Musculoskeletal NCLEX

Teaching that the nurse will plan for the patient with SLE includes a. ways to avoid exposure to sunlight b. increasing dietary protein and carbohydrate intake c. the necessity of genetic counseling before planning a family d. the use of no pharmacologic pain interventions instead of analgesics

A. ways to avoid exposure to sunlight

During discharge of a client with osteoporosis, which statement indicates the client needs more teaching?

"I take ibuprofen every morning as soon as i get up." Rationale: Dont take it on empty stomach! This is an ulcerogenic drug

A client is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which statements should the nurse include when teaching the client about the disease? (Select all that apply) 1. "It's common in females after menopause." 2. "It's a degenerative disease characterized by a decrease in bone density." 3. "It's a congenital disease caused by poor dietary intake of milk products." 4. "It can cause pain and injury." 5. "Passive range-of-motion exercises can promote bone growth." 6. "Weight-bearing exercise should be avoided."

1. "It's common in females after menopause." 2. "It's a degenerative disease characterized by a decrease in bone density." 4. "It can cause pain and injury."

A 78-year-old client has a history of osteoarthritis. Which signs and symptoms would the nurse expect to find on physical assessment? 1. Joint pain, crepitus, Heberden's nodes 2. Hot, inflamed joints; crepitus; joint pain 3. Tophi, enlarged joints, Bouchard's nodes 4. Swelling, joint pain, and tenderness on palpation

1. Joint pain, crepitus, Heberden's nodes

A nurse is planning to provide instructions to the client about how to stand on crutches. In the written instructions, the nurse plans to tell the client to place the crutches: 1. 3" to the front and side of the toes 2. 8" to the front and side of the toes 3. 20" to the front and side of the toes 4. 15" to the front and side of the toes

2. 8" to the front and side of the toes

During a senior citizen health screening, the nurse observes a 75-year-old female with a severely increased thoracic curve, or "humpback". What is this condition called? 1. Lordosis 2. Kyphosis 3. Scoliosis 4. Genus varum

2. Kyphosis

A nurse is evaluating the pin sites of a client in skeletal traction. The nurse would be least concerned with which finding? 1. Inflammation 2. Serous drainage 3. pain at the pin site 4. Purulent drainage

2. Serous drainage

During a scoliosis screening in a college heath center, a student asks the public health nurse about the consequences of untreated scoliosis. The nurse would be accurate by identifying one of the direct complications as: 1. osteoporosis of the vertebra. 2. impingement on pulmonary function. 3. spontaneous spinal cord injury. 4. pituitary hyposecretion.

2. impingement on pulmonary function

The nurse is assisting a client with range-of-motion exercises. The nurse moves the client's leg out and away from the midline of the body. What movement does the nurse document? 1. Pronation 2. Adduction 3. Abduction 4. Supination

3. Abduction

A nurse is caring for a client who has skeletal traction applied to the left leg. The client is complaining of severe left leg pain. Which action should the nurse take first? 1.Provide pin care 2.Call the physician immediately 3. Check the client's alignment in bed 4.Medicate the client with an analgesic

3. Check the client's alignment in bed

A 72-year-old female client reports that she has lost an inch in height since menopause. The nurse explains to the client that she has a musculoskeletal disorder. What's this disorder called? 1. Osteoarthritis (OA) 2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 3. Paget's disease 4. Osteoporosis

4. Osteoporosis

A client with a hip fracture asks the nurse why Buck's extension traction is being applied before surgery. The nurse's response is based on the understanding that Buck's extension traction primarily: 1. Allows bone healing to begin before surgery. 2. Provides rigid immobilization of the fracture site. 3. Lengthens the fractured leg to prevent contraction 4. Provides comfort by reducing muscle spasms and provides fracture immobilization.

4. Provides comfort by reducing muscle spasms and provides fracture immobilization.

A nurse is assigned to care for a client with multiple trauma who is admitted to the hospital. The client has a leg fracture, and a plaster cast has been applied. In positioning the casted leg, the nurse should: 1.Keep the leg in a level position 2.Elevate the leg for 3 hrs, and put it flat for 1 hr 3.Keep the leg level for 3 hrs, and elevate it for 1hr 4.Elevate the leg on pillows continuously for 24-48 hrs

4.Elevate the leg on pillows continuously for 24-48 hrs

A patient taking ibuprofen (Motrin) for treatment of OA has good pain relief but is experiencing increased dyspepsia and nausea with the drug's use. The nurse consults the patient's primary care provider about a. adding misoprostol (Cytotec) to the patient's drug regimen b. substituting naproxen (Naprosyn) for the ibuprofen (Motrin) c. administering the ibuprofen with antacids to decrease the GI irritation d. returning to the use of acetaminophen, but at a dose of 5 g/day instead of 4 g/day

A. adding misoprostol (Cytotec) to the patient's drug regimen

The pathophysiology of systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) is characterized by a. destruction of nucleic acids and other self-proteins by autoantibodies b. overproduction of collagen that disrupts the functioning of internal organs c. formation of abnormal IgG that attaches to cellular antigens, activating complement d. increased activity of T-suppressor cells with B-cell hypoactivity, resulting in an immunodeficiency

A. destruction of nucleic acids and other self-proteins by autoantibodies

Anakinra (Kineret) is prescribed for a patient who has rheumatoid arthritis (RA). When teaching the patient about this drug, the nurse will include information about a. self-administration of subcutaneous injections. b. taking the medication with at least 8 oz of fluid. c. avoiding concurrently taking aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). d. symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) irritation or bleeding.

ANS: A Anakinra is administered by subcutaneous injection. GI bleeding is not a side effect of this medication. Because the medication is injected, instructions to take it with 8 oz of fluid would not be appropriate. The patient is likely to be concurrently taking aspirin or NSAIDs, and these should not be discontinued.

After teaching a patient diagnosed with progressive systemic sclerosis about health maintenance activities, the nurse determines that additional instruction is needed when the patient says, a. "I should lie down for an hour after meals." b. "Paraffin baths can be used to help my hands." c. "Lotions will help if I rub them in for a long time." d. "I should perform range-of-motion exercises daily."

ANS: A Because of the esophageal scarring, patients should sit up for 2 hours after eating. The other patient statements are correct and indicate that the teaching has been effective.

A patient with an acute attack of gout is treated with colchicine. The nurse determines that the drug is effective upon finding a. relief of joint pain. b. increased urine output. c. elevated serum uric acid. d. decreased white blood cells (WBC).

ANS: A Colchicine produces pain relief in 24 to 48 hours by decreasing inflammation. The recommended increase in fluid intake of 2 to 3 L/day would increase urine output but would not indicate the effectiveness of colchicine. Elevated uric acid levels would result in increased symptoms. The WBC count might decrease with decreased inflammation, but this would not be as useful in determining the effectiveness of colchicine as a decrease in pain.

Which statement by a patient who is scheduled for an above-the-knee amputation for treatment of an osteosarcoma of the right tibia indicates that patient teaching is needed? a. "I did not have this bone cancer until my leg broke a week ago." b. "I wish that I did not have to have chemotherapy after this surgery." c. "I know that I will need to participate in physical therapy after surgery." d. "I will use the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) to control postoperative pain."

ANS: A Osteogenic sarcoma may be diagnosed following a fracture, but it is not caused by the injury. The other patient statements indicate that patient teaching has been effective.

A 20-year-old baseball pitcher has an arthroscopic repair of a rotator cuff injury performed in same-day surgery. When the nurse plans postoperative teaching for the patient, which information will be included? a. "You have an appointment with a physical therapist for tomorrow." b. "You can still play baseball but you will not be able to return to pitching." c. "The doctor will use the drop-arm test to determine the success of surgery." d. "Leave the shoulder immobilizer on for the first few days to minimize pain."

ANS: A Physical therapy after a rotator cuff repair begins on the first postoperative day to prevent "frozen shoulder." A shoulder immobilizer is used immediately after the surgery, but leaving the arm immobilized for several days would lead to loss of range of motion (ROM). The drop-arm test is used to test for rotator cuff injury, but not after surgery. The patient may be able to return to pitching after rehabilitation.

A 20-year-old patient with a history of muscular dystrophy is hospitalized with a respiratory tract infection. Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care? a. Assist the patient with ambulation. b. Logroll the patient every 1 to 2 hours. c. Discuss the need for genetic testing with the patient. d. Teach the patient about the muscle biopsy procedure.

ANS: A Since the goal for the patient with muscular dystrophy is to keep the patient active for as long as possible, assisting the patient to ambulate will be part of the care plan. The patient will not require logrolling. Muscle biopsies are necessary to confirm the diagnosis but are not necessary for a patient who already has a diagnosis. There is no need for genetic testing since the patient already knows the diagnosis

A patient who has had an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of left lower leg fractures complains of constant severe pain in the leg, which is unrelieved by the prescribed morphine. Pulses are faintly palpable and the foot is cool. Which action should the nurse take next? a. Notify the health care provider. b. Assess the incision for redness. c. Reposition the left leg on pillows. d. Check the patient's blood pressure.

ANS: A The patient's clinical manifestations suggest compartment syndrome and delay in diagnosis and treatment may lead to severe functional impairment. The data do not suggest problems with blood pressure or infection. Elevation of the leg will decrease arterial flow and further reduce perfusion.

During assessment of the patient with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), the nurse would expect the patient to report (select all that apply)? a. sleep disturbances. b. multiple tender points. c. cardiac palpitations and dizziness. d. multijoint pain with inflammation and swelling. e. widespread bilateral, burning musculoskeletal pain.

ANS: A, B, C, E These symptoms are commonly described by patients with FMS. Cardiac involvement and joint inflammation are not typical of FMS.

A patient is seen at the urgent care center after falling on the right arm and shoulder. Which finding is most important for the nurse to communicate to the health care provider? a. There is bruising at the shoulder area. b. The right arm appears shorter than the left. c. There is decreased range of motion of the shoulder. d. The patient is complaining of arm and shoulder pain.

ANS: B A shorter limb after a fall indicates a possible dislocation, which is an orthopedic emergency. Bruising, pain, and decreased range of motion also should be reported, but these do not indicate that emergent treatment is needed to preserve function.

The health care provider has prescribed the following collaborative interventions for a 49-year-old who is taking azathioprine (Imuran) for systemic lupus erythematosus. Which order will the nurse question? a. Draw anti-DNA blood titer. b. Administer varicella vaccine. c. Use naproxen (Aleve) 200 mg BID. d. Take famotidine (Pepcid) 20 mg daily.

ANS: B Live virus vaccines, such as varicella, are contraindicated in a patient taking immunosuppressive drugs. The other orders are appropriate for the patient.

When planning care for a patient who has had hip replacement surgery, which nursing action can the nurse delegate to experienced nursing assistive personnel (NAP)? a. Teach quadriceps-setting exercises. b. Reposition the patient every 1 to 2 hours. c. Assess for skin irritation on the patient's back. d. Determine the patient's pain level and tolerance.

ANS: B Repositioning of patients is within the scope of practice of NAP (after they have been trained and evaluated in this skill). The other actions should be done by licensed nursing staff members.

A patient hospitalized with polymyositis has joint pain, an erythematosus facial rash with eyelid edema, and a weak, hoarse voice. The priority nursing diagnosis for the patient is a. acute pain related to inflammation. b. risk for aspiration related to dysphagia. c. risk for impaired skin integrity related to scratching. d. disturbed visual perception related to eyelid swelling.

ANS: B The patient's vocal weakness and hoarseness indicate weakness of the pharyngeal muscles and a high risk for aspiration. The other nursing diagnoses also are appropriate but are not as high a priority as the maintenance of the patient's airway.

When caring for a patient with a new diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, which action will the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Instruct the patient to purchase a soft mattress. b. Teach patient to use lukewarm water when bathing. c. Suggest that the patient take a nap in the afternoon. d. Suggest exercise with light weights several times daily.

ANS: C Adequate rest helps decrease the fatigue and pain that are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients are taught to avoid stressing joints, to use warm baths to relieve stiffness, and to use a firm mattress.

Which nursing action will the nurse include in the plan of care for a patient who has had a total knee arthroplasty? a. Avoid extension of the knee beyond 120 degrees. b. Use a compression bandage to keep the knee flexed. c. Start progressive knee exercises to obtain 90-degree flexion. d. Teach about the need to avoid weight bearing for 4 weeks.

ANS: C After knee arthroplasty, active or passive flexion exercises are used to obtain a 90-degree flexion of the knee. The goal for extension of the knee will be 180 degrees. A compression bandage is used to hold the knee in an extended position after surgery. Full weight bearing is expected before discharge

When caring for a patient who has osteoarthritis, the nurse will anticipate the need to teach the patient about which of these medications? a. Adalimumab (Humira) b. Prednisone (Deltasone) c. Capsaicin cream (Zostrix) d. Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)

ANS: C Capsaicin cream blocks the transmission of pain impulses and is helpful for some patients in treating OA. The other medications would be used for patients with RA.

Which of these patients seen by the nurse in the outpatient clinic is most likely to require teaching about ways to reduce risk for osteoarthritis (OA)? a. A 56-year-old man who is a member of a construction crew b. A 24-year-old man who participates in a summer softball team c. A 49-year-old woman who works on an automotive assembly line d. A 36-year-old woman who is newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus

ANS: C OA is more likely to occur in women as a result of estrogen reduction at menopause and in individuals whose work involves repetitive movements and lifting. Moderate exercise, such as softball, reduces risk for OA. Diabetes is not a risk factor for OA. Working on a construction crew would involve nonrepetitive work and thus would not be as risky

A 26-year-old patient with urethritis and knee pain is diagnosed with reactive arthritis. The nurse will plan to teach the patient about the need for several months of therapy with a. anakinra (Kineret). b. etanercept (Enbrel). c. doxycycline (Vibramycin). d. methotrexate (Rheumatrex).

ANS: C Reactive arthritis associated with urethritis is usually caused by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and requires 3 months of treatment with doxycycline. The other medications are used for chronic inflammatory problems such as rheumatoid arthritis.

A patient has muscle spasms and acute low back pain. An appropriate nursing intervention for this problem is to teach the patient to a. avoid the use of cold because it will exacerbate the muscle spasms. b. keep both feet flat on the floor when prolonged standing is required. c. keep the head elevated slightly and flex the knees when resting in bed. d. twist gently from side to side to maintain range of motion in the spine.

ANS: C Resting with the head elevated and knees flexed will reduce the strain on the back and decrease muscle spasms. Twisting from side to side will increase tension on the lumbar area. A pillow placed under the upper back will cause strain on the lumbar spine. Alternate application of cold and heat should be used to decrease pain.

While working at a summer camp, the nurse notices a circular lesion with a red border and clear center on the arm of a patient who is in the camp clinic complaining of chills and muscle aches. Which action should the nurse take next? a. Palpate the abdomen. b. Auscultate the heart sounds. c. Ask the patient about recent outdoor activities. d. Question the patient about immunization history.

ANS: C The patient's clinical manifestations suggest possible Lyme disease. A history of recent outdoor activities such as hikes will help confirm the diagnosis. The patient's symptoms do not suggest cardiac or abdominal problems or lack of immunization.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has had a surgical reduction of an open fracture of the left tibia. Which assessment finding is most important to report to the health care provider? a. Left leg muscle spasms b. Serous wound drainage c. Left leg pain with movement d. Temperature 101.4° F (38.6° C)

ANS: D An elevated temperature is suggestive of possible osteomyelitis. The other clinical manifestations are typical after a repair of an open fracture.

Which action will the nurse take in order to evaluate the effectiveness of Buck's traction for a patient who has an intracapsular fracture of the left femur? a. Assess for hip contractures. b. Monitor for hip dislocation. c. Check the peripheral pulses. d. Ask about left hip pain level.

ANS: D Buck's traction keeps the leg immobilized and reduces painful muscle spasm. Hip contractures and dislocation are unlikely to occur in this situation. The peripheral pulses will be assessed, but this does not help in evaluating the effectiveness of Buck's traction.

When working with a patient whose job involves many hours of word processing, the nurse will teach the patient about the need to a. do stretching and warm-up exercises before starting work. b. wrap the wrists with a compression bandage every morning. c. use acetaminophen (Tylenol) instead of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for wrist pain. d. obtain a keyboard pad to support the wrist while word processing.

ANS: D Repetitive strain injuries caused by prolonged times working at a keyboard can be prevented by the use of a pad that will keep the wrists in a straight position. Stretching exercises during the day may be helpful, but these would not be needed before starting. Use of a compression bandage is not needed, although a splint may be used for carpal tunnel syndrome. NSAIDs are appropriate to use to decrease swelling.

Following a laminectomy with a spinal fusion, a patient reports numbness and tingling of the right lower leg. The first action indicated by the nurse is to a. report the patient's complaint to the surgeon. b. check the vital signs for indications of hemorrhage. c. turn the patient to the side to relieve pressure on the right leg. d. check the chart for preoperative neuromuscular assessment data.

ANS: D The postoperative movement and sensation of the extremities should be unchanged (or improved) from the preoperative assessment. If the numbness and tingling are new, this information should be immediately reported to the surgeon. Numbness and tingling are not symptoms associated with hemorrhage at the site. Turning the patient will not relieve the numbness.

A checkout clerk in a grocery store has repetitive strain syndrome in the left elbow. The nurse will plan to teach the patient about a. surgical options. b. elbow injections. c. utilization of a left wrist splint. d. modifications in arm movement.

ANS: D Treatment for repetitive strain syndrome includes changing the ergonomics of the activity. Elbow injections and surgery are not initial options for this type of injury. A wrist splint might be used for hand or wrist pain.

A rock climber has sustained an open fracture of the right tibia after a 20-foot fall. The nurse plans to assess the client for which potential complications? Select all that apply.

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) Correct Fat embolism syndrome (FES) Correct Osteomyelitis Correct Correct Feedback: Correct: Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a serious condition in which increased pressure within one or more compartments reduces circulation to the area. Correct: A fat embolus is a serious complication in which fat globules are released from yellow bone marrow in the bloodstream within 12 to 48 hours after the injury. FES usually results from long bone fracture or fracture repair but is occasionally seen in clients who have received a total joint replacement. Correct: Bone infection, or osteomyelitis, is most common in open fractures.

The client has returned from surgery with a leg cast, and the nurse is assisting the client back to bed. What is the highest priority when documenting the postoperative circulation status of the recently casted extremity?

Adequate neurovascular functioning

The nurse plans to refer a client with an amputation and the client's family to which community resource?

Amputee Coalition of America (ACA) Correct: The ACA is an available resource for clients with amputations and supports them and their families.

While the client is waiting for the ankle to be x-rayed, which nursing measure is most helpful for relieving the soft-tissue swelling?

Apply ice to the ankle

The nurse prepares to perform a neurovascular assessment on the client with closed multiple fractures of the right humerus. Which technique will the nurse use?

Assess sensation of the right upper extremity. Correct: Assessing sensation of the right upper extremity is part of a focused neurovascular assessment for the client with multiple fractures of the right humerus.

The client's left arm is placed in a plaster cast. Which assessment will the nurse perform before the client is discharged?

Assess that the cast is dry. Correct: The cast must be dry and free of cracking and crumbling.

Which assessment findings is the best indication that the client is experiencing secondary complications from fractured ribs?

Asymmetrical chest expansion

During treatment of the patient with an acute attack of gout, the nurse would expect to administer a. aspirin b. colchicine c. allopurinol (Zyloprim) d. probenecid (Benemid)

B. Colchicine

A patient recovering from an acute exacerbation of RA tells the nurse she is too tired to bathe. The nurse should a. give the patient a bed bath to conserve her energy b. allow the patient a rest period before showering with the nurses' help c. tell the patient that she can skip bathing if she will walk in the hall later d. inform the patient that it is important for her to maintain self-care activities

B. allow the patient a rest period before showering with the nurses' help

While backpacking with a youth group, a 17 year-old falls and sustains an injury to the lower leg. A nurse who is accompanying the group suspects a fracture of the tibia. To immobilize the suspected fracture, how should the nurse apply a splint?

Below the ankle to above the knee

The nurse admits an older adult client who sustained a left hip fracture and is in considerable pain. The nurse anticipates that the client will be placed in which type of traction?

Buck's traction Correct: Buck's traction may be applied before surgery to help decrease pain associated with muscle spasm.

During the physical assessment of the patient with moderate RA, the nurse would expect to find a. hepatomegaly b. Heberden's nodes c. spindle-shaped fingers d. crepitus on joint movement

C. spindle-shaped fingers

A client is admitted to the emergency department after a motorcycle accident with a compound fracture of the left femur. Which action will be most essential for the nurse to take first?

Check the dorsalis pedis pulses. Correct: The first action should be to assess the circulatory status of the leg because the client is at risk for acute compartment syndrome (ACS), which can begin as early as 6 to 8 hours after an injury. Severe tissue damage can also occur if neurovascular status is compromised.

What medications are used for an acute gout attack?

Colchicine (worried about vomiting and toxicity), indocin, and naproxen.

After teaching a patient with RA to use heat and cold therapy to relieve symptoms, the nurse determines that teaching has been effective when the patient says, a. heat treatments should not be used if muscle spasms are present b. cold applications can be applied for 15-20 minutes to relieve joint stiffness c. I should use heat applications for 20 minutes to relieve the symptoms of an acute flare d. when my joints are painful, I can use a bag of frozen corn for 10 to 15 minutes to relieve the pain

D. when my joints are painful, I can use a bag of frozen corn for 10 to 15 minutes to relive the pain

What nursing interventions should be done for a pt with a fracture?

ELEVATE, circulation checks, maintain immobilization, cast care, and watch for infection. Assess for abuse in kids and elders.

Which laboratory test value, if elevated is the best indicator of rheumatoid arthritis?

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

The client is in skeletal traction. Which nursing intervention ensures proper care of this client?

Inspect the skin at least every 8 hours. Correct: Inspect the skin every 8 hours for signs of irritation, inflammation, or actual skin breakdown.

The older adult client has had a right open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of a fractured hip. Which intervention will the nurse implement for this client?

Keep the client's heels off the bed at all times. Correct: Because the client is an older adult and is more at risk for skin breakdown because of impaired circulation and sensation, the client's heels must be kept off the bed at all times to avoid constant pressure on this sensitive area.

The human body has 206 bones, which are classified into four categories. Which types of bones are located in the forearm? a) Short bones b) Irregular bones c) Long bones d) Flat bones

Long bones Explanation: Long bones are the type of bone that is located in the forearm, specifically, the ulna.

What is the best technique for a nurse applying an elastic bandage to a client's lower extremity sprain?

Making figure-eight turns with the bandage

The client has undergone an elective below-knee amputation of the right leg as a result of severe peripheral vascular disease. In postoperative care teaching, the nurse instructs the client to notify the health care provider if which change occurs?

Observation of a large amount of serosanguineous or bloody drainage Correct: A large amount of serosanguineous or bloody drainage may indicate hemorrhage or, if an incision is present, that the incision has opened. This requires immediate attention.

What evening snack would the nurse encourage for the client with immobility due to a fractured hip?

Peanut butter and celery

What is characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Photosensitivity, rash to areas exposed to sunlight, butterfly rash over face, fever, raynauds, pericardial effusion, hypertension.

Differentiate between RA and osteoarthritis in terms of joint involvement.

RA occurs bilaterally, Osteoarthritis occurs asymmetrically.

Which information about a client who was admitted with pelvic and bilateral femoral fractures after being crushed by a tractor is most important for the nurse to report to the physician?

Serum potassium level is 7 mEq/L. Correct: The elevated potassium level may indicate that the client has rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis caused by the crush injury. Further assessment and treatment are needed immediately to prevent further renal damage or cardiac dysrhythmias.

A client is about to go to surgery but is still wearing a class ring. Which nursing action is most appropriate regarding care of the clients valuables?

Take the ring to the hospital safe

Which intervention will the nurse suggest to a client with a leg amputation to help cope with loss of the limb?

Talking with an amputee close to the client's age who has had the same type of amputation Correct: Meeting with someone of a comparable age who has gone through a similar experience will help the client cope better with his or her own situation.

A client has a comminuted fracture of the distal tibia. How do you describe this when explaining the injury to the client?

The bone is splintered into pieces

What risk factor found in an 80-year female client old client does the nurse identify as most significant for sustaining a hip fracture?

The client is postmenopausal

The skin around the pin site is swollen red and crusty with dried drainage. What is this indicative of?

This indicates osteomalitis. Notify the health care provider.

When is carpal tunnel most painful?

Throughout the night

What is allopurinol (zyloprim) used for?

To prevent GOUT. It decreases uric acid synthesis.

The client has sustained a fracture of the left tibia. The extremity is immobilized using an external fixation device. Which postoperative instruction will the nurse plan to include in this client's teaching plan?

Use pain medication as prescribed to control pain. Correct: The client should be taught the correct use of prescribed pain medication to control pain adequately.

A client is admitted to the nursing unit after a left BKA following a crush injury to the foot and lower leg. The client says "I feel my left foot itching". The nurse interprets this how?

a normal response, and indicates the presence of phantom limb sensation.

A client is complaining of pain underneath a cast in the area of a bony prominence. The nurse interprets that this client may need to have what?

a window cut in the cast. A window may be cut in a dried cast to relieve pressure, monitor pulses, relieve discomfort, or remove drains

What are the three basic types of splints? a. Rigid, formable, and traction b. PASG, board and ladder c. Padded, soft and anatomical d. Air, cardboard, and vacuum

a. Rigid, formable, and traction

Your 19 year old female patient was snowboarding when she injured her right shoulder. It appears to be out of the socket and in an unusual position. When a joint is locked in the position like this, the EMT should: a. Splint the joint in the position found b. Pull traction and straighten the joint c. Use a long backboard as a full body splint d. Disregard splinting and transport immediately

a. Splint the joint in the position found

You are treating a 22 year old male who you suspect has sustained a fracture to his right forearm. The treatment of a possible fracture includes the steps below: 1. take standard precautions 2. elevate the extremity 3. splint the injury 4. apply a cold pack What is the correct order of the steps? a. 2,3,4,1 b. 1,3,2,4 c. 3,2,4,1 d. 1,4,2,3

b. 1,3,2,4

Your 19 year old male patient fell while playing basketball. You suspect that he broke his right tibia. Proper splinting of a closed fracture is: a. Done with an air splint and gentle traction b. Done with the pneumatic antishock garment c. Designed to prevent closed injuries from becoming open ones d. Completed in the hospital by a surgeon

c. Designed to prevent closed injuries from becoming open ones

A nurse is assigned to care for a client with multiple trauma who is admitted to the hospital. The client has a leg fracture, and a plaster cast had been applied. In positioning the casted leg, the nurse should do what?

elevate the leg on pillow continuously for 24-48 hours

While caring for a client with an external fixator on the lower leg for a fractured tibia, what is a complication that may arise?

infection

A client who sustained a crush injury to right lower leg c/o numbness and tingling of the affected extremity. The right leg appears pale and pedal pulse is weak. The nurse should do what?

notify the health care provider - this is consistent with signs of compartment syndrome

What is manipulation?

repositions the bone ends manually for a dislocation

Upon discharge, the nurse advises the client on the need for maintenance of the elastic bandage. When should the nurse advise the client with a sprained ankle to rewrap the elastic bandage?

when the toes look swollen

Which information will the nurse include when teaching a patient with newly diagnosed ankylosing spondylitis (AS) about the management of the condition? a. Exercise by taking long walks. b. Do daily deep breathing exercises. c. Sleep on the side with hips flexed. d. Take frequent naps during the day.

ANS: B Deep breathing exercises are used to decrease the risk for pulmonary complications that may occur with the reduced chest expansion that can occur with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Patients should sleep on the back and avoid flexed positions. Prolonged standing and walking should be avoided. There is no need for frequent naps.

16. When evaluating the effectiveness of treatment for a patient who is being treated for Paget's disease with calcitonin (Cibacalcin) and ibandronate (Boniva), the nurse will ask the patient about a. weight loss. b. skeletal pain. c. decreased appetite. d. frequent cough.

Answer: B Rationale: Bone pain is one of the common early manifestations of Paget's disease, and the nurse should ask about improvement in pain levels to determine whether the treatment is effective. Weight loss, anorexia, and frequent cough are not symptoms of Paget's disease. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1690 Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A nurse is one of several people who witness a vehicle hit a pedestrian at a fairly low speed on a small street. The individual is dazed and the leg seems fractured. The nurse plans to : 1. Try to manually reduce the fracture 2. Assist the person to get up and walk to the sidewalk 3. Leave the person for a few moments to call an ambulance. 4. Stay with the person and encourage the person to remain still.

4. Stay with the person and encourage the person to remain still.

A 69-year-old client asks the nurse what the difference is between osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Which response is correct? 1. "OA is a noninflammatory joint disease. RA is characterized by inflamed, swollen joints." 2. "OA and RA are very similar. OA affects the smaller joints and RA affects the larger, weight-bearing joints." 3. "OA affects joints on both sides of the body. RA is usually unilateral." 4. "OA is more common in women. RA is more common in men."

1. "OA is a noninflammatory joint disease. RA is characterized by inflamed, swollen joints."

An assessment finding that alerts the nurse to the presence of osteoporosis in a middle-aged patient is a. measurable loss of height. b. the presence of bowed legs. c. an aversion to dairy products. d. statements about frequent falls.

ANS: A Osteoporosis occurring in the vertebrae produces a gradual loss of height. Bowed legs are associated with osteomalacia. Low intake of dairy products is a risk factor for osteoporosis, but it does not indicate that osteoporosis is present. Frequent falls increase the risk for fractures but are not an indicator of osteoporosis.

When counseling an older patient about ways to prevent fractures, which information will the nurse include? a. Tacking down scatter rugs in the home is recommended. b. Occasional weight-bearing exercise will improve muscle and bone strength. c. Most falls happen outside the home. d. Buying shoes that provide good support and are comfortable to wear is recommended.

Correct Answer: D Rationale: Comfortable shoes with good support will help to decrease the risk for falls. Scatter rugs should be eliminated, not just tacked down. Regular weight-bearing exercise will improve strength, but occasional exercise is not helpful in improving strength. Falls inside the home are responsible for many injuries. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1630 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

The nurse is reinforcing general health teaching with a 64-year-old patient with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip. Which of the following points would the nurse include in this review of the disorder (select all that apply)? A. OA cannot be successfully treated with any current therapy options. B. OA is an inflammatory disease of the joints that may present symptoms at any age. C.Joint degeneration with pain and disability occurs in the majority of people by the age of 60. D. OA is more common with aging, but usually it remains confined to a few joints and does not cause crippling. E.OA can be prevented from progressing when well controlled with a regimen of exercise, diet, and medication.

Correct answer: D. OA is more common with aging, but usually it remains confined to a few joints and does not cause crippling. E.OA can be prevented from progressing when well controlled with a regimen of exercise, diet, and medication. Rationale: OA occurs with greater frequency with increasing age, but it usually remains confined to a few joints and can be managed with a combination of exercise, diet, and medication. OA can lead to significant disability.

Which of the following observations made by the nurse who is evaluating the crutch-walking technique of a patient who is to have no weight bearing on the right leg indicates that the patient can safely ambulate independently? a. The patient keeps the padded area of the crutch firmly in the axillary area when ambulating. b. The patient advances the right leg and both crutches together and then advances the left leg. c. The patient moves the left crutch with the left leg and then the right crutch with the right leg. d. The patient uses the bedside chair to assist in balance as needed when ambulating in the room.

ANS: B When using crutches, patients are usually taught to move the assistive device and the injured leg forward at the same time and then to move the unaffected leg. Patients are discouraged from using furniture to assist with ambulation. The patient is taught to place weight on the hands, not in the axilla, to avoid nerve damage. If the 2- or 4-point gaits are to be used, the crutch and leg on opposite sides move forward, not the crutch and same-side leg.

To preserve function and the ability to perform activities of daily living, the nurse teaches the patient with OA to a. avoid exercise that involves the affected joints b. plan and organize less stressful ways to perform tasks c. maintain normal activities during an acute episode to prevent loss of function d. use mild analgesics to control symptoms when performing tasks that cause pain

B. plan and organize less stressful ways to perform tasks

Which statement indicates to the nursing instructor that the nursing student understands the normal healing process of bone after a fracture?

"A hematoma forms at the site of the fracture." Correct: In stage 1, within 24 to 72 hours after a fracture, a hematoma forms at the site of the fracture because bone is extremely vascular. This then prompts the formation of fibrocartilage, providing the foundation for bone healing.

The client with a fracture asks the nurse about the difference between a compound fracture and a simple fracture. Which statement by the nurse is correct?

"Compound fracture, grade I, involves minimal skin damage." Correct: A grade I compound fracture involves minimal damage to the skin.

The nurse is conducting the admission assessment for the client who is to undergo an arthrogram. What is the priority question the nurse should ask? a) "Are you claustrophobic?" b) "When did you last eat?" c) "When did you last urinate?" d) "Do you have any allergies?"

"Do you have any allergies?" Explanation: Many contrast dyes contain iodine. Therefore, it is essential for the nurse to determine whether the client has any allergies, especially to iodine, shellfish, and other seafood.

Following a total joint replacement, which of the following complications has the greatest likelihood of occurring? 1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT). 2. Polyuria. 3. Intussception of the bowel. 4. Wound evisceration.

1. DVT Deep vein thrombosis is a complication of total joint replacement and may occur during hospitalization or develop later when the client is home. Clients who are obese or have previous history of a DVT or PE are at high risk. Immobility produces venous stasis, increasing the client's chance to develop a venous thromboembolism. Signs of a DVT include: unilateral calf tenderness, warmth, redness, and edema (increased calf circumference). Findings should be reported promptly to the physician for definitive evaluation and therapy. Polyuria may be indicative of diabetes mellitus. Intussusception of the bowel and wound evisceration tend to occur after abdominal surgeries.

A client seeks care for low back pain of 2 weeks' duration. Which assessment finding suggests a herniated intervertebral disk? 1. Pain radiating down the posterior thigh 2. Back pain when the knees are flexed 3. Atrophy of the lower leg muscles 4. Homans' sign

1. Pain radiating down the posterior thigh

A client comes to the outpatient department with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome. When assessing the affected area, the nurse expects to find which abnormality that's typically associated with this syndrome? 1. Positive Tinel's sign 2. Negative Phalen's sign 3. Positive Chvostek's sign 4. Negative Trousseau's sign

1. Positive Tinel's sign

Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for an elderly client with osteoarthritis? 1. Risk for injury related to altered mobility 2. Impaired urinary elimination related to effects of aging 3. Ineffective breathing pattern related to immobility 4. Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements related to effects of aging

1. Risk for injury related to altered mobility

A client with osteoarthritis tells the nurse she is concerned that the disease will prevent her from doing her chores. Which suggestion should the nurse offer? 1. "Do all your chores in the morning, when pain and stiffness are least pronounced." 2. "Do all your chores after performing morning exercises to loosen up." 3. "Pace yourself and rest frequently, especially after activities." 4. "Do all your chores in the evening, when pain and stiffness are least pronounced."

3. "Pace yourself and rest frequently, especially after activities."

In preparation for total knee surgery, a 200-lb client with osteoarthritis must lose weight. Which of the following exercises should the nurse recommend as best if the client has no contraindications? 1. Weight lifting. 2. Walking. 3. Aquatic exercise. 4. Tai chi exercise.

3.AQUATIC EXERCISE When combined with a weight loss program, aquatic exercise would be best because it cushions the joints and allows the client to burn off calories. Aquatic exercise promotes circulation, muscle toning, and lung expansion, which promote healthy preoperative conditioning. Weight lifting and walking are too stressful to the joints, possibly exacerbating the client's osteoarthritis. Although tai chi exercise is designed for stretching and coordination, it would not be the best exercise for this client to help with weight loss.

A client has sustained a closed fracture and had a cast applied to the arm. The client has C/O intense pain. The nurse has elevated the limb, applied ice, and administered an analgesic, which was ineffective in relief of pain. The nurse interprets that this pain may be caused by: 1.Infection under the cast 2.The anxiety of the client 3.Impaired tissue perfusion 4.The newness of the fracture

3.Impaired tissue perfusion

While testing the patient's muscle strength, the nurse finds that the patient can flex the arms when no resistance is applied but is unable to flex when the nurse applies light resistance. The nurse should documents the patient's muscle strength as level a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. d. 4.

Answer: C Rationale: A level 3 indicates that the patient is unable to move against resistance but can move against gravity. Level 1 indicates minimal muscle contraction, level 2 indicates that the arm can move when gravity is eliminated, and level 4 indicates active movement with some resistance.

On the evening of surgery for total knee replacement, a client wants to get out of bed. To safely assist the client the nurse should do which of the following? 1. Encourage the client to apply full weight-bearing. 2. Order a walker for the client. 3. Place a straight-backed chair at the foot of the bed. 4. Apply a knee immobilizer.

4. APPLY A KNEE IMMOBILIZER The knee is usually protected with a knee immobilizer (splint, cast, or brace) and is elevated when the client sits in a chair. Pre- and post-surgery, the physician prescribes weight-bearing limits and use of assistive devices for progressive ambulation. Positioning a straight-backed chair at the foot of the bed is not an action conducive for getting the client out of bed on the evening of surgery for a total knee replacement.

A client is admitted with severe pain in the knees. Which form of arthritis is characterized by urate deposits and joint pain, usually in the feet and legs, and occurs primarily in men over age 30? 1. Septic arthritis 2. Traumatic arthritis 3. Intermittent arthritis 4. Gouty arthritis

4. Gouty arthritis

The client with an above-the-knee amputation is to use crutches while his prosthesis is being adjusted. In which of the following exercises should the nurse instruct the client to best prepare him for using crutches? 1. Abdominal exercises. 2. Isometric shoulder exercises. 3. Quadriceps setting exercises. 4. Triceps stretching exercises.

4. TRICEPS STRECTCHING EXERCISES Use of crutches requires significant strength from the triceps muscles. Therefore, efforts are focused on strengthening these muscles in anticipation of crutch walking. Bed and wheelchair push-ups are excellent exercises targeted at the triceps muscles. Abdominal exercises, range-of-motion and isometric exercises of the shoulders, and quadriceps and gluteal setting exercises are not helpful in preparing for crutch walking.

A nurse is planning to provide instructions to the client how to stand on crutches. In the written instructions, the nurse plans to tell the client to place the crutches:

6-10 inches in front and to the side of the client depending on the body size. This provides a base of support to the client and improves balance

When helping a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) plan a daily routine, the nurse informs the patient that it is most helpful to start the day with a. a warm bath followed by a short rest. b. a short routine of isometric exercises. c. active range-of-motion (ROM) exercises. d. stretching exercises to relieve joint stiffness.

ANS: A Taking a warm shower or bath is recommended to relieve joint stiffness, which is worse in the morning. Isometric exercises would place stress on joints and would not be recommended. Stretching and ROM should be done later in the day, when joint stiffness is decreased.

When counseling an older patient about ways to prevent fractures, which information will the nurse include? a. Tack down scatter rugs in the home. b. Most falls happen outside the home. c. Buy shoes that provide good support and are comfortable to wear. d. Range-of-motion exercises should be taught by a physical therapist.

ANS: C Comfortable shoes with good support will help decrease the risk for falls. Scatter rugs should be eliminated, not just tacked down. Activities of daily living provide range of motion exercise; these do not need to be taught by a physical therapist. Falls inside the home are responsible for many injuries.

A patient with OA asks the nurse whether he could try glucosamine and chondroitin for control of his symptoms. The best response by the nurse includes the information that a. some patients find these supplements helpful for relieving arthritis knee pain and improving mobility b. although these substances may not help, there is no evidence that they can cause any untoward effects c. these supplements are a fad that has not been shown to reduce pain or increase joint mobility in patients with OA d. only dosages of these supplements available by prescription are high enough to provide any benefit in treatment of OA

A. Some patients find these supplements helpful for relieving arthritis knee pain and improving mobilitiy

A patient with an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is taking prednisone (Deltasone) 40 mg daily. Which of these assessment data obtained by the nurse indicate that the patient is experiencing a side effect of the medication? a. The patient's blood glucose is 165 mg/dL. b. The patient has no improvement in symptoms. c. The patient has experienced a recent 5-pound weight loss. d. The patient's erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has increased.

ANS: A Corticosteroids have the potential to cause diabetes mellitus. The finding of an elevated blood glucose reflects this side effect of prednisone. Corticosteroids increase appetite and lead to weight gain. An elevated ESR and no improvement in symptoms would indicate that the prednisone was not effective but would not be side effects of the medication

Which of these nursing actions included in the care of a patient after laminectomy can the nurse delegate to experienced nursing assistive personnel (NAP)? a. Ask about pain control with the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). b. Determine the patient's readiness to ambulate. c. Check ability to plantar and dorsiflex the foot. d. Turn the patient from side to side every 2 hours.

ANS: D Repositioning a patient is included in the education and scope of practice of NAP, and experienced NAP will be familiar with how to maintain alignment in the postoperative patient. Evaluation of the effectiveness of pain medications, assessment of neurologic function, and evaluation of a patient's readiness to ambulate after surgery require higher level nursing education and scope of practice.

14. The nurse determines that teaching regarding diet for a patient with osteoporosis has been successful when the patient selects which of these meals as having the highest amount of calcium? a. Sardine sandwich on whole wheat bread, one cup of fruit yogurt, and one cup of skim milk b. Two-egg omelet with American cheese, one slice of whole-wheat toast, and a half grapefruit c. Ham and Swiss cheese sandwich on whole-wheat bread, steamed broccoli, and an apple d. Chicken stir-fry with bok choy, onions, and snap peas and one cup of steamed brown rice

Answer: A Rationale: Sardines, yogurt, and milk are all high in calcium. The other choices have some foods that are high in calcium but also include foods that are low in calcium, such as eggs, apples, and grapefruit. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1689 Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

The physician diagnoses rheumatoid arthritis and prescribes a total of 5 grams of aspirin per day. The client is surprised the physician prescribed a common drug such as aspirin to treat her condition

Aspirin reduces joint inflammation

The nurse teaches the patient with RA that one of the most effective methods of aerobic exercise is a. ballet dancing b. casual walking c. aquatic exercises d. low-impact aerobic exercises

C. aquatic exercises

During an acute exacerbation, a patient with SLE is treated with corticosteroids. The nurse would expect the steroids to begin to be tapered when serum laboratory results indicate a. increased RBCs b. decreased ESR c. decreased anti-DNA d. increased complement

C. decreased anti-DNA

Which nursing action will the nurse on the orthopedic unit plan to delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)?

Check the vital signs for a client who was admitted after a total knee replacement 3 hours ago. Correct: Vital sign assessment is a skill that is within the role of the UAP.

Teach the patient with ankylosing spondylitis the importance of a. regular exercise and maintaining proper posture b. continuing with physical activity during flare-ups c. avoiding extremes in environmental temperatures d. applying cool compresses for relief of local symptoms

Correct answer: a Rationale: Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) should exercise after pain and stiffness are managed. Postural control is important to minimize spinal deformity. The exercise regimen should include back, neck, and chest stretches. The nurse should educate the patient with AS about regular exercise and attention to posture, local moist-heat applications, and knowledgeable use of drugs. The nurse should discourage excessive physical exertion during periods of active flare-up of the disease. Proper positioning at rest is essential. The mattress should be firm, and the patient should sleep on the back with a flat pillow, avoiding positions that encourage flexion deformity. Postural training emphasizes avoiding spinal flexion (e.g., leaning over a desk), heavy lifting, and prolonged walking, standing, or sitting.

Characteristics of spondyloarthritides associated with HLA-B27 antigen include a. symmetric polyarticular arthritis b. an absence of extraarticular disease c. presence of rheumatoid factor and autoantibodies d. high level of involvement of sacroiliac joints and the spine

D. high level of involvement is sacroiliac joints and the spine

The client has sustained a rotator cuff tear while playing baseball. The nurse anticipates that the client will receive which immediate conservative treatment?

Sling for the affected arm Correct: The conservative treatment for this client is to place the injured arm in a sling or immobilizer.

Your 45 year old female patient has a grossly deformed ulnar and radius fracture that will need to be properly splinted. The objective of realignment is to: a. minimize blood loss and reduce pain b. immobilize the bone ends and adjacent joints c. assist in restoring circulation and to fit the extremity into a splint d. prevent incorrect healing and avoid surgery

c. assist in restoring circulation and to fit the extremity into a splint

A client with diabetes mellitus has had a right BKA (below knee amputation). The nurse should monitor for what?

separation of wound edges. Clients with diabetes mellitus are more prone to wound infection and delayed healing because of the disease

In the case of a teenager requiring surgery to realign the bones of a fracture tibia, from whom is it most important (for the physician with the nurse as a witness) to obtain consent to perform the surgical procedure?

the client's parent

The nurse observes a patient doing all these activities after having a hip-replacement surgery. Which patient action requires that the nurse intervene immediately? a. The patient sits straight up on the edge of the bed. b. The patient leans over to pull shoes and socks on. c. The patient bends over the sink while brushing the teeth. d. The patient uses crutches with a swing-to gait.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: Leaning over would flex the hip at greater than 90 degrees and predispose the patient to hip dislocation. The other patient actions are appropriate and do not require any immediate action by the nurse to protect the patient. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1654 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient is seen at the outpatient clinic for a sudden onset of inflammation and severe pain in the great toe. A diagnosis of gout is made on the basis of a. a family history of gout b. elevated urine uric acid levels c. elevated serum uric acid levels d. the presence of sodium urate crystals in synovial fluid

D. the presence of sodium urate cystals in synovial fluid

The client is recovering from an above-knee amputation resulting from peripheral vascular disease. Which statement indicates that the client is coping well after the procedure?

"It will take me some time to get used to this." Correct: This statement indicates that the client is expressing acceptance and effective coping.

A client is to have a total hip replacement. The preoperative plan should include which of the following? Select all that apply. 1. Administer antibiotics as prescribed to ensure therapeutic blood levels. 2. Apply leg compression device. 3. Request a trapeze be added to the bed. 4. Teach isometric exercises of quadriceps and gluteal muscles. 5. Demonstrate crutch walking with a 3-point gait. 6. Place Buck's traction on the bed.

1, 3, 4. Administration of antibiotics as prescribed will aid in the acquisition of therapeutic blood levels during and immediately after surgery to prevent osteomyelitis. The nurse can request that a trapeze be added to the bed so the client can assist with lifting and turning. The nurse should also demonstrate and have the client practice isometric exercises (muscle setting) of quadriceps and gluteal muscles. The client will not use crutches after surgery; a physical therapy assistant will initially assist the client with walking by using a walker. The client will not use Buck's traction. The client will require anti-embolism stockings and use of a leg compression device to minimize the risk of thrombus formation and potential emboli; the leg compression device is applied during surgery and maintained per physician order.

A nurse is evaluating the client's use of a cane for left-sided weakness. The nurse would intervene and correct the client if the nurse observed that the client: 1.Holds the cane on the right side 2.Moves the cane when the right leg is moved 3.Leans on the cane when the right leg swings through 4.Keeps the cane 6" out to the side of the right foot

2.Moves the cane when the right leg is moved

A client is complaining of skin irritation from the edges of the cast applied the previous day. The nurse should plan for which of the following actions? 1.Massaging the skin at the rim of the cast 2.Petaling the cast edges with adhesive tape 3.Using a rough file to smooth the cast edges 4. Use a padded coat hanger end to scratch under the cast

2.Petaling the cast edges with adhesive tape

A client who had a total hip replacement 4 days ago is worried about dislocation of the prosthesis. The nurse should respond by saying which of the following? 1. "Don't worry. Your new hip is very strong." 2. "Use of a cushioned toilet seat helps to prevent dislocation." 3. "Activities that tend to cause adduction of the hip tend to cause dislocation, so try to avoid them." 4. "Decreasing use of the abductor pillow will strengthen the muscles to prevent dislocation."

3. "ACTIVITIES THAT TEND TO CAUSE ADDUCTION OF THE HIP TEND TO CAUSE DISLOCATION, SO TRY TO AVID THEM." Dislocation precautions include: avoid extremes of internal rotation, adduction, and 90-degree flexion of affected hip for at least 4 to 6 weeks after the procedure. Use of an abduction pillow prevents adduction. Decreasing use of the abductor pillow does not strengthen the muscles to prevent dislocation. Informing a client to "not worry" is not therapeutic. A cushioned toilet seat does not prevent hip dislocation.

The nurse is planning care for a group of clients who have had total hip replacement. Of the clients listed below, which is at highest risk for infection and should be assessed first? 1. A 55-year-old client who is 6 feet tall and weighs 180 lb. 2. A 90-year-old who lives alone. 3. A 74-year-old who has periodontal disease with periodontitis. 4. A 75-year-old who has asthma and uses an inhaler.

3. A 74 YO WHO HAS PERIODONTAL DISEASE WITH PERIODONTITIS Infection is a serious complication of total hip replacement and may necessitate removal of the implant. Clients who are obese, poorly nourished, elderly, have poorly controlled diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or concurrent infections (e.g., dental, urinary tract) are at high risk for infection. Clients who are of normal weight and have well-controlled chronic diseases are not at risk for infection. Living alone is not a risk factor for infection.

A nurse witnesses a client sustain a fall and suspects that the client's leg may be fractured. Which action is the priority? 1. Take a set of vitals. 2. Call the radiology department. 3. Immobiliize the leg before moving the client. 4. Reassure the client that everything will be fine.

3. Immobiliize the leg before moving the client.

The nurse has established a goal with a client to improve mobility following hip replacement. Which of the following is a realistic outcome at the time of discharge from the surgical unit? 1. The client can walk throughout the entire hospital with a walker. 2. The client can walk the length of a hospital hallway with minimal pain. 3. The client has increased independence in transfers from bed to chair. 4. The client can raise the affected leg 6 inches with assistance.

3. THE CLIENT HAS INCREASED INDEPENDENCE IN TRANSFERS FROM BED TO CHAIR. Expected outcomes at the time of discharge from the surgical unit after a hip replacement include the following: increased independence in transfers, participates in progressive ambulation without pain or assistance, and raises the affected leg without assistance. The client will not be able to walk throughout the hospital, walk for a distance without some postoperative pain, or raise the affected leg more than several inches. The client may be referred to a rehabilitation unit in order to achieve the additional independence, strength, and pain relief.

A nurse is checking the casted extremity of a client. The nurse would check for which of the following S&S indicative of infection? 1.Dependent edema 2.Diminished distal pulse 3.Presence of a "hot spot" on the cast 4.Coolness and pallor of the extremity

3.Presence of a "hot spot" on the cast

A client who has had an above-the-knee amputation develops a dime-sized bright red spot on the dressing after 45 minutes in the postanesthesia recovery unit. The nurse should: 1. Elevate the stump. 2. Reinforce the dressing. 3. Call the surgeon. 4. Draw a mark around the site.

4. DRAW A MARK AROUND THE SITE The priority action is to draw a mark around the site of bleeding to determine the rate of bleeding. Once the area is marked, the nurse can determine whether the bleeding is increasing or decreasing by the size of the area marked. Because the spot is bright red, the bleeding is most likely arterial in origin. Once the rate and source of bleeding are identified, the surgeon should be notified. The stump is not elevated because adhesions may occur, interfering with the ability to fit a prosthesis. The dressing would be reinforced if the bleeding is determined to be of venous origin, characterized by slow oozing of darker blood that ceases with the application of a pressure dressing. Typically, operative dressings are not changed for 24 hours. Therefore, the dressing is reinforced to prevent organisms from penetrating through the blood-soaked areas of the initial postoperative dressing.

A client in the postanesthesia care unit with a left below-the-knee amputation has pain in her left big toe. Which of the following should the nurse do first? 1. Tell the client it is impossible to feel the pain. 2. Show the client that the toes are not there. 3. Explain to the client that her pain is real. 4. Give the client the prescribed opioid analgesic.

4. GIVE THE CLIENT THE PRESCRIBED OPIOID ANALGESIC The nurse's first action should be to administer the prescribed opioid analgesic to the client, because this phenomenon is phantom sensation and interventions should be provided to relieve it. Pain relief is the priority. Phantom sensation is a real sensation. It is incorrect and inappropriate to tell a client that it is impossible to feel the pain. Although it does relieve the client's apprehensions to be told that phantom sensations are a real phenomenon, the client needs prompt treatment to relieve the pain sensation. Usually phantom sensation will go away. However, showing the client that the toes are not there does nothing to provide the client with relief.

A cast has just been removed from a leg. Which clinical manifest is an abnormal finding? 1. restricted motion 2. smaller, atrophied muscle 3. skin peeling, wrinkled, and dry 4. the bony prominences are excoriated

4. the bony prominences are excoriated

Prior to surgery, the nurse is instructing a client who will have a total hip replacement tomorrow. Which of the following information is most important to include in the teaching plan at this time? 1. Teaching how to prevent hip flexion. 2. Demonstrating coughing and deep-breathing techniques. 3. Showing the client what an actual hip prosthesis looks like. 4. Assessing the client's fears about the procedure.

4.ASSESSING THE CLIENT'S FEARS ABOUT THE PROCEDURE Before implementing a teaching plan, the nurse should determine the client's fears about the procedure. Only then can the client begin to hear what the nurse has to share about the individualized teaching plan designed to meet the client's needs. In the preoperative period, the client needs to learn how to correctly prevent hip flexion and to demonstrate coughing and deep breathing. However, this teaching can be effective only after the client's fears have been assessed and addressed. Although the client may appreciate seeing what a hip prosthesis looks like, so as to understand the new body part, this is not a necessity.

After knee arthroplasty, the client has a sequential compression device (SCD). The nurse should do which of the following? 1. Elevate the sequential compression device (SCD) on two pillows. 2. Change the settings on the SCD to make the client more comfortable. 3. Stop the SCD to remove dressings and bathe the leg. 4. Discontinue the SCD when the client is ambulatory.

4.DISCONTINUE THE SCD WHEN THE CLIENT IS AMBULATORY After knee arthroplasty, the knee will be extended and immobilized with a firm compression dressing and an adjustable soft extension splint in place. A sequential compression device (SCD) will be applied. The SCD can be discontinued when the client is ambulatory, but while the client is in bed the SCD needs to be maintained to prevent thromboembolism. The SCD should be positioned on the bed, but not on two pillows. Settings for the SCD are ordered by the orthopedic surgeon. Initial dressing changes are completed by the orthopedic surgeon and changed as needed per physician order.

A nurse has provided instructions regarding specific leg exercises for the client immobilized in the right skeletal lower leg traction. The nurse determines that the clients needs further instruction if the nurse observes the client: 1.Pulling up on the trapeze 2.Flexing and extending the feet 3.Doing quadriceps-setting and gluteal-setting exercises 4.Performing active range of motion (ROM) to the right ankle and knee

4.Performing active range of motion (ROM) to the right ankle and knee

A nurse discovers that a client who is in traction for a long bone fracture has a slight fever, has SOB and is restless. What does the client most likely have?

A fat embolism, which is characterized by hypoxemia, respiratory distress, irritability, restlessness, fever, and petechiae.

In which order will the nurse take these actions when caring for a patient with left leg fractures after a motor vehicle accident? Put a comma and space between each answer choice (a, b, c, d, etc.) ____________________ a. Obtain x-rays. b. Check pedal pulses. c. Assess lung sounds. d. Take blood pressure. e. Apply splint to the leg. f. Administer tetanus prophylaxis.

ANS: C, D, B, E, A, F The initial actions should be to ensure that airway, breathing, and circulation are intact. This should be followed by checking the neurovascular status of the leg (before and after splint application). Application of a splint to immobilize the leg should be done before sending the patient for x-rays. The tetanus prophylaxis is the least urgent of the actions.

Which assessment information will the nurse obtain to evaluate the effectiveness of the prescribed calcitonin (Cibacalcin) and ibandronate (Boniva) for a patient with Paget's disease? a. Pain level b. Oral intake c. Daily weight d. Grip strength

ANS: A Bone pain is one of the common early manifestations of Paget's disease, and the nurse should assess the pain level to determine whether the treatment is effective. The other information will also be collected by the nurse, but will not be used in evaluating the effectiveness of the therapy.

Which assessment finding about a patient who has been using naproxen (Naprosyn) for 3 weeks to treat osteoarthritis is most important for the nurse to report to the health care provider? a. The patient has dark colored stools. b. The patient's pain has not improved. c. The patient is using capsaicin cream (Zostrix). d. The patient has gained 3 pounds over 3 weeks.

ANS: A Dark colored stools may indicate that the patient is experiencing gastrointestinal bleeding caused by the naproxen. The information about the patient's ongoing pain and weight gain also will be reported and may indicate a need for a different treatment and/or counseling about avoiding weight gain, but these are not as large a concern as the possibility of gastrointestinal bleeding. Use of capsaicin cream with oral medications is appropriate.

A patient whose work involves lifting has a history of chronic back pain. After the nurse has taught the patient about correct body mechanics, which patient statement indicates that the teaching has been effective? a. "I plan to start doing exercises to strengthen the muscles of my back." b. "I will try to sleep with my hips and knees extended to prevent back strain." c. "I can tell my boss that I need to change to a job where I can work at a desk." d. "I will keep my back straight when I need to lift anything higher than my waist."

ANS: A Exercises can help to strengthen the muscles that support the back. Flexion of the hips and knees places less strain on the back. Modifications in the way the patient lifts boxes are needed, but sitting for prolonged periods can aggravate back pain. The patient should not lift above the level of the elbows.

A patient arrives in the emergency department with ankle swelling and severe pain after twisting the ankle playing soccer. Which of these prescribed collaborative interventions will the nurse implement first? a. Wrap the ankle and apply an ice pack. b. Administer naproxen (Naprosyn) 500 mg PO. c. Give acetaminophen with codeine (Tylenol #3). d. Take the patient to the radiology department for x-rays.

ANS: A Immediate care after a sprain or strain injury includes the application of cold and compression to the injury to minimize swelling. The other actions should be taken after the ankle is wrapped with a compression bandage and ice is applied.

A patient is hospitalized for initiation of regional antibiotic irrigation for acute osteomyelitis of the right femur. Which intervention will be included in the plan of care? a. Immobilization of the right leg b. Frequent weight-bearing exercise c. Avoiding administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) d. Support of the right leg in a flexed position

ANS: A Immobilization of the affected leg helps decrease pain and reduce the risk for pathologic fractures. Weight-bearing exercise increases the risk for pathologic fractures. NSAIDs are frequently prescribed to treat pain. Flexion of the affected limb is avoided to prevent contractures.

A patient with lower leg fracture has an external fixation device in place and is scheduled for discharge. Which information will the nurse include in the discharge teaching? a. "You will need to assess and clean the pin insertion sites daily." b. "The external fixator can be removed during the bath or shower." c. "You will need to remain on bed rest until bone healing is complete." d. "Prophylactic antibiotics are used until the external fixator is removed."

ANS: A Pin insertion sites should be cleaned daily to decrease the risk for infection at the site. An external fixator allows the patient to be out of bed and avoid the risks of prolonged immobility. The device is surgically placed and is not removed until the bone is stable. Prophylactic antibiotics are not routinely given when an external fixator is used.

Which statement by a 24-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) indicates that the patient has understood the nurse's teaching about management of the condition? a. "I will use a sunscreen whenever I am outside." b. "I will try to keep exercising even if I am tired." c. "I should take birth control pills to keep from getting pregnant." d. "I should not take aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs."

ANS: A Severe skin reactions can occur in patients with SLE who are exposed to the sum. Patients should avoid fatigue by balancing exercise with rest periods as needed. Oral contraceptives can exacerbate lupus. Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat the musculoskeletal manifestations of SLE.

A patient with ulnar drift caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is scheduled for an arthroplasty of the hand. Which patient statement to the nurse indicates realistic expectation for the surgery? a. "I will be able to use my fingers to grasp objects better." b. "I will not have to do as many hand exercises after the surgery." c. "This procedure will prevent further deformity in my hands and fingers." d. "My fingers will appear more normal in size and shape after this surgery."

ANS: A The goal of hand surgery in RA is to restore function, not to correct for cosmetic deformity or treat the underlying process. Hand exercises will be prescribed after the surgery.

When doing discharge teaching for a patient who has had a repair of a fractured mandible, the nurse will include information about a. when and how to cut the immobilizing wires. b. self-administration of nasogastric tube feedings. c. the use of sterile technique for dressing changes. d. the importance of including high-fiber foods in the diet.

ANS: A The jaw will be wired for stabilization, and the patient should know what emergency situations require that the wires be cut to protect the airway. There are no dressing changes for this procedure. The diet is liquid, and patients are not able to chew high fiber foods. Initially, the patient may receive nasogastric tube feedings, but by discharge the patient will swallow liquid through a straw.

A patient who had arthroscopic surgery of the left knee 5 days ago is admitted with a red, swollen, and hot knee. Which assessment finding by the nurse should be reported to the health care provider immediately? a. The blood pressure is 88/46 mm Hg. b. The white blood cell count is 14,200/µL. c. The patient is taking ibuprofen (Motrin). d. The patient says the knee is very painful.

ANS: A The low blood pressure suggests that the patient may be developing septicemia as a complication of septic arthritis. Immediate blood cultures and initiation of antibiotic therapy are indicated. The other information is typical of septic arthritis and also should be reported to the health care provider, but it does not indicate any immediately life-threatening problems.

Which statement by a patient who has had an above-the-knee amputation indicates that the nurse's discharge teaching has been effective? a. "I should lay on my abdomen for 30 minutes 3 or 4 times a day." b. "I should elevate my residual limb on a pillow 2 or 3 times a day." c. "I should change the limb sock when it becomes soiled or stretched out." d. "I should use lotion on the stump to prevent drying and cracking of the skin."

ANS: A The patient lies in the prone position several times daily to prevent flexion contractures of the hip. The limb sock should be changed daily. Lotion should not be used on the stump. The residual limb should not be elevated because this would encourage flexion contracture.

Before assisting a patient with ambulation on the day after a total hip replacement, which action is most important for the nurse to take? a. Administer the ordered oral opioid pain medication. b. Instruct the patient about the benefits of ambulation. c. Ensure that the incisional drain has been discontinued. d. Change the hip dressing and document the wound appearance.

ANS: A The patient should be adequately medicated for pain before any attempt to ambulate. Instructions about the benefits of ambulation may increase the patient's willingness to ambulate, but decreasing pain with ambulation is more important. The presence of an incisional drain or timing of dressing change will not affect ambulation.

A patient who has a cast in place after fracturing the radius asks when the cast can be removed. The nurse will instruct the patient that the cast will need to remain in place a. for several months. b. for at least 3 weeks. c. until swelling of the wrist has resolved. d. until x-rays show complete bony union.

ANS: B Bone healing starts immediately after the injury, but since ossification does not begin until 3 weeks postinjury, the cast will need to be worn for at least 3 weeks. Complete union may take up to a year. Resolution of swelling does not indicate bone healing.

Which information will the nurse include when teaching range-of-motion exercises to a patient with an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis? a. Affected joints should not be exercised when pain is present. b. Application of cold packs before exercise may decrease joint pain. c. Exercises should be performed passively by someone other than the patient. d. Walking may substitute for range-of-motion (ROM) exercises on some days.

ANS: B Cold application is helpful in reducing pain during periods of exacerbation of RA. Because the joint pain is chronic, patients are instructed to exercise even when joints are painful. ROM exercises are intended to strengthen joints as well as improve flexibility, so passive ROM alone is not sufficient. Recreational exercise is encouraged but is not a replacement for ROM exercises.

A patient with dermatomyositis is receiving long-term prednisone (Deltasone) therapy. Which assessment finding by the nurse is most important to report to the health care provider? a. The blood glucose is 112 mg/dL. b. The patient has painful hematuria. c. The patient has an increased appetite. d. Acne is noted on the back and face.

ANS: B Corticosteroid use is associated with increased risk for infection, so the nurse should report the urinary tract symptoms immediately to the health care provider. The increase in blood glucose, increased appetite, and acne also are adverse effects of corticosteroid use, but do not need diagnosis and treatment as rapidly as the probable urinary tract infection.

A patient has chronic osteomyelitis of the left femur, which is being managed at home with administration of IV antibiotics. The nurse chooses a nursing diagnosis of ineffective health maintenance when the nurse finds that the patient a. takes and records the oral temperature twice a day. b. is unable to plantar flex the foot on the affected side. c. uses crutches to avoid weight bearing on the affected leg. d. is irritable and frustrated with the length of treatment required.

ANS: B Foot drop is an indication that the foot is not being supported in a neutral position by a splint. Using crutches and monitoring the oral temperature are appropriate self-care activities. Frustration with the length of treatment is not an indicator of ineffective health maintenance of the osteomyelitis.

Which finding will the nurse expect when assessing a 60-year-old patient who has osteoarthritis (OA) of the left knee? a. Heberden's nodules b. Pain upon joint movement c. Redness and swelling of the knee joint d. Stiffness that increases with movement

ANS: B Initial symptoms of OA include pain with joint movement. Heberden's nodules occur on the fingers. Redness of the joint is more strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and stiffness in OA is worse right after the patient rests and decreases with joint movement.

A patient has systemic sclerosis manifested by CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia) syndrome. Which action will the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Avoid use of capsaicin cream on hands. b. Keep patient's room warm and draft free. c. Obtain capillary blood glucose before meals. d. Assist to bathroom every 2 hours while awake.

ANS: B Keeping the room warm will decrease the incidence of Raynaud's phenomenon, one aspect of the CREST syndrome. Capsaicin cream may be used to improve circulation and decrease pain. There is no need to obtain blood glucose levels or to assist the patient to the bathroom every 2 hours.

A patient has hip replacement surgery using the posterior approach. Which patient action requires rapid intervention by the nurse? a. The patient uses crutches with a swing-to gait. b. The patient leans over to pull shoes and socks on. c. The patient sits straight up on the edge of the bed. d. The patient bends over the sink while brushing the teeth.

ANS: B Leaning over would flex the hip at greater than 90 degrees and predispose the patient to hip dislocation. The other patient actions are appropriate and do not require any immediate action by the nurse to protect the patient.

A patient with gout tells the nurse that he takes losartan (Cozaar) for control of the condition. The nurse will plan to monitor a. blood glucose. b. blood pressure. c. erythrocyte count. d. lymphocyte count.

ANS: B Losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, will lower blood pressure. It does not affect blood glucose, red blood cell count (RBC), or lymphocytes.

After obtaining the health history from a 28-year-old woman who is taking methotrexate (Rheumatrex) to treat rheumatoid arthritis, which information about the patient is most important for the nurse to report to the health care provider? a. The patient had a history of infectious mononucleosis as a teenager. b. The patient is trying to have a baby before her disease becomes more severe. c. The patient has a family history of age-related macular degeneration of the retina. d. The patient has been using large doses of vitamins and health foods to treat the RA.

ANS: B Methotrexate is teratogenic, and the patient should be taking contraceptives during methotrexate therapy. The other information will not impact the choice of methotrexate as therapy.

A 22-year-old patient hospitalized with a fever and red, hot, and painful knees is suspected of having septic arthritis. Information obtained during the nursing history that indicates a risk factor for septic arthritis is that the patient a. has a parent who has reactive arthritis. b. is sexually active and has multiple partners. c. recently returned from a trip to South America. d. had several sports-related knee injuries as a teenager.

ANS: B Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause for septic arthritis in sexually active young adults. The other information does not point to any risk for septic arthritis.

After the nurse has finished teaching a patient with osteoarthritis (OA) of the left hip and knee about how to manage the OA, which patient statement indicates a need for more education? a. "I can take glucosamine to help decrease my knee pain." b. "I will take 1 g of acetaminophen (Tylenol) every 4 hours." c. "I will take a shower in the morning to help relieve stiffness." d. "I can use a cane to decrease the pressure and pain in my hip."

ANS: B No more than 4 g of acetaminophen should be taken daily to avoid liver damage. The other patient statements are correct and indicate good understanding of OA management.

When teaching a patient who has rheumatoid arthritis (RA) about how to manage activities of daily living, the nurse instructs the patient to a. stand rather than sit when performing household chores. b. avoid activities that require continuous use of the same muscles. c. strengthen small hand muscles by wringing sponges or washcloths. d. protect the knee joints by sleeping with a small pillow under the knees.

ANS: B Patients are advised to avoid repetitious movements. Sitting during household chores is recommended to decrease stress on joints. Wringing water out of sponges would increase the joint stress. Patients are encouraged to position joints in the extended position, and sleeping with a pillow behind the knees would decrease the ability of the knee to extend and also decrease knee range of motion (ROM).

On the first postoperative day, a patient with a below-the-knee amputation complains of pain in the amputated limb. Which action is best for the nurse to take? a. Explain the reasons for the phantom limb pain. b. Administer prescribed analgesics to relieve the pain. c. Loosen the compression bandage to decrease incisional pressure. d. Remind the patient that this phantom pain will diminish over time.

ANS: B Phantom limb pain is treated like any other type of postoperative pain would be treated. Explanations of the reason for the pain may be given, but the nurse should still medicate the patient. The compression bandage is left in place except during physical therapy or bathing. Although the pain may decrease over time, it still requires treatment now.

The nurse obtains this information when assessing a patient who is taking hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Which symptom is most important to report to the health care provider? a. Abdominal cramping b. Complaint of blurry vision c. Phalangeal joint tenderness d. Blood pressure 170/84 mm Hg

ANS: B Plaquenil can cause retinopathy; the medication should be stopped. The other findings are not related to the medication, although they also will be reported.

When the nurse is caring for a patient who is on bed rest after having a complex pelvic fracture, which assessment finding is most important to report to the health care provider? a. The patient states that the pelvis feels unstable. b. Abdominal distention is present and bowel tones are absent. c. There are ecchymoses on the abdomen and hips. d. The patient complains of pelvic pain with palpation.

ANS: B The abdominal distention and absent bowel tones may be due to complications of pelvic fractures such as paralytic ileus or hemorrhage or trauma to the bladder, urethra, or colon. Pelvic instability, abdominal pain with palpation, and abdominal bruising would be expected with this type of injury.

When the nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which result is most important to communicate to the health care provider? a. Decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) b. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) c. Positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) d. Positive lupus erythematosus cell prep

ANS: B The elevated BUN and creatinine levels indicate possible lupus nephritis and a need for a change in therapy to avoid further renal damage. The positive lupus erythematosus (LE) cell prep and ANA would be expected in a patient with SLE. A drop in CRP shows an improvement in the inflammatory process.

A 35-year-old patient with three school-age children who has recently been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) tells the nurse that the inability to be involved in many family activities is causing stress at home. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? a. "You may need to see a family therapist for some help." b. "Tell me more about the situations that are causing stress." c. "Perhaps it would be helpful for you and your family to get involved in a support group." d. "Your family may need some help to understand the impact of your rheumatoid arthritis."

ANS: B The initial action by the nurse should be further assessment. The other three responses might be appropriate based on the information the nurse obtains with further assessment.

The nurse is preparing to assist a patient who has had an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of a hip fracture out of bed for the first time. Which action should the nurse take? a. Use a mechanical lift to transfer the patient from the bed to the chair. b. Check the postoperative orders for the patient's weight-bearing status. c. Avoid administration of pain medications before getting the patient up. d. Delegate the transfer of the patient out of bed to nursing assistive personnel (NAP).

ANS: B The nurse should be familiar with the weight-bearing orders for the patient before attempting the transfer. Mechanical lifts are not typically needed after this surgery. Pain medications should be given, since the movement is likely to be painful for the patient. The RN should supervise the patient during the initial transfer to evaluate how well the patient is able to accomplish this skill.

A patient undergoes a right above-the-knee amputation with an immediate prosthetic fitting. When the patient first arrives on the orthopedic unit after surgery, the nurse should a. place the patient in a prone position. b. check the surgical site for hemorrhage. c. remove the prosthesis and wrap the site. d. keep the residual leg elevated on a pillow.

ANS: B The nurse should monitor for hemorrhage after the surgery. The prosthesis will not be removed. To avoid flexion contracture of the hip, the leg will not be elevated on a pillow. The patient is placed in a prone position after amputation to prevent hip flexion, but this would not be done during the immediate postoperative period.

A patient is being discharged after 2 weeks of IV antibiotic therapy for acute osteomyelitis in the left leg. Which information will be included in the discharge teaching? a. How to apply warm packs safely to the leg to reduce pain b. How to monitor and care for the long-term IV catheter site c. The need for daily aerobic exercise to help maintain muscle strength d. The reason for taking oral antibiotics for 7 to 10 days after discharge

ANS: B The patient will be on IV antibiotics for several months, and the patient will need to recognize signs of infection at the IV site and how to care for the catheter during daily activities such as bathing. IV antibiotics rather than oral antibiotics are used for acute osteomyelitis. Patients are instructed to avoid exercise and heat application because these will increase swelling and the risk for spreading infection.

A patient who has been hospitalized for 3 days with a hip fracture has sudden onset shortness of breath and tachypnea. The patient tells the nurse, "I feel like I am going to die!" Which action should the nurse take first? a. Stay with the patient and offer reassurance. b. Administer the prescribed PRN oxygen at 4 L/min. c. Check the patient's legs for swelling or tenderness. d. Notify the health care provider about the symptoms.

ANS: B The patient's clinical manifestations and history are consistent with a pulmonary embolus, and the nurse's first action should be to ensure adequate oxygenation. The nurse should offer reassurance to the patient, but meeting the physiologic need for oxygen is a higher priority. The health care provider should be notified after the oxygen is started and pulse oximetry and assessment for fat embolus or venous thromboembolism (VTE) are obtained.

A patient has a long-arm plaster cast applied for immobilization of a fractured left radius. Until the cast has completely dried, the nurse should a. keep the left arm in a dependent position. b. handle the cast with the palms of the hands. c. place gauze around the cast edge to pad any roughness. d. cover the cast with a small blanket to absorb the dampness.

ANS: B Until a plaster cast has dried, placing pressure on the cast should be avoided to prevent creating areas inside the cast that could place pressure on the arm. The left arm should be elevated to prevent swelling. The edges of the cast may be petaled once the cast is dry, but padding the edges before that may cause the cast to be misshapen. The cast should not be covered until it is dry because heat builds up during drying.

After a patient with a left femur fracture has a hip spica cast applied, which nursing intervention will be included in the plan of care? a. Avoid placing the patient in the prone position. b. Use the cast support bar to reposition the patient. c. Ask the patient about any abdominal discomfort or nausea. d. Discuss the reasons for remaining on bed rest for several weeks.

ANS: C Assessment of bowel tones, abdominal pain, and nausea and vomiting will detect the development of cast syndrome. To avoid breakage, the support bar should not be used for repositioning. After the cast dries, the patient can begin ambulating with the assistance of physical therapy personnel and may be turned to the prone position.

To determine whether a patient with joint swelling and pain has systemic lupus erythematosus, which test will be most useful for the nurse to review? a. Rheumatoid factor (RF) b. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) c. Anti-Smith antibody (Anti-Sm) d. Lupus erythematosus (LE) cell prep

ANS: C The anti-Sm is antibody found almost exclusively in SLE. The other blood tests also are used in screening but are not as specific to SLE.

When the nurse is reviewing laboratory data for a patient who is taking methotrexate (Rheumatrex) to treat rheumatoid arthritis, which information is most important to communicate to the health care provider? a. The blood glucose is 75 mg/dL. b. The rheumatoid factor is positive. c. The white blood cell (WBC) count is 1500/L. d. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is elevated.

ANS: C Bone marrow suppression is a possible side effect of methotrexate, and the patient's low WBC count places the patient at high risk for infection. The elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and positive rheumatoid factor are expected in rheumatoid arthritis. The blood glucose is normal.

Prednisone (Deltasone) is prescribed for a patient with an acute exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis. Which laboratory result will the nurse monitor to determine whether the medication has been effective? a. Blood glucose test b. Liver function tests c. C-reactive protein level d. Serum electrolyte levels

ANS: C C-reactive protein is a marker for inflammation, and a decrease would indicate that the corticosteroid therapy was effective. Blood glucose and serum electrolyte levels also will be monitored to check for side effects of prednisone. Liver function is not routinely monitored for patients receiving steroids.

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis refuses to take the prescribed methotrexate (Rheumatrex), telling the nurse "That drug has too many side effects. My arthritis isn't that bad yet." The most appropriate response by the nurse is a. "You have the right to refuse to take the methotrexate." b. "Methotrexate is less expensive than some of the newer drugs." c. "It is important to start methotrexate early to decrease the extent of joint damage." d. "Methotrexate is effective and has fewer side effects than some of the other drugs."

ANS: C Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are prescribed early to prevent the joint degeneration that occurs as soon as the first year with RA. The other statements are accurate, but the most important point for the patient to understand is that it is important to start DMARDs as quickly as possible.

Which information will the nurse include when discharging a patient with a sprained wrist from the emergency department? a. Keep the wrist loosely wrapped with gauze. b. Apply a heating pad to reduce muscle spasms. c. Use pillows to elevate the arm above the heart. d. Gently move the wrist through the range of motion.

ANS: C Elevation of the arm will reduce the amount of swelling and pain. Compression bandages are used to decrease swelling. For the first 24 to 48 hours, cold packs are used to reduce swelling. The wrist should be rested and kept immobile to prevent further swelling or injury.

After a patient has a short-arm plaster cast applied in the emergency department, which statement by the patient indicates a good understanding of the nurse's discharge teaching? a. "I can get the cast wet as long as I dry it right away with a hair dryer." b. "I should avoid moving my fingers and elbow until the cast is removed." c. "I will apply an ice pack to the cast over the fracture site for the next 24 hours." d. "I can use a cotton-tipped applicator to rub lotion on any dry areas under the cast."

ANS: C Ice application for the first 24 hours after a fracture will help reduce swelling and can be placed over the cast. Plaster casts should not get wet. The patient should be encouraged to move the joints above and below the cast. Patients should not insert objects inside the cast.

A patient who has rheumatoid arthritis is seen in the outpatient clinic and the nurse notes that rheumatoid nodules are present on the patient's elbows. Which action will the nurse take? a. Draw blood for rheumatoid factor analysis. b. Teach the patient about injection of the nodule. c. Assess the nodules for skin breakdown or infection. d. Discuss the need for surgical removal of the nodule.

ANS: C Rheumatoid nodules can break down or become infected. They are not associated with changes in rheumatoid factor and injection is not needed. Rheumatoid nodules are usually not removed surgically because of a high probability of recurrence

When caring for a patient with gout and a red and painful left great toe, which nursing action will be included in the plan of care? a. Gently palpate the toe to assess swelling. b. Use pillows to keep the left foot elevated. c. Use a footboard to hold bedding away from the toe. d. Teach patient to avoid use of acetaminophen (Tylenol).

ANS: C Since any touch on the area of inflammation may increase pain, bedding should be held away from the toe and touching the toe will be avoided. Elevation of the foot will not reduce the pain, which is caused by the urate crystals. Acetaminophen can be used for pain relief.

A patient who has a proximal humerus fracture that is immobilized with a left-sided long-arm cast and a sling is admitted to the medical-surgical unit. Which nursing intervention will be included in the plan of care? a. Use surgical net dressing to hang the arm from an IV pole. b. Immobilize the fingers on the left hand with gauze dressings. c. Assess the left axilla and change absorbent dressings as needed. d. Assist the patient in passive range of motion (ROM) for the right arm.

ANS: C The axilla can become excoriated when a sling is used to support the arm, and the nurse should check the axilla and apply absorbent dressings to prevent this. A patient with a sling would not have traction applied by hanging. The patient will be encouraged to move the fingers on the injured arm to maintain function and to help decrease swelling. The patient will do active ROM on the uninjured side.

Following a motor vehicle accident, a patient arrives in the emergency department with massive right lower leg swelling. Which action will the nurse take first? a. Elevate the leg on pillows. b. Apply a compression bandage. c. Check leg pulses and sensation. d. Place ice packs on the lower leg.

ANS: C The initial action by the nurse will be to assess the circulation to the leg and to observe for any evidence of injury such as fractures or dislocations. After the initial assessment, the other actions may be appropriate based on what is observed during the assessment.

After the health care provider has recommended an amputation for a patient who has ischemic foot ulcers, the patient tells the nurse, "If they want to cut off my foot, they should just shoot me instead." Which response by the nurse is best? a. "Many people are able to function normally with a foot prosthesis." b. "I understand that you are upset, but you may lose the foot anyway." c. "Tell me what you know about what your options for treatment are." d. "If you do not want the surgery, you do not have to have an amputation."

ANS: C The initial nursing action should be to assess the patient's knowledge level and feelings about the options available. Discussion about the patient's option to not have the procedure, the seriousness of the condition, or rehabilitation after the procedure may be appropriate after the nurse knows more about the patient's current level of knowledge and emotional state.

After teaching a patient with a bunion about how to prevent further problems, the nurse will determine that more teaching is needed if the patient says, a. "I will throw away my high heel shoes." b. "I will use the bunion pad to relieve the pain." c. "I will need to wear open sandals at all times." d. "I will take ibuprofen (Motrin) when I need it."

ANS: C The patient can wear shoes that have a wide forefoot. The other patient statements indicate that the teaching has been effective.

A home health patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) complains to the nurse about having chronically dry eyes. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Reassure the patient that dry eyes are a common problem with RA. b. Teach the patient more about adverse affects of the RA medications. c. Suggest that the patient start using over-the-counter (OTC) artificial tears. d. Ask the health care provider about lowering the methotrexate (Rheumatrex) dose.

ANS: C The patient's dry eyes are consistent with Sjögren's syndrome, a common extraarticular manifestation of RA. Symptomatic therapy such as OTC eye drops is recommended. Dry eyes are not a side effect of methotrexate. Although dry eyes are common in RA, it is more helpful to offer a suggestion to relieve these symptoms than to offer reassurance. The dry eyes are not caused by RA treatment, but by the disease itself.

Which menu choice by a patient with osteoporosis indicates that the nurse's teaching about appropriate diet has been effective? a. Pancakes with syrup and bacon b. Whole wheat toast and fruit jelly c. Two-egg omelet and a half grapefruit d. Oatmeal with skim milk and fruit yogurt

ANS: D Skim milk and yogurt are high in calcium. The other choices do not contain any high calcium foods.

A patient with a herniated intravertebral disk undergoes a laminectomy and discectomy. Following the surgery, the nurse should position the patient on the side by a. instructing the patient to move the legs before turning the rest of the body. b. having the patient turn by grasping the side rails and pulling the shoulders over. c. placing a pillow between the patient's legs and turning the entire body as a unit. d. turning the patient's head and shoulders first, followed by the hips, legs, and feet.

ANS: C The spine should be kept in correct alignment after laminectomy. The other positions will create misalignment of the spine.

When administering alendronate (Fosamax) to a patient, the nurse will first a. be sure the patient has recently eaten. b. ask about any leg cramps or hot flashes. c. assist the patient to sit up at the bedside. d. administer the ordered calcium carbonate.

ANS: C To avoid esophageal erosions, the patient taking bisphosphonates should be upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication. Fosamax should be taken on an empty stomach, not after taking other medications or eating. Leg cramps and hot flashes are not side effects of bisphosphonates.

In developing a care plan for a patient with an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of an open, displaced fracture of the tibia, the priority nursing diagnosis is a. activity intolerance related to deconditioning. b. risk for constipation related to prolonged bed rest. c. risk for impaired skin integrity related to immobility. d. risk for infection related to disruption of skin integrity.

ANS: D A patient having an ORIF is at risk for problems such as wound infection and osteomyelitis. After an ORIF, patients typically are mobilized starting the first postoperative day, so problems caused by immobility are not as likely.

A patient with an acute attack of gout in the left great toe has a new prescription for probenecid (Benemid). Which information about the patient's home routine indicates a need for teaching regarding gout management? a. The patient sleeps about 8 to 10 hours every night. b. The patient usually eats beef once or twice a week. c. The patient generally drinks about 3 quarts of juice and water daily. d. The patient takes one aspirin a day prophylactically to prevent angina.

ANS: D Aspirin interferes with the effectiveness of probenecid and should not be taken when the patient is taking probenecid. The patient's sleep pattern will not affect gout management. Drinking 3 quarts of water and eating beef only once or twice a week are appropriate for the patient with gout.

A long-term care patient who takes multiple medications develops acute gouty arthritis. The nurse will consult with the health care provider before giving the prescribed dose of a. sertraline (Zoloft). b. famotidine (Pepcid). c. oxycodone (Roxicodone). d. hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL).

ANS: D Diuretic use increases uric acid levels and can precipitate gout attacks. The other medications are safe to administer.

A patient is receiving gentamicin (Garamycin) 80 mg IV twice daily for acute osteomyelitis. Which action should the nurse take before administering the gentamicin? a. Ask the patient about any nausea. b. Obtain the patient's oral temperature. c. Change the prescribed wet-to-dry dressing. d. Review the patient's blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels.

ANS: D Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and can cause renal failure. Monitoring the patient's temperature before gentamicin administration is not necessary. Nausea is not a common side effect of IV gentamicin. There is no need to change the dressing before gentamicin administration.

When giving home care instructions to a patient who has multiple forearm fractures and a long-arm cast on the right arm, which information should the nurse include? a. Keep the hand immobile to prevent soft tissue swelling. b. Keep the right shoulder elevated on a pillow or cushion. c. Avoid the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the first 48 hours after the injury. d. Call the health care provider for increased swelling or numbness.

ANS: D Increased swelling or numbness may indicate increased pressure at the injury, and the health care provider should be notified immediately to avoid damage to nerves and other tissues. The patient should be encouraged to move the joints above and below the cast to avoid stiffness. There is no need to elevate the shoulder, although the forearm should be elevated to reduce swelling. NSAIDs are appropriate to treat pain after a fracture.

A 58-year-old woman who has a family history of osteoporosis is diagnosed with osteopenia following densitometry testing. In teaching the woman about her osteoporosis, the nurse explains that a. estrogen replacement therapy must be started to prevent rapid progression to osteoporosis. b. continuous, low-dose corticosteroid treatment is effective in stopping the course of osteoporosis. c. with a family history of osteoporosis, there is no way to prevent or slow gradual bone resorption. d. calcium loss from bones can be slowed by increasing calcium intake and weight-bearing exercise.

ANS: D Progression of osteoporosis can be slowed by increasing calcium intake and weight-bearing exercise. Estrogen replacement therapy does help prevent osteoporosis, but it is not the only treatment and is not appropriate for some patients. Corticosteroid therapy increases the risk for osteoporosis.

Which information obtained by the emergency department nurse when admitting a patient with a left femur fracture is most important to report to the health care provider? a. Bruising of the left thigh b. Complaints of left thigh pain c. Outward pointing toes on the left foot d. Prolonged capillary refill of the left foot

ANS: D Prolonged capillary refill may indicate complications such as arterial damage or compartment syndrome. The other findings are typical with a left femur fracture.

A patient in the emergency department who is experiencing severe pain is diagnosed with a patellar dislocation. The initial patient teaching by the nurse will focus on the need for a. a knee immobilizer. b. gentle knee flexion. c. activity restrictions. d. monitored anesthesia care (conscious sedation).

ANS: D The first goal of collaborative management is realignment of the knee to its original anatomic position, which will require anesthesia or monitored anesthesia care (MAC), formerly called conscious sedation. Immobilization, gentle range of motion (ROM) exercises, and discussion about activity restrictions will be implemented after the knee is realigned.

A patient is admitted to the emergency department with possible left lower leg fractures. The initial action by the nurse should be to a. elevate the left leg. b. splint the lower leg. c. obtain information about the tetanus immunization status. d. check the popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses.

ANS: D The initial nursing action should be assessment of the neurovascular status of the injured leg. After assessment, the nurse may need to splint and elevate the leg, based on the assessment data. Information about tetanus immunizations should be done if there is an open wound.

The home health nurse is doing a follow-up visit to a patient with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Which assessment made by the nurse indicates that more patient teaching is needed? a. The patient requires a 2-hour midday nap. b. The patient has been taking 16 aspirins daily. c. The patient sits on a stool when preparing meals. d. The patient sleeps with two pillows under the head.

ANS: D The joints should be maintained in an extended position to avoid contractures, so patients should use a small, flat pillow for sleeping. The other information is appropriate for a patient with RA and indicates that teaching has been effective.

A patient with a comminuted fracture of the right femur has Buck's traction in place while waiting for surgery. To assess for pressure areas on the patient's back and sacral area and to provide skin care, the nurse should a. loosen the traction and have the patient turn onto the unaffected side. b. place a pillow between the patient's legs and turn gently to each side. c. turn the patient partially to each side with the assistance of another nurse. d. have the patient lift the buttocks by bending and pushing with the left leg.

ANS: D The patient can lift the buttocks off the bed by using the left leg without changing the right-leg alignment. Turning the patient will tend to move the leg out of alignment. Disconnecting the traction will interrupt the weight needed to immobilize and align the fracture.

A patient is to be discharged from the hospital 4 days after insertion of a femoral head prosthesis using a posterior approach. A statement by the patient that indicates a need for additional discharge instructions is a. "I should not cross my legs while sitting." b. "I will use a toilet elevator on the toilet seat." c. "I will have someone else put on my shoes and socks." d. "I can sleep in any position that is comfortable for me."

ANS: D The patient needs to sleep in a position that prevents excessive internal rotation or flexion of the hip. The other patient statements indicate that the patient has understood the teaching.

The second day after admission with a fractured pelvis, a patient develops acute onset confusion. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Take the blood pressure. b. Assess patient orientation. c. Check pupil reaction to light. d. Assess the oxygen saturation.

ANS: D The patient's history and clinical manifestations suggest a fat embolus. The most important assessment is oxygenation. The other actions also are appropriate but will be done after the nurse assesses gas exchange.

A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who has a facial rash and alopecia tells the nurse, "I hate the way I look! I never go anywhere except here to the health clinic." An appropriate nursing diagnosis for the patient is a. activity intolerance related to fatigue and inactivity. b. impaired social interaction related to lack of social skills. c. impaired skin integrity related to itching and skin sloughing. d. social isolation related to embarrassment about the effects of SLE.

ANS: D The patient's statement about not going anywhere because of hating the way he or she looks supports the diagnosis of social isolation because of embarrassment about the effects of the SLE. Activity intolerance is a possible problem for patients with SLE, but the information about this patient does not support this as a diagnosis. The rash with SLE is nonpruritic. There is no evidence of lack of social skills for this patient.

When taking a patient history during assessment of the musculoskeletal system, the nurse identifies an increased risk for the patient who reports a. that a parent became much shorter with aging. b. a sprained ankle 2 years previously. c. a family history of tuberculosis. d. taking over-the-counter (OTC) ibuprofen (Advil) for occasional aches.

Answer: A Rationale: A family history of height loss with aging may indicate osteoporosis, and the patient may need to consider preventative actions, such as calcium supplements. A sprained ankle 2 years previously will not cause any current or future musculoskeletal problems. A family history of tuberculosis is not a risk factor. Occasional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use does not indicate any increased musculoskeletal risk. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1621 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Based on the nurse's understanding of the physiology of bone and cartilage, the injury that the nurse would expect to heal most rapidly is a a. fracture of the midhumerus. b. torn knee cruciate ligament. c. fractured nose. d. severely sprained ankle.

Answer: A Rationale: Bone is dynamic tissue that is continually growing. Nasal fracture, sprains, and ligament tears injure cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, which are slower to heal. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1615 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

1. A patient with an open fracture of the left tibia and soft tissue damage underwent a surgical reduction and fixation of the tibia with debridement of nonviable tissue and drain placement. When assessing the patient during the postoperative period, the nurse will be most concerned about a. fever with chills and night sweats. b. light yellow drainage from the wound. c. pain on movement of the affected limb. d. muscle spasms around the affected bone.

Answer: A Rationale: Fever, chills, and night sweats are suggestive of osteomyelitis. The other clinical manifestations are typical after a fracture repair. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1669 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

4. A patient has chronic osteomyelitis of the left femur, which is being managed at home with self-administration of IV antibiotics. On a home visit, the nurse identifies the nursing diagnosis of ineffective therapeutic regimen management when the nurse finds that the patient a. is unable to plantar-flex the foot on the affected side. b. uses crutches to avoid weight bearing on the affected leg. c. takes and records the oral temperature twice a day. d. is irritable and frustrated with the length of treatment required.

Answer: A Rationale: Footdrop is an indication that the foot is not being supported in a neutral position by a splint. Using crutches and monitoring the oral temperature are appropriate self-care activities. Frustration with the length of treatment is not an indicator of ineffective management of the osteomyelitis. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1672 Nursing Process: Diagnosis NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

18. When planning care for a patient who will be treated with 2 days of bed rest for low back pain, which intervention will the nurse include? a. Telling the patient about the importance of a high fiber and fluid intake b. Instructing the patient to avoid positioning the knee in the flexed position c. Educating the patient that continuous heat application will reduce pain d. Teaching the patient that the prone position will help relieve back pain

Answer: A Rationale: Prevention of constipation caused by immobility is a goal for the patient with low back pain. The knee should be flexed to prevent pressure on the muscles and support structures of the spine. Heat and cold should be alternated. The prone position places more strain on the back and should be avoided. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1676 Nursing Process: Planning NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

8. A patient whose work involves loading and unloading boxes has a history of chronic back pain. Which statement after the nurse has taught the patient about correct body mechanics indicates that the teaching has been effective? a. "I plan to start doing sit-ups and leg lifts to strengthen the muscles of my back." b. "I will try to sleep with my hips and knees extended to prevent back strain." c. "I can tell my boss that I need to change to a job where I can work at a desk." d. "I will keep my back straight when I need to lift anything higher than my waist."

Answer: A Rationale: Sit-ups and leg lifts will help to strengthen the muscles that support the back. Flexion of the hips and knees places less strain on the back. Modifications in the way the patient lifts boxes are needed, but sitting for prolonged periods can aggravate back pain. The patient should not lift above the level of the elbows. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1677 Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

A patient is seen at the urgent care center following a blunt injury to the left knee. The knee is grossly swollen and very painful, but the skin is intact. During an arthrocentesis on the patient's knee, the nurse would expect the aspirated fluid to appear a. sanguineous. b. purulent and thick. c. straw colored. d. white, thick, and ropelike.

Answer: A Rationale: The patient's clinical manifestations suggest hemarthrosis, and the appearance of blood in the synovial fluid is expected. Purulent fluid occurs when there is a joint infection. Straw-colored fluid is normal and will not be expected when the knee is swollen and painful. Thick fluid suggests infection. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Text Reference: p. 1628 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

Which information obtained during the nurse's assessment of the patient's nutritional-metabolic pattern may indicate the risk for musculoskeletal problems? a. The patient is 5 ft 2 in and weighs 180 lb. b. The patient prefers whole milk to nonfat milk. c. The patient dislikes fruits and vegetables. d. The patient takes a multivitamin daily.

Answer: A Rationale: The patient's height and weight indicate obesity, which places stress on weight-bearing joints. The use of whole milk, avoiding fruits and vegetables, and use of a daily multivitamin are not risk factors for musculoskeletal problems. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1621 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

11. After teaching a patient with a bunion about how to prevent further problems, the nurse will determine that more teaching is needed if the patient says, a. "I will wear soft slippers whenever possible." b. "I will throw away my high heel shoes." c. "I will use the bunion pad to relieve the pain." d. "I will take ibuprofen (Motrin) when I need it."

Answer: A Rationale: The shank of the shoe should be rigid enough to support the foot. The other patient statements indicate that the teaching has been effective. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1684-1685 Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

When the health care provider tells a patient that the pain in the patient's knee is caused by bursitis, the patient asks the nurse to explain just what bursitis is. The nurse's best response would be to tell the patient bursitis is an inflammation of a. the fibrocartilage that acts as a shock absorber in the knee joint. b. a small, fluid-filled sac found at many joints. c. any connective tissue that is found supporting the joints of the body. d. the synovial membrane that lines the area between two bones of a joint.

Answer: B Rationale: Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that cushion joints and bony prominences. Fibrocartilage is a solid tissue that cushions some joints. Bursae are a specific type of connective tissue. The synovial membrane lines many joints but is not a bursa. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Text Reference: p. 1618 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

17. A patient is receiving gentamicin (Garamycin) 80 mg IV twice daily for acute osteomyelitis. Which action should the nurse take before administering the gentamicin? a. Obtain the patient's oral temperature. b. Review the patient's BUN and creatinine levels. c. Ask the patient about any nausea. d. Change the wet-to-dry dressing.

Answer: B Rationale: Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and can cause renal failure. Monitoring the patient's temperature before gentamicin administration is not necessary. Nausea is not a common side effect of IV gentamicin. There is no need to change the dressing before gentamicin administration. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1670 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

2. A patient is hospitalized for initiation of regional antibiotic perfusion for acute osteomyelitis of the right femur. Which intervention will be included in the plan of care? a. Frequent weight-bearing exercise b. Immobilization of the right leg c. Avoid administration of NSAIDs d. Support right leg in a flexed position

Answer: B Rationale: Immobilization of the affected leg helps to decrease pain and reduce the risk for pathologic fractures. Weight-bearing exercise increases the risk for pathologic fractures. NSAIDs are frequently prescribed to treat pain. Flexion of the affected limb is avoided to prevent contractures. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1670-1671 Nursing Process: Planning NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

5. Which statement by a patient who is scheduled for an above-the-knee amputation for treatment of an osteogenic sarcoma of the right tibia indicates that patient teaching is needed? a. "I wish that I did not have to have chemotherapy after this surgery." b. "I do not mind the surgery because it will finally cure the cancer." c. "I know that I will need lots of physical therapy after surgery." d. "I will use the patient-controlled analgesia to help control my pain level after surgery."

Answer: B Rationale: Osteogenic sarcoma is an aggressive cancer with early metastasis and is not considered cured by surgery alone. Postoperative chemotherapy will also be required. The other patient statements indicate that patient teaching has been effective. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1674 Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

12. An assessment finding that alerts the nurse to the presence of osteoporosis in a middle-aged patient is a. the presence of bowed legs. b. measurable loss of height. c. an aversion to dairy products. d. statements about frequent falls.

Answer: B Rationale: Osteoporosis occurring in the vertebrae produces a gradual loss of height. Bowed legs are associated with osteomalacia. Low intake of dairy products is a risk factor for osteoporosis, but it does not indicate that osteoporosis is present. Frequent falls increase the risk for fractures but are not an indicator of osteoporosis. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Text Reference: p. 1687 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

The nurse is assessing the passive range of motion of a patient's shoulder. The patient complains of pain during circumduction when the nurse moves the arm behind the patient. Which question should the nurse ask? a. "Do you ever have trouble making it to the toilet?" b. "Do you have difficulty in putting on a jacket?" c. "Are you able to feed yourself without difficulty?" d. "How well are you able to sleep at night?"

Answer: B Rationale: The patient's pain will make it more difficult to accomplish tasks like putting on a shirt or jacket. This pain should not impact the patient's ability to feed himself or herself or use the toilet because these tasks do not involve moving the arm behind the patient. The arm will not usually be positioned behind the patient during sleeping. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1620-1622 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

When the nurse is assessing a new patient in the clinic, which information about the patient's medications will be of most concern? a. The patient takes hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to prevent "hot flashes." b. The patient takes a daily multivitamin and calcium supplement. c. The patient has severe asthma and requires frequent therapy with steroids. d. The patient has migraine headaches which are treated with NSAIDs.

Answer: C Rationale: Corticosteroid use may lead to skeletal problems such as avascular necrosis and osteoporosis. The use of HRT and calcium supplements will help prevent osteoporosis. NSAID use does not increase the risk for musculoskeletal problems. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1619 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

A patient with gout is treated with drug therapy to prevent future attacks. The nurse teaches the patient that is is the most important to a. avoid all foods high in purine, such as organ meats b. have periodic determination of serum uric acid levels c. perform active ROM of all joints that have been affected by gout d. increase the dosage of medication with the onset of an acute attack

B. have periodic determination of serum uric acid levels

A patient with kyphosis is scheduled for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) testing. The nurse will plan to a. start an intravenous line. b. screen the patient for shellfish allergies. c. teach the patient that DEXA is noninvasive. d. give an oral sedative.

Answer: C Rationale: DEXA testing is painless and noninvasive. No IV access is necessary. Contrast medium is not used. Because the procedure is painless, no antianxiety medications are required. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1625 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

13. A 58-year-old woman who has been menopausal for 5 years is diagnosed with osteoporosis following densitometry testing. The woman has been concerned about her risk for osteoporosis because her mother has the condition. In teaching the woman about her osteoporosis, the nurse explains that a. with a family history of osteoporosis, there is no way to prevent or slow gradual bone resorption. b. estrogen replacement therapy must be started to prevent rapid progression of her osteoporosis. c. even with a family history of osteoporosis, the calcium loss from bones can be slowed by increased calcium intake and exercise. d. continuous, low-dose corticosteroid treatment is effective in stopping the course of osteoporosis.

Answer: C Rationale: Progression of osteoporosis can be slowed by increasing calcium intake and weight-bearing exercise. Estrogen replacement therapy does help to prevent osteoporosis, but it is not the only treatment and is not appropriate for some patients. Corticosteroid therapy increases the risk for osteoporosis. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1689 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

19. Which of these nursing actions included in the care of a patient after laminectomy can the nurse delegate to an experienced nursing assistant? a. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the PCA b. Monitoring plantar and dorsiflexion of the feet c. Logrolling the patient from side to side every 2 hours d. Determining the patient's readiness to ambulate

Answer: C Rationale: Repositioning a patient is included in the education and scope of practice of nursing assistants, and an experienced nursing assistant would be familiar with logrolling. Evaluation of the effectiveness of pain medications, assessment of neurologic function, and evaluation of a patient's readiness to ambulate after surgery require higher-level nursing education and scope of practice. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1683-1684 Nursing Process: Planning NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment

7. The nurse identifies a nursing diagnosis of pain related to muscle spasms for a patient with acute low back pain associated with acute lumbosacral strain. An appropriate nursing intervention for this problem is to teach the patient to a. twist gently from side to side to maintain range-of-motion in the spine. b. place a small pillow under the upper back to flex the lumbar spine gently. c. keep the head elevated slightly and flex the knees when resting in bed. d. avoid the use of cold because it will exacerbate the muscle spasms.

Answer: C Rationale: Resting with the head elevated and knees flexed will reduce the strain on the back and decrease muscle spasms. Twisting from side to side will increase tension on the lumbar area. A pillow placed under the upper back will cause strain on the lumbar spine. Alternate application of cold and heat should be used to decrease pain. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1676-1677 Nursing Process: Planning NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

During assessment of the musculoskeletal system of a 74-year-old woman, the nurse notes that the patient has lost 1 inch in height since the previous visit two years ago. The nurse will plan to teach the patient about a. diskography studies. b. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). c. dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). d. myelographic testing.

Answer: C Rationale: The decreased height and the patient's age suggest that the patient may have osteoporosis and that bone density testing is needed. Diskography, MRI, and myelography are typically done for patients with current symptoms caused by musculoskeletal dysfunction and are not the initial diagnostic test for osteoporosis. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1619, 1625 Nursing Process: Planning NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

3. A patient is being discharged after 2 weeks of IV antibiotic therapy for acute osteomyelitis in the left leg. Which information will be included in the discharge teaching? a. The reason for taking oral antibiotics for 7 to 10 days after discharge b. The need for daily aerobic exercise to help maintain muscle strength c. How to monitor and care for the long-term IV catheter site d. How to apply warm packs safely to the leg to reduce pain

Answer: C Rationale: The patient will be on IV antibiotics for several months, and the patient will need to recognize signs of infection at the IV site and how to care for the catheter during daily activities such as bathing. IV antibiotics rather than oral antibiotics are used for acute osteomyelitis. Patients are instructed to avoid exercise and heat application because these will increase swelling and the risk for spreading infection. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1670 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

When assessing the musculoskeletal system, the nurse's initial action will usually be to a. have the patient move the extremities against resistance. b. feel for the presence of crepitus during joint movement. c. observe the patient's body build and muscle configuration. d. check active and passive range of motion for the extremities.

Answer: C Rationale: The usual technique in the physical assessment is to begin with inspection. Abnormalities in muscle mass or configuration will allow the nurse to perform a more focused assessment of abnormal areas. The other assessments are also included in the assessment but are usually done after inspection. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Text Reference: p. 1621 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

15. When administering alendronate (Fosamax) to a patient, the nurse will first a. administer the ordered calcium carbonate. b. be sure the patient has recently eaten. c. assist the patient to sit up at the bedside. d. ask about any leg cramps or hot flashes.

Answer: C Rationale: To avoid esophageal erosions, the patient taking bisphosphonates should be upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication. Fosamax should be taken on an empty stomach, not after taking other medications or eating. Leg cramps and hot flashes are not side effects of bisphosphonates. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1689 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

9. A patient with a herniated intravertebral disk undergoes a laminectomy and diskectomy. Following the surgery, the nurse should position the patient on the side by a. elevating the head of the bed 30 degrees and having the patient extend the legs while turning to the side. b. turning the patient's head and shoulders and then the hips, keeping the patient centered in the bed. c. having the patient turn by grasping the side rails and pulling the shoulders over. d. placing a pillow between the patient's legs and turning the entire body as a unit.

Answer: D Rationale: Logrolling is used to maintain correct body alignment after laminectomy. The other positions will create misalignment of the spine. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1683 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient suffers an injury to the shoulder while playing football. To identify abnormalities of cartilage and soft tissue surrounding the joint, the nurse would expect the patient to be evaluated with a. radioisotope bone scanning. b. arthroscopy. c. standard x-rays. d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Answer: D Rationale: MRI is most useful in assessing for soft tissue injuries. Bone scanning and standard radiographs are used to assess for injures or lesions of bone. Arthroscopy is used for visualizing the joints. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Text Reference: p. 1625 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient has a new order for open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate for right femur osteomyelitis. Which information obtained by the nurse indicates that the nurse should consult with the health care provider before scheduling an MRI? a. The patient is claustrophobic. b. The patient wears a hearing aid. c. The patient is allergic to shellfish. d. The patient has a pacemaker.

Answer: D Rationale: Patients with permanent pacemakers cannot have MRI. An open MRI will not cause claustrophobia. The patient will need to be instructed to remove the hearing aid before the MRI, but this does not require consultation with the health care provider. Contrast medium will not be used, so shellfish allergy is not a contraindication to MRI. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1625 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

6. A 20-year-old patient with a 6-year history of muscular dystrophy is hospitalized with a respiratory tract infection. Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care? a. Logroll the patient every 1 to 2 hours. b. Teach the patient about the muscle biopsy procedure. c. Provide the patient with a pureed diet. d. Assist the patient with active range-of-motion (ROM) exercises.

Answer: D Rationale: The goal for the patient with muscular dystrophy is to keep the patient active for as long as possible. The patient would not be confined to bed rest and would not require logrolling. Muscle biopsies are necessary to confirm the diagnosis but would not be ordered for a patient who already had a diagnosis. There is no indication that the patient requires a pureed diet. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1675 Nursing Process: Planning NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

10. Following a laminectomy with a spinal fusion, a patient reports numbness and tingling of the right lower leg. The first action indicated by the nurse is to a. report the patient's complaint to the surgeon. b. check the vital signs for indications of hemorrhage. c. turn the patient to the side to relieve pressure on the operative area. d. check the chart for preoperative neuromuscular assessment data.

Answer: D Rationale: The postoperative movement and sensation of the extremities should be unchanged (or improved) from the preoperative assessment. If the numbness and tingling are new, this information should be immediately reported to the surgeon. Numbness and tingling are not symptoms associated with hemorrhage at the site. Turning the patient will not relieve the numbness. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1683 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient's ankle is severely sprained the dr directs the nurse to wrap the patients lower extremity with an elastic bandage. Where should the nurse begin applying the bandage?

At the metatarsals

After teaching a patient with RA about the prescribed therapeutic regimen, the nurse determines that further instruction is needed when the patient says, a. it is important for me to perform my prescribed exercises every day b. I should perform most of my daily chores in the morning when my energy level is highest c. an ice pack to a joint for 10 minutes may help relieve pain and inflammation when I have an acute flare d. I can use assistive devices such as padded utensils, electric can openers, and elevated toilet seats to protect my joints

B. I should perform most of my daily chores in the morning when my energy level is highest

A patient with newly diagnosed SLE asks the nurse how the disease will affect her life. The best response by the nurse is a. You can plan to have a near-normal life since SLE rarely causes death b. it is difficult to tell because to disease is so variable in its severity and progression c. life span is shortened somewhat in people with SLE, but the disease can be controlled with long-term use of corticosteroids d. most people with SLE have alternating periods of remissions and exacerbations with rapid progression to permanent organ damage

B. it is difficult to tell because the disease is so variable in its severity and progression

To preserve function and the ability to perform activities of daily living, the nurse teaches the patient with OA to a. avoid exercise that involves the affected joints b. plan and organize less stressful ways to perform tasks c. maintain normal activities during an acute episode to prevent loss of function d. use mild analgesics to control symptoms when performing tasks that cause pain

B. plan and organize less stressful ways to perform tasks

A 70-year old patient is being evaluated for symptoms of RA. The nurse recognizes that a major problem in the management of RA in the older adult is that a. RA is usually more severe in older adults b. older patients are not as likely to comply with treatment regimens c. drug interactions and toxicity are more likely to occur with multidrug therapy d. laboratory and other diagnostic tests are not effective in identifying RA in older adults

C. drug interactions and toxicity are more likely to occur with multidrug therapy

A patient with OA uses NSAIDs to decrease pain and inflammation. The nurse teaches the patient that common side effects of these drugs include a. allergic reactions, fever, and oral lesions b. fluid retention, hypertension, and bruising c. skin rashes, gastric irritation, and headache d. prolonged bleeding time, blood dyscrasias, and hepatic damage

C. skin rashes, gastric irritation, and headacche

The health care provider initially orders bed rest for a patient with an open-book pelvic fracture. Which assessment data obtained by the nurse are most important to report to the health care provider? a. The bowel tones are absent. b. There is an unusual amount of pelvic movement. c. The patient complains of level 4 abdominal pain on a 10-point pain scale. d. There is bruising of the abdomen.

Correct Answer: A Rationale: Absent bowel tones may be due to complications of pelvic fractures such as paralytic ileus, hemorrhage, or trauma to the bladder, urethra, or colon. Unusual pelvic movement, abdominal pain, and abdominal bruising would be expected with this type of injury.

Which typical clinical manifestation does the nurse expect to observe for a client with a right tibial fracture?

Crepitation of extremity Correct: On assessment, crepitation (a continuous grating sound created by bone fragments) may be heard when the affected extremity is moved.

On the first postoperative day, a patient with a below-the-knee amputation complains of pain in the amputated limb. An appropriate action by the nurse is to a. administer prescribed opioids to relieve the pain. b. explain the reasons for phantom limb pain. c. loosen the compression bandage to decrease incisional pressure. d. remind the patient that this phantom pain will diminish over time.

Correct Answer: A Rationale: Phantom limb pain is treated like any other type of postoperative pain would be treated. Explanations of the reason for the pain may be given, but the nurse should still medicate the patient. The compression bandage is left in place except during physical therapy or bathing. Although the pain may decrease over time, it still requires treatment now. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Text Reference: pp. 1660-1661 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A 20-year-old baseball pitcher has an arthroscopic repair of a rotator cuff injury performed in same-day surgery. When the nurse plans postoperative teaching for the patient, which information will be included? a. "You have an appointment with a physical therapist for tomorrow." b. "Leave the shoulder immobilizer on for the first few days to minimize pain." c. "The doctor will use the drop-arm test to determine the success of the procedure." d. "You should try to find a different position to play on the baseball team."

Correct Answer: A Rationale: Physical therapy after a rotator cuff repair begins on the first postoperative day to prevent "frozen shoulder." A shoulder immobilizer is used immediately after the surgery, but leaving the arm immobilized for several days would lead to loss of ROM. The drop-arm test is used to test for rotator cuff injury, but not after surgery. The patient may be able to return to pitching after rehabilitation.

9. A patient with a fractured radius asks when the cast can be removed. The nurse will instruct the patient that the cast can be removed only after the bone a. is strong enough to stand mild stress. b. union is complete on the x-ray. c. fragments are fully fused. d. healing has started.

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The cast may be removed when callus ossification has occurred. It is not necessary to wait until radiologic union or complete bone fusion occurs. Bone healing starts immediately after the injury, but the cast will need to be worn at least 3 weeks.

11. A patient in the emergency department is diagnosed with a patellar dislocation. The initial patient teaching by the nurse will focus on the need for a. conscious sedation. b. a knee immobilizer. c. gentle knee flexion. d. cast application.

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The first goal of collaborative management is realignment of the knee to its original anatomic position, which will require anesthesia or conscious sedation. Immobilization of the joint will be done after realignment. Later, gentle ROM exercises may be started if the joint is stable. Casting is not usually required for dislocations. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1632 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient with severe ulnar drift caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is scheduled for an arthroplasty of the right hand and fingers. The nurse determines that the patient has realistic expectations of the outcome of surgery when the patient says, a. "I will be able to use my fingers to grasp objects better." b. "My fingers will appear normal in size and shape after this surgery." c. "This procedure will prevent further deformity in my hands and fingers." d. "I will not have to do as many hand exercises after the surgery."

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The goal of hand surgery in RA is to restore function, not to correct for cosmetic deformity or treat the underlying process. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1664 Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient who has severe peripheral arterial disease and ischemic foot ulcers is upset with the health care provider's recommendation to have an above-the-knee amputation. The patient tells the nurse, "If they want to cut off my leg, they should just shoot me instead." The most appropriate response to the patient's statement is, a. "Let's talk about how you feel this surgery will affect you." b. "If you do not want the surgery, you do not have to have it." c. "I understand why you are upset, but there really is no choice because your leg is so badly diseased." d. "Many people are able to function normally with a prosthesis after amputation, and you can too."

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The initial nursing action should be to assess how the patient feels about the amputation and what the patient knows about the procedure and rehabilitation process. Discussion about the patient's option to not have the procedure, the reason the procedure is needed, or rehabilitation after the procedure may be appropriate after the nurse knows more about the patient's current level of knowledge and emotional state. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1659 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity

All these medications are ordered at 9:00 AM for a patient who has had a right-hip replacement the previous day and is scheduled to ambulate with the physical therapist for the first time at 9:45. Which medication should be given first? a. Oxycodone (Roxicodone) 5 mg PO b. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 500 mg IV c. Enoxaparin (Lovenox) 30 mg SC d. Psyllium (Metamucil) 1 tsp PO

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The pain medication should be given so that it has time to take effect before the patient is ambulated. The other medications will not affect whether the patient can ambulate or not, although the antibiotic and anticoagulant medications should be given as soon as possible in order to maintain therapeutic blood levels. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1647 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

10. A patient with a comminuted fracture of the right femur has Buck's traction in place while waiting for surgery. To assess for pressure areas on the patient's back and sacral area and to provide skin care, the nurse should a. have the patient lift the buttocks by bending and pushing with the left leg. b. turn the patient partially to each side with the assistance of another nurse. c. place a pillow between the patient's legs and turn gently to each side. d. loosen the traction and have the patient turn onto the unaffected side.

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The patient can lift the buttocks off the bed by using the left leg without changing the right-leg alignment. Turning the patient will tend to move the leg out of alignment. Disconnecting the traction will interrupt the weight needed to immobilize and align the fracture.

31. When preparing a patient to ambulate the day after an ORIF for a hip fracture, which action is most important for the nurse to take? a. Administering the ordered oral opioid pain medication b. Instructing the patient about the benefits of ambulation c. Ensuring that the incisional drain has been discontinued d. Changing the hip dressing and document the appearance of the site

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The patient should be adequately medicated for pain before any attempt to ambulate. Instructions about the benefits of ambulation may increase the patient's willingness to ambulate, but decreasing pain with ambulation is more important. The presence of an incisional drain or timing of dressing change will not impact on ambulation. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1654, 1647 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient with comminuted fractures of the tibia and fibula is treated with open reduction and application of an external fixator. The next day, the patient complains of severe pain in the leg, which is unrelieved by ordered analgesics. The patient's toes are pink, but the patient complains of numbness and tingling. The most appropriate action by the nurse is to a. notify the patient's health care provider. b. check the patient's blood pressure. c. assess the external fixator pins for redness or drainage. d. elevate the extremity and apply ice over the wound site.

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The patient's clinical manifestations point to compartment syndrome and delay in diagnosis, and treatment may lead to severe functional impairment. There is no reason to suspect that patient's symptoms are caused by hypotension or hypertension or by infection at the pin sites. Elevation of or ice application to the leg will decrease arterial flow and further reduce perfusion. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1650-1651 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

7. A 22-year-old patient started an exercise regimen 2 months ago that includes running 3 to 4 miles a day. The patient tells the nurse, "I enjoy my daily runs, but now I have shin splints." Which response by the nurse is appropriate? a. "You may be increasing your running time too quickly and need to cut back a little bit." b. "You need to have x-rays of your lower legs to be sure you do not have stress fractures." c. "You should expect some leg pain while running." d. "You should try speed-walking rather than running."

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The patient's information about running 3 to 4 miles daily after starting an exercise program only 2 months previously suggests that the shin splints are caused by overuse. Radiographs are not indicated for the type of injury described by the patient. Shin splints are not a normal or expected response to running. Because the patient expresses enjoyment of running, it would not be appropriate for the nurse to suggest a different sport. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1630 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

13. Following the application of a hip spica cast for a patient with a fracture of the proximal third of the left femur, an appropriate nursing intervention is to a. use the cast support bar to reposition the patient every 2 to 3 hours. b. ask the patient about any abdominal discomfort or nausea. c. discuss the reasons for remaining on bed rest for several weeks. d. promote drying of the cast by placing the patient in a prone position every 4 hours.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: Assessment of bowel tones, abdominal pain, and nausea and vomiting will detect the development of cast syndrome. To avoid breakage, the support bar should not be used for repositioning. After the cast dries, the patient can begin ambulating with the assistance of physical therapy personnel. The patient should not be placed in the prone position until the cast has dried to avoid breaking the cast. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1640 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient is seen at the urgent care center after falling on the right arm and shoulder. It will be most important for the nurse to determine a. whether there is bruising at the shoulder area. b. whether the right arm is shorter than the left. c. the amount of pain the patient is experiencing. d. how much range of motion (ROM) is present.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: A shorter limb after a fall indicates a possible dislocation, which is an orthopedic emergency. The nurse will expect bruising and pain at the area, even without an injury that requires surgery. The shoulder should be immobilized until it is evaluated by the health care provider.

A patient arrives in the emergency department with ankle swelling and severe pain after twisting the ankle playing soccer. All of the following orders are written by the health care provider. Which one will the nurse act on first? a. Administer naproxen (Naprosyn) 500 mg PO. b. Wrap the ankle and apply an ice pack. c. Give acetaminophen with codeine (Tylenol #3). d. Take the patient to the radiology department for x-rays.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: Immediate care after a sprain or strain injury includes the application of cold and compression to the injury to minimize swelling. The other actions should be taken after the ankle is wrapped with a compression bandage and ice is applied. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1631 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

35. When giving home-care instructions to a patient who has multiple forearm fractures and a long-arm cast on the right arm, which information should the nurse include? a. Keep the hand immobile to prevent soft tissue swelling. b. Call the health care provider for increased swelling or numbness. c. Keep the right shoulder elevated on a pillow or cushion. d. Avoid the use of NSAIDs for the first 48 hours after the injury.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: Increased swelling or numbness may indicate increased pressure at the injury, and the health care provider should be notified immediately to avoid damage to nerves and other tissues. The patient should be encouraged to move the joints above and below the cast to avoid stiffness. There is no need to elevate the shoulder, although the forearm should be elevated to reduce swelling. NSAIDs are appropriate to treat pain after a fracture. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1646 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient is to be discharged from the hospital 4 days after undergoing a total hip arthroplasty. A statement by the patient that indicates a need for additional discharge instructions is a. "I should not cross my legs while sitting." b. "I can sleep in any position that is comfortable for me." c. "I will use a toilet elevator on the toilet seat." d. "I will have someone else put on my shoes and socks."

Correct Answer: B Rationale: The patient needs to sleep in a position that allows excessive internal rotation or flexion of the hip. The other patient statements indicate that the patient has understood the teaching. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1654 Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

When getting a patient from the bed into the chair for the first time since having an ORIF of a hip fracture, the nurse should a. use a mechanical lift to transfer the patient from the bed to the chair. b. assist the patient to use a walker with partial weight bearing to assist in transfer to the chair. c. have the patient use crutches with a swing-through gait to transfer. d. ask a nursing assistant to help the patient to stand at the bedside and pivot to the chair.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: The patient will use an assistive device such as a walker to help with the initial transfers and ambulation. A mechanical lift is not needed. Crutch walking is taught before discharge but would not be used for the initial transfer. The RN, not a nursing assistant, should supervise the patient during the initial transfer to evaluate how well the patient is able to accomplish this skill.

A patient who has been hospitalized for 3 days with a hip fracture and Buck's traction has sudden onset shortness of breath and tachypnea. The patient tells the nurse, "I feel like I am going to die!" Which action should the nurse take first? a. Stay with the patient and offer reassurance. b. Administer oxygen at 4 L/min by a nasal cannula. c. Notify the health care provider about the patient's symptoms. d. Check the patient's legs for swelling or tenderness.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: The patient's clinical manifestations and history are consistent with a pulmonary embolus, and the nurse's first action should be to ensure adequate oxygenation. The nurse should offer reassurance to the patient, but meeting the physiologic need for oxygen is a higher priority. The health care provider should be notified after the oxygen is started and pulse oximetry and assessment for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are obtained. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1646 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient undergoes a right below-the-knee amputation with an immediate prosthetic fitting. When the patient is returned to the nursing unit, the nurse should a. check the surgical site for hemorrhage. b. take the patient's vital signs frequently. c. keep the residual leg elevated on a pillow. d. place the patient in a prone position.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: The vital signs should be monitored frequently to assess for hemorrhage because the nurse will not be able to visualize the surgical site. Flexion contracture of the hip would be encouraged by elevating the residual limb on a pillow. The patient is placed in a prone position after amputation to prevent hip flexion, but this would not be done during the immediate postoperative period. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1660 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient hospitalized with multiple fractures has a long-arm plaster cast applied for immobilization of a fractured left radius. Until the cast has completely dried, the nurse should a. keep the left arm in a dependent position. b. handle the cast with the palms of the hands. c. place gauze around the cast edge to pad any roughness. d. cover the cast with a small blanket to absorb the dampness.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: Until a plaster cast has dried, placing pressure on the cast should be avoided to prevent creating areas inside the cast that could place pressure on the arm. The left arm should be elevated to prevent swelling. The edges of the cast may be petaled once the cast is dry, but padding the edges before that may cause the cast to be misshapen. The cast should not be covered until it is dry because heat builds up during drying.

In developing a care plan for a patient with an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of an open, displaced fracture of the tibia, the priority nursing diagnosis is a. risk for constipation related to prolonged bed rest. b. activity intolerance related to deconditioning. c. risk for infection related to disruption of skin integrity. d. risk for impaired skin integrity related to immobility.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: A patient having an ORIF is at risk for problems such as wound infection and osteomyelitis. After an ORIF, patients typically are mobilized starting the first postoperative day, so problems caused by immobility are not as likely. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1638 Nursing Process: Diagnosis NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient with severe osteoarthritis of the left knee has undergone left-knee arthroplasty with replacement of the total knee joint with a plastic prosthesis. Postoperatively, the nurse expects care of the leg to include a. bed rest for 3 days with the left leg immobilized in an extended position. b. use of a compression bandage to hold the left knee in a flexed position. c. progressive leg exercises to obtain 90-degree flexion. d. early ambulation with full weight bearing on the left leg.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: After knee arthroplasty, active or passive flexion exercises are used to obtain a 90-degree flexion of the knee. The patient is ambulated the first postoperative day. A compression bandage is used to hold the knee in an extended position after surgery. Full weight bearing is expected before discharge, but it is not started early after surgery. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1664 Nursing Process: Planning NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient with an intracapsular fracture of the left femur is placed in Buck's traction before surgery for a hip replacement. The patient asks why traction is necessary when surgery is planned. The nurse's response to the patient is based on the knowledge that traction a. will help prevent flexion contractures of the affected hip. b. is necessary to prevent displacement of the fracture. c. will decrease the incidence of painful muscle spasms d. is used to maintain the leg in the external rotation position.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: Buck's traction keeps the leg immobilized and reduces muscle spasm. Flexion contractures are not likely to occur during the short time before surgery. Displacement of the hip is prevented by keeping the patient on bed rest before surgery. The leg is externally rotated because of the hip fracture, not because of traction. Cognitive Level: Comprehension Text Reference: p. 1653 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

Following x-rays of an injured wrist, the patient is informed that it is badly sprained. In teaching the patient to care for the injury, the nurse tells the patient to a. apply a heating pad to reduce muscle spasms. b. wear an elastic compression bandage continuously. c. use pillows to keep the arm elevated above the heart. d. gently exercise the joint to prevent muscle shortening.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: Elevation of the arm will reduce the amount of swelling and pain. For the first 24 to 48 hours, cold packs are used to reduce swelling. Compression bandages are not left on continuously. The wrist should be rested and kept immobile to prevent further swelling or injury.

22. After falling at home, a patient is admitted to the emergency department, where x-rays confirm the presence of an extracapsular fracture of the femur. When assessing the patient, the nurse would expect to find a. bruising of the left hip and thigh. b. numbness in the left leg and hip. c. outward pointing toes on the left leg. d. weak or nonpalpable left leg pulses.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: External rotation of the leg is a classic sign associated with a hip fracture. Bruising does not always appear rapidly, and bruising extending to the thigh might indicate hemorrhage. Numbness and decreased pulses are not typical of a hip fracture unless there is associated tissue swelling and trauma to blood vessels.

A patient has a short-arm plaster cast applied at the outpatient center for a wrist fracture. An understanding of discharge teaching is apparent when the patient says, a. "I can get the cast wet as long as I dry it right away with a hair dryer." b. "I should avoid moving my fingers and elbow until the cast is removed." c. "I will apply an ice pack to the cast over the fracture site for the next 24 hours." d. "I can rub lotion on any itching areas under the cast with a cotton-tipped applicator."

Correct Answer: C Rationale: Ice application for the first 24 hours after a fracture will help to reduce swelling and can be placed over the cast. Plaster casts should not get wet. The patient should be encouraged to move the joints above and below the cast. Patients should not insert objects inside the cast.

A patient who has a proximal humerus fracture that is immobilized with a left-sided long-arm cast, and a sling is admitted to the medical-surgical unit. Which nursing intervention will be included in the plan of care? a. Use surgical net dressing to hang the arm from an IV pole. b. Immobilize the fingers on the left hand with gauze dressings. c. Assess the left axilla and change absorbent dressings as needed. d. Assist the patient in passive range of motion (ROM) for the right arm.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: The axilla can become excoriated when a sling is used to support the arm, and the nurse should check the axilla and apply absorbent dressings to prevent this. A patient with a sling would not have traction applied by hanging. The patient will be encouraged to move the fingers on the injured arm to maintain function and to help decrease swelling. The patient will do active ROM on the uninjured side. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1640 Nursing Process: Planning NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient is admitted to the emergency department with possible fractures of the bones of the left lower extremity. The initial action by the nurse should be to a. splint the lower leg. b. elevate the left leg. c. check the popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses. d. obtain information about the patient's tetanus immunization status.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: The initial nursing action should be assessment of the neurovascular status of the injured leg. After assessment, the nurse may need to splint and elevate the leg, based on the assessment data. Information about tetanus immunizations should be done if there is an open wound. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1642 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient is admitted with facial injuries after a bicycle accident and has a repair of a fractured mandible. When doing postoperative teaching, the nurse will include information about a. the use of sterile technique for dressing changes. b. the importance of including high-fiber foods in the diet. c. when the patient may need to cut the immobilizing wires. d. self-administration of nasogastric tube feedings.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: The jaw will be wired for stabilization, and the patient should know what emergency situations require that the wires be cut to protect the airway. There are no dressing changes for this procedure. The diet is liquid, and patients are not able to chew high-fiber foods. Initially, the patient may receive nasogastric tube feedings, but by discharge the patient will swallow liquid through a straw. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1657 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

3. A checkout clerk in a grocery store has muscle and tendon tears that have become inflamed, causing pain and weakness in the left hand and elbow. The nurse identifies these symptoms as related to a. muscle spasms. b. meniscus injury. c. repetitive strain injury. d. carpal tunnel syndrome.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: The patient's occupation and the inflammation, pain, and weakness in the elbow and hand suggest a repetitive strain injury. Muscle spasms would be characterized by a palpable, firm muscle mass during the spasm. Meniscus injury would affect the knee. Carpal tunnel syndrome is characterized by weakness and numbness of the hand.

When evaluating the crutch-walking technique of a patient with a right-leg long-leg cast and no weight bearing on the right leg, the nurse determines that the patient is prepared to ambulate independently with the crutches on observing that the patient a. uses the bedside chair to assist in balance as needed when ambulating in the room. b. keeps the padded area of the crutch firmly in the axillary area when ambulating. c. advances the right leg and both crutches together and then advances the left leg. d. moves the left crutch with the left leg and then the right crutch with the right leg.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: When using crutches, patients are usually taught to move the assistive device and the injured leg forward at the same time and then to move the unaffected leg. Patients are discouraged from using furniture to assist with ambulation. The patient is taught to place weight on the hands, not in the axilla, to avoid nerve damage. If the 2- or 4-point gaits are to be used, the crutch and leg on opposite sides move forward, not the crutch and same-side leg. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1648 Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment

A patient with lower-leg fractures has an external fixation device in place and is scheduled for discharge. Which information will the nurse include in the discharge teaching? a. "You will need to remain on bed rest until bone healing is complete." b. "The external fixator can be removed during the bath or shower." c. "Prophylactic antibiotics are needed until the external fixator is removed." d. "You will need to assess and clean the pin insertion sites daily."

Correct Answer: D Rationale: Pin insertion sites should be cleaned daily to decrease the risk for infection at the site. An external fixator allows the patient to be out of bed and avoid the risks of prolonged immobility. The device is surgically placed and is not removed until the bone is stable. Prophylactic antibiotics are not routinely given when an external fixator is used. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1641 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

4. When working with a patient whose job involves many hours of word processing, the nurse will teach the patient about the need to a. do stretching and warm-up exercises before starting work. b. wrap the wrists with a compression bandage every morning. c. use acetaminophen (Tylenol) instead of NSAIDs for wrist pain. d. obtain a keyboard pad to support the wrist while word processing.

Correct Answer: D Rationale: Repetitive strain injuries caused by prolonged times working at a keyboard can be prevented by the use of a pad that will keep the wrists in a straight position. Stretching exercises during the day may be helpful, but these would not be needed before starting. Use of a compression bandage is not needed, although a splint may be used for carpal tunnel syndrome. NSAIDs are appropriate to use to decrease swelling. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1633 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

12. Following a motor-vehicle accident, a patient arrives in the emergency department with massive right lower-leg swelling. Which action will the nurse take first? a. Elevate the leg on pillows. b. Apply a compression bandage. c. Place ice packs on the lower leg. d. Check leg pulses and sensation.

Correct Answer: D Rationale: The initial action by the nurse will be to assess the circulation to the leg and to observe for any evidence of injury such as fractures or dislocations. After the initial assessment, the other actions may be appropriate based on what is observed during the assessment.

The nurse provides discharge instructions to a patient with an above-the-knee amputation who will be fitted with a prosthesis when healing is complete and the residual limb is well molded. The nurse determines that teaching has been effective when the patient says, a. "I should change the limb sock when it becomes soiled or stretched out." b. "I should use lotion on the stump to prevent drying and cracking of the skin." c. "I should elevate my residual limb on a pillow 2 or 3 times a day." d. "I should lay on my abdomen for 30 minutes 3 or 4 times a day."

Correct Answer: D Rationale: The patient lies in the prone position several times daily to prevent flexion contractures of the hip. The limp sock should be changed daily. Lotion should not be used on the stump. The residual limb should not be elevated because this would encourage flexion contracture. Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1661 Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity

A patient with a fractured pelvis is initially treated with bed rest with no turning from side to side permitted. The second day after admission, the patient develops chest pain, tachypnea, and tachycardia. The nurse determines that the patient's symptoms are most likely related to fat embolism when assessment of the patient reveals a. a blood pressure of 100/65 mm Hg. b. anxiety, restlessness, and confusion. c. warm, reddened areas in the calf. d. pinpoint red areas on the upper chest.

Correct Answer: D Rationale: The presence of petechiae helps distinguish fat embolism from other problems. The other symptoms might occur with fat embolism but could also occur with other postoperative complications such as bleeding, myocardial infarction, venous thrombosis, or hypoxemia.

Teach the patient with ankylosing spondylitis the importance of a. regular exercise and maintaining proper posture b. continuing with physical activity during flare-ups c. avoiding extremes in environmental temperatures d. applying cool compresses for relief of local symptoms

Correct answer: A Rationale: Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) should exercise after pain and stiffness are managed. Postural control is important to minimize spinal deformity. The exercise regimen should include back, neck, and chest stretches. The nurse should educate the patient with AS about regular exercise and attention to posture, local moist-heat applications, and knowledgeable use of drugs. The nurse should discourage excessive physical exertion during periods of active flare-up of the disease. Proper positioning at rest is essential. The mattress should be firm, and the patient should sleep on the back with a flat pillow, avoiding positions that encourage flexion deformity. Postural training emphasizes avoiding spinal flexion (e.g., leaning over a desk), heavy lifting, and prolonged walking, standing, or sitting.

When administering medications to the patient with gout, the nurse would recognize which of the following as a treatment for chronic disease? a. Colchicine b. Febuxostat c. Sulfasalazine d. Cyclosporine

Correct answer: B Rationale: Febuxostat (Uloric), a selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, is given for long-term management of hyperuricemia in persons with chronic gout. Acute gouty arthritis is treated with colchicine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

When reinforcing health teaching about the management of osteoarthritis (OA), the nurse determines that the patient needs additional instruction after making which of the following statements? A. "I should take the Celebrex as prescribed to help control the pain." B. "I should try to stay standing all day to keep my joints from becoming stiff." C. "I can use a cane if I find it helpful in relieving the pressure on my back and hip." D. "A warm shower in the morning will help relieve the stiffness I have when I get up."

Correct answer: B. "I should try to stay standing all day to keep my joints from becoming stiff." Rationale: It is important to maintain a balance between rest and activity to prevent overstressing the joints with OA.

When reinforcing health teaching about the management of osteoarthritis (OA), the nurse determines that the patient needs additional instruction after making which of the following statements? A. "I should take the Celebrex as prescribed to help control the pain." B. "I should try to stay standing all day to keep my joints from becoming stiff." C. "I can use a cane if I find it helpful in relieving the pressure on my back and hip." D. "A warm shower in the morning will help relieve the stiffness I have when I get up."

Correct answer: B. "I should try to stay standing all day to keep my joints from becoming stiff." Rationale: It is important to maintain a balance between rest and activity to prevent overstressing the joints with OA.

The nurse is working with a 73-year-old patient with osteoarthritis (OA). In assessing the patient's understanding of this disorder, the nurse concludes teaching has been effective when the patient describes the condition as which of the following? A. Joint destruction caused by an autoimmune process B. Degeneration of articular cartilage in synovial joints C. Overproduction of synovial fluid resulting in joint destruction D. Breakdown of tissue in non-weight-bearing joints by enzymes

Correct answer: B. Degeneration of articular cartilage in synovial joints Rationale: OA is a degeneration or breakdown of the articular cartilage in synovial joints. The condition has also been referred to as degenerative joint disease.

The nurse is working with a 73-year-old patient with osteoarthritis (OA). In assessing the patient's understanding of this disorder, the nurse concludes teaching has been effective when the patient describes the condition as which of the following? A. Joint destruction caused by an autoimmune process B. Degeneration of articular cartilage in synovial joints C. Overproduction of synovial fluid resulting in joint destruction D. Breakdown of tissue in non-weight-bearing joints by enzymes

Correct answer: B. Degeneration of articular cartilage in synovial joints Rationale: OA is a degeneration or breakdown of the articular cartilage in synovial joints. The condition has also been referred to as degenerative joint disease.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has osteoarthritis (OA) of the knees. The nurse teaches the patient that the most beneficial measure to protect the joints is to do which of the following? A. Use a wheelchair to avoid walking as much as possible. B. Eat a well-balanced diet to maintain a healthy body weight. C. Use a walker for ambulation to relieve the pressure on her hips. D. Sit in chairs that do not cause her hips to be lower than her knees.

Correct answer: B. Eat a well-balanced diet to maintain a healthy body weight. Rationale: Because maintaining an appropriate load on the joints is essential to the preservation of articular cartilage integrity, the patient should maintain an optimal overall body weight or lose weight if overweight.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has osteoarthritis (OA) of the knees. The nurse teaches the patient that the most beneficial measure to protect the joints is to do which of the following? A. Use a wheelchair to avoid walking as much as possible. B. Eat a well-balanced diet to maintain a healthy body weight. C. Incorrect Use a walker for ambulation to relieve the pressure on her hips. D. Sit in chairs that do not cause her hips to be lower than her knees.

Correct answer: B. Eat a well-balanced diet to maintain a healthy body weight. Rationale: Because maintaining an appropriate load on the joints is essential to the preservation of articular cartilage integrity, the patient should maintain an optimal overall body weight or lose weight if overweight.

The nurse is admitting a patient who is scheduled for knee arthroscopy related to osteoarthritis (OA). Which of the following findings would the nurse expect to be present on examination of the patient's knees? A. Ulnar drift B. Pain with joint movement C. Reddened, swollen affected joints D. Stiffness that increases with movement

Correct answer: B. Pain with joint movement Rationale: OA is characterized predominantly by joint pain upon movement and is a classic feature of the disease.

Assessment data in the patient with osteoarthritis commonly include a. gradual weight loss b. elevated WBC count c. joint pain that worsens with use d. straw-colored synovial fluid

Correct answer: C Rationale: Osteoarthritis pain ranges from mild discomfort to significant disability. Joint pain is the predominant symptom, and the pain generally worsens with joint use.

A female patient's complex symptomatology over the past year has culminated in a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which of the patient's following statements demonstrates the need for further teaching about the disease? A. "I'll try my best to stay out of the sun this summer." B. "I know that I probably have a high chance of getting arthritis." C. "I'm hoping that surgery will be an option for me in the future." D. "I understand that I'm going to be vulnerable to getting infections."

Correct answer: C. "I'm hoping that surgery will be an option for me in the future." Rationale: SLE carries an increased risk of infection, sun damage, and arthritis. Surgery is not a key treatment modality for SLE.

A female patient's complex symptomatology over the past year has culminated in a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which of the patient's following statements demonstrates the need for further teaching about the disease? A. "I'll try my best to stay out of the sun this summer." B. "I know that I probably have a high chance of getting arthritis." C. "I'm hoping that surgery will be an option for me in the future." D. "I understand that I'm going to be vulnerable to getting infections."

Correct answer: C. "I'm hoping that surgery will be an option for me in the future." Rationale: SLE carries an increased risk of infection, sun damage, and arthritis. Surgery is not a key treatment modality for SLE.

The nurse is assessing the recent health history of a 63-year-old patient with osteoarthritis (OA). The nurse determines that the patient is trying to manage the condition appropriately when the patient describes which of the following activity patterns? A. Bed rest with bathroom privileges B. Daily high-impact aerobic exercise C.A regular exercise program of walking D. Frequent rest periods with minimal exercise

Correct answer: C. A regular exercise program of walking Rationale: A regular low-impact exercise, such as walking, is important in helping to maintain joint mobility in the patient with osteoarthritis.

The nurse is assessing the recent health history of a 63-year-old patient with osteoarthritis (OA). The nurse determines that the patient is trying to manage the condition appropriately when the patient describes which of the following activity patterns? A. Bed rest with bathroom privileges B. Daily high-impact aerobic exercise C.A regular exercise program of walking D. Frequent rest periods with minimal exercise

Correct answer: C. A regular exercise program of walking Rationale: A regular low-impact exercise, such as walking, is important in helping to maintain joint mobility in the patient with osteoarthritis.

In teaching a patient with SLE about the disorder, the nurse knows that the pathophysiology of SLE includes A. circulating immune complexes formed from IgG autoantibodies reacting with IgG B. an autoimmune T-cell reaction that results in destruction of the deep dermal skin layer C. immunologic dysfunction leading to chronic inflammation in the cartilage and muscles D. the production of a variety of autoantibodies directed against components of the cell nucleus

Correct answer: D Rationale: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of many autoantibodies against nucleic acids (e.g., single-and double-stranded DNA), erythrocytes, coagulation proteins, lymphocytes, platelets, and many other self-proteins. Autoimmune reactions characteristically are directed against constituents of the cell nucleus (e.g., antinuclear antibodies [ANAs]), particularly DNA. Circulating immune complexes containing antibody against DNA are deposited in the basement membranes of capillaries in the kidneys, heart, skin, brain, and joints. Complement is activated, and inflammation occurs. The overaggressive antibody response is also related to activation of B and T cells. The specific manifestations of SLE depend on which cell types or organs are involved. SLE is a type III hypersensitivity response.

Which of the following patient statements most clearly suggests a need to assess the patient for ankylosing spondylitis (AS)? A. "My right elbow has become red and swollen over the last few days." B. "I wake up stiff every morning and my knees just don't want to bend." C. "My husband tells me that my posture has become so stooped this winter." D. "My lower back pain seems to be getting worse all the time and nothing seems to help."

Correct answer: D. "My lower back pain seems to be getting worse all the time and nothing seems to help." Rationale: AS primarily affects the axial skeleton. Based on this, symptoms of inflammatory spine pain are often the first clues to a diagnosis of AS. Knee or elbow involvement is not consistent with the typical course of AS. Back pain is likely to precede the development of kyphosis.

Which of the following patient statements most clearly suggests a need to assess the patient for ankylosing spondylitis (AS)? A. "My right elbow has become red and swollen over the last few days." B. "I wake up stiff every morning and my knees just don't want to bend." C. "My husband tells me that my posture has become so stooped this winter." D. "My lower back pain seems to be getting worse all the time and nothing seems to help."

Correct answer: D. "My lower back pain seems to be getting worse all the time and nothing seems to help." Rationale: AS primarily affects the axial skeleton. Based on this, symptoms of inflammatory spine pain are often the first clues to a diagnosis of AS. Knee or elbow involvement is not consistent with the typical course of AS. Back pain is likely to precede the development of kyphosis.

The nurse is reinforcing general health teaching with a 64-year-old patient with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip. Which of the following points would the nurse include in this review of the disorder (select all that apply)? A. OA cannot be successfully treated with any current therapy options. B. OA is an inflammatory disease of the joints that may present symptoms at any age. C.Joint degeneration with pain and disability occurs in the majority of people by the age of 60. D. OA is more common with aging, but usually it remains confined to a few joints and does not cause crippling. E.OA can be prevented from progressing when well controlled with a regimen of exercise, diet, and medication.

Correct answer: D. OA is more common with aging, but usually it remains confined to a few joints and does not cause crippling. E.OA can be prevented from progressing when well controlled with a regimen of exercise, diet, and medication. Rationale: OA occurs with greater frequency with increasing age, but it usually remains confined to a few joints and can be managed with a combination of exercise, diet, and medication. OA can lead to significant disability.

When administering medications to the patient with gout, the nurse would recognize which of the following as a treatment for chronic disease? a. Colchicine b. Febuxostat c. Sulfasalazine d. Cyclosporine

Correct answer: b Rationale: Febuxostat (Uloric), a selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, is given for long-term management of hyperuricemia in persons with chronic gout. Acute gouty arthritis is treated with colchicine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

In teaching a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) about this disorder, the nurse understands that a. palpating tender points is an indicator of CFS severity b. many symptoms are similar to fibromyalgia syndrome c. definitive treatment includes low-dose hydrocortisone d. CFS is characterized by progressive memory impairment

Correct answer: b Rationale: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have several commonalities. Both occur in previously healthy, young, and middle-aged women; the cause of both includes an infectious trigger, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or an alteration in central nervous system; and common clinical manifestations are malaise and fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, headaches, sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, fever, and generalized musculoskeletal pain. Both diseases have symptoms that fluctuate over time, and both disorders have no definitive laboratory tests or joint and muscle examinations. They remain diagnoses of exclusion. Treatment for both disorders is symptomatic and may include antidepressant drugs. Other measures are heat, massage, regular stretching, biofeedback, stress management, and relaxation training.

Assessment data in the patient with osteoarthritis commonly include a. gradual weight loss b. elevated WBC count c. joint pain that worsens with use d. straw-colored synovial fluid

Correct answer: c Rationale: Osteoarthritis pain ranges from mild discomfort to significant disability. Joint pain is the predominant symptom, and the pain generally worsens with joint use.

In teaching a patient with SLE about the disorder, the nurse knows that the pathophysiology of SLE includes a. circulating immune complexes formed from IgG autoantibodies reacting with IgG b. an autoimmune T-cell reaction that results in destruction of the deep dermal skin layer c. immunologic dysfunction leading to chronic inflammation in the cartilage and muscles d. the production of a variety of autoantibodies directed against components of the cell nucleus

Correct answer: d Rationale: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of many autoantibodies against nucleic acids (e.g., single-and double-stranded DNA), erythrocytes, coagulation proteins, lymphocytes, platelets, and many other self-proteins. Autoimmune reactions characteristically are directed against constituents of the cell nucleus (e.g., antinuclear antibodies [ANAs]), particularly DNA. Circulating immune complexes containing antibody against DNA are deposited in the basement membranes of capillaries in the kidneys, heart, skin, brain, and joints. Complement is activated, and inflammation occurs. The overaggressive antibody response is also related to activation of B and T cells. The specific manifestations of SLE depend on which cell types or organs are involved. SLE is a type III hypersensitivity response.

In assessing the joints of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, the nurse understands that the joints are damaged by (select all that apply) A. bony ankylosis following inflammation of the joints B. the deterioration of cartilage by proteolytic enzymes C. the development of Heberden's nodes in the joint capsule D. increased cartilage and bony growth at the joint margins E. invasion of pannus into the joint causing a loss of cartilage

Correct answers: A, E Rationale: Bony ankylosis is the union of the bones of a joint by proliferation of bone cells, resulting in complete immobility. Bony ankylosis occurs with advanced rheumatoid arthritis. Joint changes from chronic inflammation begin when the hypertrophied synovial membrane invades the surrounding cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and joint capsule. Pannus (i.e., highly vascular granulation tissue) forms within the joint. It eventually covers and erodes the entire surface of the articular cartilage. The production of inflammatory cytokines at the pannus-cartilage junction further contributes to cartilage destruction. The pannus scars and shortens supporting structures such as tendons and ligaments, ultimately causing joint laxity, subluxation, and contracture.

In assessing the joints of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, the nurse understands that the joints are damaged by (select all that apply) a. bony ankylosis following inflammation of the joints b. the deterioration of cartilage by proteolytic enzymes c. the development of Heberden's nodes in the joint capsule d.. increased cartilage and bony growth at the joint margins e. invasion of pannus into the joint causing a loss of cartilage

Correct answers: a, e Rationale: Bony ankylosis is the union of the bones of a joint by proliferation of bone cells, resulting in complete immobility. Bony ankylosis occurs with advanced rheumatoid arthritis. Joint changes from chronic inflammation begin when the hypertrophied synovial membrane invades the surrounding cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and joint capsule. Pannus (i.e., highly vascular granulation tissue) forms within the joint. It eventually covers and erodes the entire surface of the articular cartilage. The production of inflammatory cytokines at the pannus-cartilage junction further contributes to cartilage destruction. The pannus scars and shortens supporting structures such as tendons and ligaments, ultimately causing joint laxity, subluxation, and contracture.

When caring for a patient with systemic sclerosis, the nurse knows it is important to instruct the patient related to (select all that apply) a. avoiding the consumption of high-purine foods b. strategies for good dental hygiene and mouth care c. protecting the extremities from hot and cold temperatures d. maintaining joint function and preserving muscle strength e. performing mouth excursion (yawning) exercises on a daily basis

Correct answers: b, c, d, e Rationale: Systemic sclerosis (SS), or scleroderma, is a disorder of connective tissue characterized by fibrotic, degenerative, and occasionally inflammatory changes in the skin, blood vessels, synovium, skeletal muscle, and internal organs. The nurse should include the following in the teaching plan for a patient with SS: daily oral hygiene (neglect may increase tooth and gingival problems); protection of hands and feet from cold exposure and possible burns or cuts (wounds heal slowly); avoidance of emotional stress and cold ambient temperatures (they aggravate Raynaud's phenomenon); isometric exercises for arthropathy (no joint movement occurs); use of assistive devices as appropriate and organization of activities to preserve strength and reduce disability; and mouth excursion (i.e., yawning with an open mouth) (helps maintain temporomandibular joint function).

The basic pathophysiologic process of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a. destruction of joint cartilage and bones by an autoimmune process b. initiated by a viral infection that destroys the synovial membranes of joints c. the presence of HLA-DR4 antigen that causes inflammatory responses throughout the body d. an immune response that activates complement and produces inflammation of joints and other organ systems

D. an immune response that activates complement and produces inflammation of joints and other organ systems

A 60-year-old woman has pain on motion in her fingers and asks the nurse whether this is just a result of aging. The best response by the nurse includes the information that a. joint pain with functional limitation is a normal change that affects all people to some extent b. joint pain that develops with age is usually related to previous trauma or infection of the joints c. this is a symptom of a systemic arthritis that eventually affects all joints as the disease progresses d. changes in the cartilage and bones of joints may cause symptoms of pain and loss of function in some people as they age

D. changes in the cartilage and bones of joints may cause symptoms of pain and loss of function in some people as they age.

Laboratory findings that the nurse would expect to be present in the patient with RA include a. polycythemia b. increased IgG c. decreased WBC d. increased C-reactive protein (CRP)

D. increased C-reactive protein (CRP)

An important nursing intervention for the patient with ankylosing spondylitis is to teach the patient to a. wear roomy shoes with good orthotic support b. sleep on the side with the knees and hips flexed c. keep the spine slightly flexed while sitting, standing, or walking d. perform back, neck, and chest stretches and deep breathing exercises

D. perform back, neck and chest stretches and deep breathing exercises

If the client is typical of most people with rheumatoid arthritis, when would the nurse expect the client's symptoms to first become evident?

During young childhood

The client presents with an exaggeration of the lumbar spine curve. The nurse interprets these findings as indicative of: a) Dowager's hump b) Scoliosis c) Lordosis d) Kyphosis

Lordosis Explanation: Lordosis is an exaggeration of the lumbar spine curve.

The nurse anticipates providing collaborative care for a client with a traumatic amputation of the right hand with which health care team members? Select all that apply.

Occupational therapist Correct Physical therapist Correct Psychologist Correct Correct Feedback: Correct: An occupational therapist will help to enable the client to become more independent in performing activities of daily living. Correct: A physical therapist will help to enable the client to become more independent in performing activities of daily living. Correct: An amputation can be traumatic to the client; loss of a body part should not be underestimated because the client may experience an altered self-concept. Counseling support should be made available to the client..

An older adult client has multiple tibia and fibula fractures of the left lower extremity after a motor vehicle accident. Which pain medication does the nurse anticipate will be requested for this client?

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine Correct: Morphine is an opioid narcotic analgesic; given through PCA, it is the most appropriate mode of pain management for this type of acute pain associated with multiple injuries.

The client is brought to the emergency department (ED) via ambulance after a motor vehicle accident. What condition will the nurse assess for first?

Respiratory distress Correct: The client is first assessed for respiratory distress, and any oxygen interventions are instituted accordingly.

The nurse is instructing a local community group about ways to reduce the risk for musculoskeletal injury. What information will the nurse include in the teaching plan?

Wear helmets when riding a motorcycle. Correct: Those who ride motorcycles or bicycles should wear helmets to prevent head injury.

The client has a grade III compound fracture of the right tibia. To prevent infection, which intervention will the nurse implement?

Using strict aseptic technique when cleaning the site Correct: Using aseptic technique is the best way to prevent infection.

A client with a suspected rib fracture has a bone fragment protruding from the clients thigh as well as profuse bleeding from the wound. What should you do?

compress the femoral artery

Bivalving a cast involves what?

splitting the cast along both sides to allow space for swelling, facilitate taking x rays, or make a half cast for use as intermittent splint