N203- Ch6

Sensorimotor stages of development during infancy

0-2 years, Piaget ability to oranize and coordinate sensations with physical movements. 6 substages

11. Once a child's vocabulary reaches about 50 words, it rapidly expands at a rate of _______ per month. a. 10 to 15 words b. 25 to 50 words c. 50 to 100 words d. 100 to 150 words

c. 50 to 100 words

2. Piaget's first period of cognitive development highlights that: a. at birth, infants are active learners. b. infants learn through adaptation. c. infants' motor skills and senses are the conduits for learning. d. All of these answers are correct.

d. All of these answers are correct.

7. Most developmentalists agree that very young infants can remember if: a. motivation is high. b. special measures are taken to aid memory retrieval. c. situations or events are similar to real life. d. All of these answers are correct.

d. All of these answers are correct.

9. Toddlers ages 16 to 20 months are able to: a. demonstrate deferred imitation. b. use several kinds of memory. c. think conceptually. d. All of these answers are correct.

d. All of these answers are correct.

How does a child learn language? a. Infants are taught language. b. Infants have a natural capacity for language learning. c. Infants are socially programmed to communicate. d. All of these answers could be correct.

d. All of these answers could be correct.

15. Who proposed that infants are innately ready to use their minds to understand and speak whatever language is offered? a. Skinner b. Vygotsky c. Bruner d. Chomsky

d. Chomsky

5 characteristics of development in the first 2 years

- dev primary motor and sensory functions - object permanence - emotions - causeality - attachment

6 substages of Sensorimotor development

1. Consolidation of reflexes (1m)(Prim.) 2. Adapts through actions centered on child (2-4m) (Prim) 3. adapts through actions centered outside child (4-8m) (Sec) 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12m) (sec) 5. Tertiary Circ Rxns. 12-18m 6. Symbolic representation. 18-24m. deferred imitation

What substage? baby sucks nipple and anything else that comes near mout

1. consolidation of reflexes

baby refuses pacifier, shows displeasure by crying

2.adapts through actions centered on child

What substage? baby laughs when tickled and shakes arm with pleasure when rattle is put into her hand

3. adapts through actions centered outside body

What substage? - The baby sees her mother putting on her coat and gets her coat

4- coord of secondary circ rxns. goal-related activity

baby experiments with spoon, banging and throwing on floor

5. tertiary circ reactions- Little scientist.

baby takes care of her doll as if it were a baby

6. symbolic representation. pretend play/deferred imitation

14. Which is TRUE of babbling? a. No reinforcement or teaching is necessary. b. Infants must be taught to babble. c. Twin studies are consistent with the idea that babbling is harmful. d. Only infants in industrialized countries babble.

a. No reinforcement or teaching is necessary.

3. What occurs when infants change from sucking their mother's breast to sucking a pacifier? a. adaptation b. object permanence c. tertiary circular reaction d. secondary circular reaction

a. adaptation

9. When do infants begin learning language? a. before birth b. at birth c. around 2 to 4 months d. at 12 months

a. before birth

10. The importance of using gestures when speaking to babies is that: a. gestures allow babies to communicate earlier. b. babies do not understand gestures without speech. c. babies should learn a second language. d. gestures cannot be understood by babies.

a. gestures allow babies to communicate earlier.

4. The results of subsequent experiments were inconsistent with the conclusions of Piaget by demonstrating that infants: a. have some understanding of object permanence as young as 4 months. b. have no understanding of object permanence at 8 months. c. have complete understanding of object permanence at 3 months. d. understand object permanence according to their ethnic group.

a. have some understanding of object permanence as young as 4 months.

A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought is called a: a. holophrase. b. hologram. c. grammar. d. babble.

a. holophrase.

1. Piaget's cognitive development period that begins at birth and ends around age 2 is called: a. sensorimotor intelligence. b. reflexes stage. c. primary circular reaction. d. preoperational thought.

a. sensorimotor intelligence.

3. An infant who begins to explore the environment by actively taking independent action is entering the: a. tertiary circular reactions stage. b. secondary circular reactions stage. c. new adaptation and anticipation stage. d. primary circular reactions stage.

a. tertiary circular reactions stage.

8. Research has demonstrated that infants as young as 3 months old can remember after two weeks if provided with: a. memory-enhancing drugs. b. a brief reminder session. c. colorful toys. d. soothing music.

b. a brief reminder session.

6. The information-processing theory compares human thinking to: a. evolutionary theory. b. computer functioning. c. Freud's psychoanalytic theory. d. the principles of behaviorism.

b. computer functioning.

0. What is an infant's first means of communication? a. cooing b. crying c. squeals d. vowel sounds

b. crying

Word order, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles are called: a. holograms. b. grammar. c. holophrase. d. name explosion.

b. grammar.

4. According to Piaget, at what age do infants begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations? a. 6 to 12 months b. 12 to 18 months c. 18 to 24 months d. 24 to 36 months

c. 18 to 24 months

. 13. What happens when a child is able to speak about 50 words? a. The progression of language acquisition slows down. b. Vocabulary steadily increases at about 10 words per month. c. The progression of language acquisition increases dramatically. d. The child begins to speak only in verbs.

c. The progression of language acquisition increases dramatically.

5. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicates that infants: a. do not respond to child-directed speech. b. have neurons that lack functional electrical activity. c. have memories, goals, and mental combinations in advance of Piaget's stages. d. have "infantile amnesia."

c. have memories, goals, and mental combinations in advance of Piaget's stages.

7. Regarding the visual cliff experiment, even 3-month-olds notice the difference between a solid surface and an apparent cliff. However, one affordance of the cliff, falling, is realized only after: a. adequate depth perception develops. b. parents teach infants about falling. c. infants start crawling. d. maturation of the visual cortex.

c. infants start crawling.

8. In an experiment, 3-month-old infants could remember one week later to kick their legs to make a crib mobile move, but many could not remember to do it two weeks later. This research indicates that: a. memory is intact, but there was no motivation to kick. b. the research is inconclusive concerning the memory abilities of infants. c. memory is fragile early in life. d. the infants remembered their previous experience.

c. memory is fragile early in life.

15. Cultural differences in communication appear to influence: a. whether new talkers say names. b. the sounds that new babies make. c. the ratio of nouns to verbs and adjectives. d. the use of holophrases.

c. the ratio of nouns to verbs and adjectives.

12. Most babies speak their first recognizable words at: a. 6 months. b. 8 months. c. 10 months. d. 12 months.

d. 12 months.

5. The technique ______ can measure changes in activity ANYWHERE in the brain. a. EEG b. ERP c. PET d. fMRI

d. fMRI

6. Recent research on early affordances provides evidence that: a. input and cognitive processing become slower with age. b. input becomes quicker with age, but cognitive processing stays the same. c. input and cognitive processing do not show much change until the child is much older. d. input becomes quicker with age, and cognitive processing advances.

d. input becomes quicker with age, and cognitive processing advances.

1. The term used to describe an infant's thought process that relies on senses and motor skills is: a. operational intelligence. b. preoperational intelligence. c. adaptation intelligence. d. sensorimotor intelligence.

d. sensorimotor intelligence.

2. Primary circular reactions involve: a. an object. b. another person. c. affordances. d. the infant's own body.

d. the infant's own body.