music appreciation final

which of these was a trend in music in the nineteenth century in which composers attempted to develop new styles based on the broader groups they identified with (for example, nation, ethnic group, or language)?

nationalism

which of these forms of opera was most popular in Romantic-era Italy as well as beyond?

bel canto

the _______ was a group of nobles, poets, and composers who met in Florence beginning in the mid-1570s to discuss ways of modeling singing on the music of ancient Greek tragedy. Their conversations led to development of the first operas.

camerata

during Bach's lifetime, what was the principle means of musical expression in the Lutheran church service, one that used chorales, usually written for chorus, solo singers, organ, and small orchestra?

cantata

___________ is intended to be performed in relatively intimate settings, such as a room in a house, not in a large public concert hall.

chamber music

the histeory of western art music involves three phases of patronage. From about 476 to 1600, the primary source of patronage was the

church

when a sound becomes gradually louder, this is called

crescendo

an estampie is a kind of

dance music

from about 1920 to 1950, many composers adopted a style known as _________, which is characterized by emotional restraint, balance, and clarity.

neoclassicism

Frederic Chopin composed many short, lyrical, intimate compositions for piano, meant to evoke some aspect of night; these are called

nocturnes

in Italy around 1600, a new kind of music developed: a drama that is dung to orchestral accompaniment. The term for this is

opera

Perotin's Alleluia: Nativitas is an example of

organum

during the renaissance, church music tended to be

polyphonic

organum developed as a way of turning gregorian chant into more elaborate music with a _____ texture

polyphonic

John Cage's Sonatas and Interludes was composed for

prepared piano

which of these classical era composers took a full-time position working as court music director for a prince who had palace in rural Hungary furnished with its own opera house, a theater, and two concert halls?

Haydn

atonality and expressionism are most strongly associated with the music of

Schoenberg

which of these people was directly affected, as composers, by the rule of Joseph Stalin?

Shostakovich

which of these examples represents a composer's effort to describe a geographical feature of his homeland with music?

Smetana, The Moldau

by the early twentieth century, the distinction between stable consonant and unstable, harsher ________ chords was being abandoned in much music, as new chord structures were being invented.

dissonant

Wagner blended elements of arias and recitatives into one musical style, called

endless melody

the first movement of a symphony is nearly always

fast and in sonata form

when we talk about how music can occur in sections that repeat, change somewhat, and contrast with sections of different music (such as saying that a song has verses and a chorus), we're talking about

form

which of these dynamics is the loudest?

fortissimo

when did the renaissance take place?

from 1450 to 1600

the Classical Era or Period took place

from 1750 to 1820

the middle ages took place

from 450 to 1450

in the medieval era (also known as the middle ages), you were most likely to encounter

gregorian chant

when a musical idea in the bass is repeated over and over while the melodies above it change, this is called

ground bass

When we discuss what it sounds like when multiple pitches sound simultaneously in a group or "chord," we're talking about

harmony

pitch refers to

how high or low a note sounds

one of the most important new characteristics of polyphony during the renaissance is the tendency of voice parts to

imitate each other

Debussy's music, which sometimes uses traditional harmonies without their original functions (e.g. tonic, dominant), is best categorized as

impressionism

which of these things is not true about gregorian chant?

it is usually accompanied

what was new about the classical-era orchestra?

it was a standard group of four sections: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion.

which of these things was typically true about Renaissance church music?

it was polyphonic

the most popular instrument in the renaissance was the

lute

which of these was not a renaissance composer?

machaut

Art music is

made by professionals for elite consumption

word painting is most plentiful in

madrigals

hildegard of bingen was a composer during the

medieval era

Which of these terms refers to a line or string of notes heard one after the other, consecutively, as a coherent unit?

melody

when a texture consists of a single melodic line with no accompaniment (such as a person whistling in the shower), we call it

monophonic

in renaissance music, word painting is

musical depiction of the sung words

in what style, as heard in Stravinsky's music for The Rite of Spring, does the composer write music that is intentionally unpolished and rough-sounding, to evoke the idea of an "uncivilized" culture?

primitivism

because Vivaldi's Spring Concerto is instrumental music associated with poems that tell a story, we can categorize it as

program music

instrumental music that tells a story or depicts an image is called

program music

the absence of tonality or a key is called

atonality

what are the three sections of a movement that is in sonata form (in the correct order)?

(1) exposition, (2) development, (3) recapitulation

when did the romantic era take place, according to the textbook?

1820-1900

most often, a concerto has ___ movements. The first and last movements are usually fast and in ritornello form.

3

Which of these musicians composed more secular vocal music than anyone else in mid-1600s Venice?

Barbara Strozzi

which of these composers, who lived both in the Classical and Romantic Eras, was eventually forced to stop playing piano in public due to his hearing loss, but managed nevertheless to compose some of the most original and influential music in history?

Beethoven

which of these is a composition for orchestra with five movements, featuring a theme that recurs in all five movements? Hint: This piece is about the composer and a woman he became obsessed with.

Berlioz: Symphonie Fantastique

which of these composers was also one of the leading concert pianists of the nineteenth century?

Clara Wieck Schumann

which of these musicians, born to a family of musicians, served in the famous and grand court of French Kind Louis XIV, the "Sun King"?

Elisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre

which of these was a famous and showy piano virtuoso of the 1830s and 1840s?

Franz Liszt

which of these composers is best known for blending Western art music together with elements of jazz and popular music?

Gershwin

what's the terms for an opera for which one person creates the music, lyrics, stage directions, etc., as opposed to multiple people such as composer, librettist, director, etc.?

Gesamtkunstwerk (total artwork)

which of these composers, widely considered the finest of the classical era, started his career as a child prodigy but struggled in his adult career, which ended with freelance work in Vienna and death at age 35 due to rheumatic fever?

Mozart

which of these is the strongest example of a Russian nationalist composer?

Mussorgsky

in the nineteenth century, most piano compositions and art songs were most commonly performed

at home

which of these is a pair of American composers?

Still and Gershwin

___________________ consists of four movements, each of which is prefaced by a line from a poem by Harlem Renaissance poet Paul Laurence Dunbar?

Still, Afro-American Symphony

which of these is a list of Romantic-era composers?

Tchaikovsky, Wagner, Verdi

which composer is most appropriately associated with Italian bel canto opera?

Verdi

which of these composers, a lifelong conductor with a reputation for being controlling and who considered himself the "most German of beings," attempted to develop a distinctly German type of opera and introduced to the world with a four-opera series based on Norse mythology?

Wagner

the term for a romantic-era composition for solo voice and piano is

art song

another term for "voices only, without accompaniment" is

a cappella

when a musical theme recurs throughout an opera, gaining meaning based on what's going on in the plot, we call that theme

a leitmotif

sometimes a piece of music consists of smaller pieces, each of which sound fairly complete and independent on their own but are part of the larger composition. Each of these smaller pieces is referred to as

a movement

in the renaissance, a "polyphonic mass" was

a polyphonic choral composition with five sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei

when several romantic art songs are grouped in a set and unified by a story line that runs through each song (sort of like a concept album for art songs), we call it

a song cycle

the term "beat" is sometimes used to mean rhythm in general, but for the purposes of this class, the beat is

a steady pulse at equal intervals that is felt in most music (such as what you'd clap to, or the pattern a metronome makes)

a set of dance-inspired movements was called

a suite

what is the term for a basic mood that is typically found throughout any Baroque piece of music, whether it's joy, grief, agitation, or whatever?

affection

a study piece intended to help a performer improve on some specific technique, such as finger dexterity or crossing the hands over each other, is called

an etude

Handel's Messiah, a large-scale composition for chorus, solo singers, and orchestra, based on passages from the Bible, is a good example of

an oratorio

in an opera, you can typically find many instances of _______. These are songs for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, in which the character's emotion (usually a single emotion) is expressed, with lyrics that are most often very repetitive.

arias

what is the term for a speechlike passage that usually precedes an aria during an opera, with a vocal line imitating the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech? (Hint: this part of an opera is meant to convey the plot and present information, and it is used for monologues and dialogues, not to convey an emotion.)

recitative

distinctly individual musical styles from each composer, more emphasis on expressing things through music, nationalism, and wider use of new tone colors such as tubas, contrabassoon, and cymbals are all hallmarks of which era of Western music history?

romantic

Robert Schumann's "Why?" and "Soaring," as well as Chopin's Nocturne Op. 9, are all

short one-movement piano pieces, or "character pieces"

when a concerto features only a single soloist with orchestra, we do not call it a concerto grosso. Instead, we call it a

solo concerto

when a song has the same music for every stanza of a poem, we call its form

strophic form

a fugue is a polyphonic composition in which one main theme is stated by the first voice and then imitated by the others. This theme is called the

subject

what's the term for a classical-era or later composition for orchestra, between about 20 and 45 minutes long, usually with four movements?

symphony

A virtuoso (such as Liszt, Chopin, or Paganini) is a musician who exhibits an unusually high degree of

technical ability

when we talk about how music can consist of multiple simultaneous layers of sound, we're talking about

texture

when a movement is in ritornello form, there is a theme at the beginning of the movement that returns again throughout that movement, performed by a larger group of players called the "tutti" (meaning "all"). What is the nae of this recurring theme or refrain?

the ritornello

when a theme or main musical idea is repeated over and over, changed each time, the term for that form is

theme and variations

what term refers to that characteristic of a sound that tells your ear the difference between two different instruments, even if they play the same pitch at the same loudness for the same duration?

timbre

which of these was an important trend in music history in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s?

total serialism

as a musician, Beatriz, Countess of Dia, represents which tradition?

troubadours and trouveres

True or false? The best-paid type of opera singer of the Baroque was the castrato, a male singer who had been castrated before puberty in order to have a man's lung power combined with a woman's vocal range

true

most medieval music was

vocal