music appreciation final
which of these was a trend in music in the nineteenth century in which composers attempted to develop new styles based on the broader groups they identified with (for example, nation, ethnic group, or language)?
nationalism
which of these forms of opera was most popular in Romantic-era Italy as well as beyond?
bel canto
the _______ was a group of nobles, poets, and composers who met in Florence beginning in the mid-1570s to discuss ways of modeling singing on the music of ancient Greek tragedy. Their conversations led to development of the first operas.
camerata
during Bach's lifetime, what was the principle means of musical expression in the Lutheran church service, one that used chorales, usually written for chorus, solo singers, organ, and small orchestra?
cantata
___________ is intended to be performed in relatively intimate settings, such as a room in a house, not in a large public concert hall.
chamber music
the histeory of western art music involves three phases of patronage. From about 476 to 1600, the primary source of patronage was the
church
when a sound becomes gradually louder, this is called
crescendo
an estampie is a kind of
dance music
from about 1920 to 1950, many composers adopted a style known as _________, which is characterized by emotional restraint, balance, and clarity.
neoclassicism
Frederic Chopin composed many short, lyrical, intimate compositions for piano, meant to evoke some aspect of night; these are called
nocturnes
in Italy around 1600, a new kind of music developed: a drama that is dung to orchestral accompaniment. The term for this is
opera
Perotin's Alleluia: Nativitas is an example of
organum
during the renaissance, church music tended to be
polyphonic
organum developed as a way of turning gregorian chant into more elaborate music with a _____ texture
polyphonic
John Cage's Sonatas and Interludes was composed for
prepared piano
which of these classical era composers took a full-time position working as court music director for a prince who had palace in rural Hungary furnished with its own opera house, a theater, and two concert halls?
Haydn
atonality and expressionism are most strongly associated with the music of
Schoenberg
which of these people was directly affected, as composers, by the rule of Joseph Stalin?
Shostakovich
which of these examples represents a composer's effort to describe a geographical feature of his homeland with music?
Smetana, The Moldau
by the early twentieth century, the distinction between stable consonant and unstable, harsher ________ chords was being abandoned in much music, as new chord structures were being invented.
dissonant
Wagner blended elements of arias and recitatives into one musical style, called
endless melody
the first movement of a symphony is nearly always
fast and in sonata form
when we talk about how music can occur in sections that repeat, change somewhat, and contrast with sections of different music (such as saying that a song has verses and a chorus), we're talking about
form
which of these dynamics is the loudest?
fortissimo
when did the renaissance take place?
from 1450 to 1600
the Classical Era or Period took place
from 1750 to 1820
the middle ages took place
from 450 to 1450
in the medieval era (also known as the middle ages), you were most likely to encounter
gregorian chant
when a musical idea in the bass is repeated over and over while the melodies above it change, this is called
ground bass
When we discuss what it sounds like when multiple pitches sound simultaneously in a group or "chord," we're talking about
harmony
pitch refers to
how high or low a note sounds
one of the most important new characteristics of polyphony during the renaissance is the tendency of voice parts to
imitate each other
Debussy's music, which sometimes uses traditional harmonies without their original functions (e.g. tonic, dominant), is best categorized as
impressionism
which of these things is not true about gregorian chant?
it is usually accompanied
what was new about the classical-era orchestra?
it was a standard group of four sections: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion.
which of these things was typically true about Renaissance church music?
it was polyphonic
the most popular instrument in the renaissance was the
lute
which of these was not a renaissance composer?
machaut
Art music is
made by professionals for elite consumption
word painting is most plentiful in
madrigals
hildegard of bingen was a composer during the
medieval era
Which of these terms refers to a line or string of notes heard one after the other, consecutively, as a coherent unit?
melody
when a texture consists of a single melodic line with no accompaniment (such as a person whistling in the shower), we call it
monophonic
in renaissance music, word painting is
musical depiction of the sung words
in what style, as heard in Stravinsky's music for The Rite of Spring, does the composer write music that is intentionally unpolished and rough-sounding, to evoke the idea of an "uncivilized" culture?
primitivism
because Vivaldi's Spring Concerto is instrumental music associated with poems that tell a story, we can categorize it as
program music
instrumental music that tells a story or depicts an image is called
program music
the absence of tonality or a key is called
atonality
what are the three sections of a movement that is in sonata form (in the correct order)?
(1) exposition, (2) development, (3) recapitulation
when did the romantic era take place, according to the textbook?
1820-1900
most often, a concerto has ___ movements. The first and last movements are usually fast and in ritornello form.
3
Which of these musicians composed more secular vocal music than anyone else in mid-1600s Venice?
Barbara Strozzi
which of these composers, who lived both in the Classical and Romantic Eras, was eventually forced to stop playing piano in public due to his hearing loss, but managed nevertheless to compose some of the most original and influential music in history?
Beethoven
which of these is a composition for orchestra with five movements, featuring a theme that recurs in all five movements? Hint: This piece is about the composer and a woman he became obsessed with.
Berlioz: Symphonie Fantastique
which of these composers was also one of the leading concert pianists of the nineteenth century?
Clara Wieck Schumann
which of these musicians, born to a family of musicians, served in the famous and grand court of French Kind Louis XIV, the "Sun King"?
Elisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre
which of these was a famous and showy piano virtuoso of the 1830s and 1840s?
Franz Liszt
which of these composers is best known for blending Western art music together with elements of jazz and popular music?
Gershwin
what's the terms for an opera for which one person creates the music, lyrics, stage directions, etc., as opposed to multiple people such as composer, librettist, director, etc.?
Gesamtkunstwerk (total artwork)
which of these composers, widely considered the finest of the classical era, started his career as a child prodigy but struggled in his adult career, which ended with freelance work in Vienna and death at age 35 due to rheumatic fever?
Mozart
which of these is the strongest example of a Russian nationalist composer?
Mussorgsky
in the nineteenth century, most piano compositions and art songs were most commonly performed
at home
which of these is a pair of American composers?
Still and Gershwin
___________________ consists of four movements, each of which is prefaced by a line from a poem by Harlem Renaissance poet Paul Laurence Dunbar?
Still, Afro-American Symphony
which of these is a list of Romantic-era composers?
Tchaikovsky, Wagner, Verdi
which composer is most appropriately associated with Italian bel canto opera?
Verdi
which of these composers, a lifelong conductor with a reputation for being controlling and who considered himself the "most German of beings," attempted to develop a distinctly German type of opera and introduced to the world with a four-opera series based on Norse mythology?
Wagner
the term for a romantic-era composition for solo voice and piano is
art song
another term for "voices only, without accompaniment" is
a cappella
when a musical theme recurs throughout an opera, gaining meaning based on what's going on in the plot, we call that theme
a leitmotif
sometimes a piece of music consists of smaller pieces, each of which sound fairly complete and independent on their own but are part of the larger composition. Each of these smaller pieces is referred to as
a movement
in the renaissance, a "polyphonic mass" was
a polyphonic choral composition with five sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei
when several romantic art songs are grouped in a set and unified by a story line that runs through each song (sort of like a concept album for art songs), we call it
a song cycle
the term "beat" is sometimes used to mean rhythm in general, but for the purposes of this class, the beat is
a steady pulse at equal intervals that is felt in most music (such as what you'd clap to, or the pattern a metronome makes)
a set of dance-inspired movements was called
a suite
what is the term for a basic mood that is typically found throughout any Baroque piece of music, whether it's joy, grief, agitation, or whatever?
affection
a study piece intended to help a performer improve on some specific technique, such as finger dexterity or crossing the hands over each other, is called
an etude
Handel's Messiah, a large-scale composition for chorus, solo singers, and orchestra, based on passages from the Bible, is a good example of
an oratorio
in an opera, you can typically find many instances of _______. These are songs for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, in which the character's emotion (usually a single emotion) is expressed, with lyrics that are most often very repetitive.
arias
what is the term for a speechlike passage that usually precedes an aria during an opera, with a vocal line imitating the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech? (Hint: this part of an opera is meant to convey the plot and present information, and it is used for monologues and dialogues, not to convey an emotion.)
recitative
distinctly individual musical styles from each composer, more emphasis on expressing things through music, nationalism, and wider use of new tone colors such as tubas, contrabassoon, and cymbals are all hallmarks of which era of Western music history?
romantic
Robert Schumann's "Why?" and "Soaring," as well as Chopin's Nocturne Op. 9, are all
short one-movement piano pieces, or "character pieces"
when a concerto features only a single soloist with orchestra, we do not call it a concerto grosso. Instead, we call it a
solo concerto
when a song has the same music for every stanza of a poem, we call its form
strophic form
a fugue is a polyphonic composition in which one main theme is stated by the first voice and then imitated by the others. This theme is called the
subject
what's the term for a classical-era or later composition for orchestra, between about 20 and 45 minutes long, usually with four movements?
symphony
A virtuoso (such as Liszt, Chopin, or Paganini) is a musician who exhibits an unusually high degree of
technical ability
when we talk about how music can consist of multiple simultaneous layers of sound, we're talking about
texture
when a movement is in ritornello form, there is a theme at the beginning of the movement that returns again throughout that movement, performed by a larger group of players called the "tutti" (meaning "all"). What is the nae of this recurring theme or refrain?
the ritornello
when a theme or main musical idea is repeated over and over, changed each time, the term for that form is
theme and variations
what term refers to that characteristic of a sound that tells your ear the difference between two different instruments, even if they play the same pitch at the same loudness for the same duration?
timbre
which of these was an important trend in music history in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s?
total serialism
as a musician, Beatriz, Countess of Dia, represents which tradition?
troubadours and trouveres
True or false? The best-paid type of opera singer of the Baroque was the castrato, a male singer who had been castrated before puberty in order to have a man's lung power combined with a woman's vocal range
true
most medieval music was
vocal