result of prolonged physical activity, such as walking, jogging, cycling, or repetitive work

T/F decline is temporary in the force production capacity of neuromuscular system, and leads to decrease in muscle strength

true

T/F endurance training has little to no cross-training effect on muscle strength

true

T/F it is imperative that gains in strength and endurance are incorporated into daily activities as early as possible

true

T/F muscles adapt to endurance training by increases in their oxidative and metabolic capacity

true

T/F pain often does not correlate with tissue damage

true

modes of exercise

types of muscle contraction position for exercise forms of resistance energy systems range of movement application to function

functional performance testing

uses a variety of physical skills and test to determine the ability to participate at the desired level or return to participation without functional limitations. ability to move through 3 planes of movement. assessed using nontraditional testing that provides qualitative and quantitative information related to specialized motions

isokinetic contraction

when velocity of limb movement is held consistent by a rate-controlling device

power def

work (force x distance) produced by a muscle unit per unit of time (force x distance/time) the rate of performing work

what are the 3 main energy systems?

ATP-PC, anaerobic.glycolytic/latic acid, and aerobic systems

Reversibility

Adaptive changes in the body's systems in response to a resistance exercise program are transient unless training-induced improvements are regularly used for functional activities, or unless an individual participates in a maintenance program of resistance exercises

Specificity

Adaptive effects of training are highly specific to the training method • Whenever possible, exercises incorporated in a program should mimic anticipated function/sport task-specific practice must be emphasized • May be related to morphological and metabolic changes in muscle and neural adaptations to the training stimulus associated with motor learning

resistance exercise training def

An activity in which static or dynamic muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of an individual muscle fiber caused by increased myofibrillar volume

precautions of overload

Application of the overload principle must always be done in the context of the underlying pathology, patient/client age, stage of tissue healing, patient/client response, and overall abilities and goals • Body must be given time to adapt to demands of increased intensity or volume before further increases

benefits of RT

Enhanced muscle performance through restoration, improvement, or maintenance of muscle strength power, endurance. increase CT strength increase BMD decrease joint stress improve balance a lot more on slide 14

Strength (broad definition)

Extent that contractile elements of muscle produce force

Repetition maximum (RM)

Greatest amount of weight or load that can be moved with control through the full, available range of motion (ROM) a specific number of times before fatiguing

strength (clinical definition)

Greatest measurable force exerted by a muscle or muscle group to overcome resistance during a single, maximal effort

Uses of RM

Identify an initial exercise load (amount of weight) to be used during exercise for a specified number of repetitons 2. Document a baseline measurement of the dynamic strength of a muscle or muscle group against which exercise-induced improvements in strength can be compared

Overload

If muscle performance is to improve, a resistance load that exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle must be applied If the external demands remain constant aber the muscle has adapted to exercise, the level of muscle performance can be maintained but not increased

Factors that influence tension generation in normal skeletal muscle

Morphological, biomechanical, neurological, metabolic, and biochemical factors affect the tension-generating capacity of normal skeletal muscle


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