Cellular Respiration

What are the steps in aerobic respiration and where each occurs?

1 -glycolysis / cytoplasm 2 - Kreb's cycle / matrix 3 - Electron Transport Chain / cristae

Pyruvate

3 carbon sugar produced when glucose is split during glycolysis

List the number of ATP created by the Electron Transport Chain alone

32 ATP

Sarcomere

A repeating microscopic cylindrical unit of myofilaments arranged within a myofibril

Thin filament

Actin

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate. Energy.

Compare and contrast the requirements for aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration: can only be undergo if oxygen is present Steps: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, & Electron Transport Chain Anaerobic respiration: no oxygen present need Steps: Glycolysis, then either alcoholic or Lactic Acid Things in Common: both do Glycolysis

Equation of cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6CO2 6CO2 + 6H2 O [6 carbon and 12 hydrogen and 6 oxygen six sets of carbon dioxide plus 6 sets of 2 hydrogen and one oxygen]

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration

Cells in our body combine glucose and OXYGEN to make ATP and carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration starts with glycolysis, where glucose enters the cell, is converted to pyruvate, and makes a few ATP and NADH.

Aerobic respiration

Cellular respiration that uses glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle, and the electron transport system.

Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that uses only glycolysis due to a lack of oxygen.

Position of heterotrophs in a food chain?

Consumers! (get organic molecules by eating other organisms)

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Contains electron transport chains and ATP synthase (D)

Matrix

Contains enzymes for the Kreb's cycle and the link reaction. (B)

I band

Contains only thin filaments; 2

A band

Contains thick and thin filaments. Region 6

Explain the process of making ATP in the electron transport chain.....

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 go through the transport chain. NADH changes to NAD+ and FADH changes to FAD. When it goes through the chain, electrons loose energy. The electrons then combine with hydrogen and oxygen to form water. ATP synthase makes the ATP(separate from the electron transport chain)

What is the role of NAD in cellular respiration...

Enzymes that act as electron and hydrogen carriers in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

Glycolosis

First stage of anaerobic AND anaerobic cellular respiration. Breaks glucose down into two pyruvic acid molecules making 2 ATP.

Myosin Head

Forms cross bridges between actin and myosin 2

What is the role of FAD in cellular respiration...

It's role is to be reduced to FADH2 in order to shuttle its electrons to the electron transport chain

Glycolysis

Location = Cytoplasm Changes = glucose is changed into 2 pyruvic acid

Krebs Cycle (central driver of cellular respiration)

Location = Matrix Changes = results in a large amount of hydrogen being produced along with many other changes [It takes CoA produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and originally derived from glucose—as its starting material and, in a series of redox reactions, harvests much of its bond energy in the NADH, FADH2 and ATP molecules. The reduced electron carriers — NADH and FADH2 — generated in the cycle will pass their electrons into the ETC and will generate most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration]

Where does cellular respiration occur in the cell

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

Thick filament

Myosin

Parasitism (symbiosis):

One organism (the parasite) gains, while the other (the host) suffers.

H zone

Only thick filaments, especially when the sarcomere is at rest 7

Mitochondria

Organelle found in all organisms that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration

The internal membranes of the mitochondria that are the site of the electron transport chain

Projections of inner membrane which increase surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation The internal membranes of the mitochondria that are the site of the electron transport chain

Intermembrane space

Proteins are pumped into this space by the electron transport chain. The space is small so the concentration builds up quickly. (A)

Kreb's cycle

Pyruvate from glycolysis is broken down releasing CO2 and producing 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP.

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Separates the contents of the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell, creating a cellular compartment with ideal conditions for aerobic respiration. (C)

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Serves as a storage organelle for calcium; releases calcium when necessary

How many parts are there in total?

Six. • Outer mitochondrial membrane • Inner mitochondrial membrane • Cristae • Ribosome DNA • Intermembrane space • Matrix

Explain the overall purpose of cellular respiration as it relates to the transformation of glucose to ATP

The overall purpose of cellular respiration is that it completes the breakdown of glucose.

Z line

Thin filament that forms the boundaries of a sarcomere

Fatigue

When a muscle cannot contract.

Identify the reactants and products of alcoholic fermentation.

When one molecule of glucose is fermented alcoholically, it produces two molecules of ethanol alcohol and two molecules of carbon dioxide pyruvic acid + NADH → Alcohol + CO₂ + NAD+

M-Line

Where myosin filaments are linked together

In terms of products and reactants explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected?

While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. They are the reverse of each other! The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is that the products of photosynthesis are used in cellular respiration.

What is the biological significance of aerobic cellular respiration?

air comes in and CO2 comes out, provides energy for the cell in the form of ATP

List the commercial uses of fermentation and the organisms that are involved?

alcohol fermentation - beer, wine, yeast (bread) lactic acid fermentation - yogurt, suaerkraut

What are the two types of fermentation

alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

omnivore

an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin.

carnivore

an animal that feeds on flesh.

herbivore

an animal that feeds on plants.

Which kingdoms undergo cellular respiration within a mitochondria?

animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

sarcomere

are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes. Two of the important proteins are myosin, which forms the thick filament, and actin, which forms the thin filament.

Which kingdoms undergo cellular respiration within their cell membrane?

bacteria, archaea

Mutualism (symbiosis):

both partners benefit. ...

similarities of lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation

both regenerate ADP+ so that glycolysis can continue

Cellular respiration consists of three main processes.....

called glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the ETC

Three types of muscle

cardiac, smooth and skeletal

What is the role of glucose and other organic compounds in cellular respiration ?

cellular respiration converts the sugar you ingest into energy for your cells. This process is continuously being repeated throughout your day. In fact, the majority of all life relies on some form of cellular respiration to obtain usable energy, and this process relies on organic compounds

oxidative phosphorylation

composed of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

What is the protein compound that is needed in each step of the way during cellular respiration

enzymes

what does the process of alcoholic fermentation yield

ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Explain the endosymbiosis theory / Symbiogenesis

evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski

Ribosome

expression of mitochondrial genes (little dots in the matrix)

symbiosis

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

how does the body produce ATP during short quick bursts of energy

it uses ATP already in the muscles and ATP made by lactic acid fermentation

Explain under what circumstances an animal would produce lactic acid and how this would affect an animals performance?

lack of oxygen

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & the products of this process?

location = Cristae Products = where hydrogen will combine with oxygen to produce copious amounts of ATP

how lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation are different

one gives off CO₂

Commensalism (symbiosis):

only one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. ...

cytoplasm

outside the mitochondria

write the equation for alcoholic fermentation

pyruvic acid + NADH → Alcohol + CO₂ + NAD+

What reactants and products do lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation have in common

reactants: pyruvic acid and NADH products: NAD+

how are humans lactic acid fermenters

the muscles cells need large supplies of ATP so they use this process

what materials use alcoholic fermentation

yeasts and a few other microorganisms

List the things that chloroplast, mitochondria, and bacteria have in common?

• they contain their own thread-like DNA • circular shaped ribosome • found in all eukaryotic autotrophs and heterotrophs