nat hazards

Mantle

"Rocky" Silicate layer Fe + Mg Rich silicates (dense)

During an earthquake with a magnitude of about 6 on the Richter scale, the shaking lasts about ______. a. 10 -15 seconds b. 1 -2 seconds c. 120 seconds or longer d. 2 -3 seconds e. 60 seconds or longer

10-15 sec

Richter scale

1920s Using a wood-Anderson torsion seismometer Archaic Only worked on San Andreas fault

Rigid mantle density

3,300kg/m3

Thickness of continental crust

30-70 km

thickness of oceanic crust

5-10km

disaster

Actual realization of a hazard

Intensity

Amount of damage at one specific location

Fault planes are

At an angle consistent with compression experiments

Two earth layering schemes

Based on composition and reological/mechanical/physical

Why is magnitude inversely related to frequency

Because that have to release energy and frequent events can only have a small amount of energy stored

Earth has what topography

Bimodal, two peaks on histogram

Isotacy

Buoyancy drives elevation of lithosphere above asthenosphere

Composition scheme

Chemical layers Core and mantle and crust

Choose the correct order of earthquakes ranked from greatest energy released to least energy released. a. San Francisco (1906) - Long Island (1884) - Chile (1960) b. Chile (1960) - Long Island (1884) - Alaska (1964) c. Alaska (1964) - San Francisco (1906) - Chile (1960) d. Alaska (1964) - Long Island (1884) - San Francisco (1906) e. Chile (1960) - San Francisco (1906) - Long Island (1884)

Chile (1960) - San Francisco (1906) - Long Island (1884)

Which subduction zone earthquake was the largest to occur since the 1700s? a. Kamchatka, 1952 b. Chile, 1960 c. Equador, 1906 d. Tohoku, Japan, 2011 e. Arica, Chile, 1868

Chile, 1960

What regions of the us are most at risk

Coasts, Midwest, southeast

magnitude

Communication Of energy released, only one m per earthquake, ground shaking factor

Convergent stress and fault type

Compression and reverse

Divergent Continental plate

Creates new ocean basin and causes rifting

prediction

Don't need a timeline

How are tectonic boundaries revealed

Earthquake data of epicenters

Brittle

Earthquakes, happens after high stress, even when stress decreases strain increases

When a natural process poses a threat to human life or property, we call it a natural disaster.

False

reverse faul

Hanging wall moves above foot wall

Rheology

How materials behave under stress

strain

How materials respond to stress, unitless

Earthquake faults and nuclear reactors have been problematic in California, as evidenced by the ______ plant, which was shut down for modifications in 1976, but was found to be too expensive and too difficult to restart. Humboldt Bay San Onofre San Luis Obispo

Humboldt bay

Basalt

Igneous rock from eruptions

Deep earthquakes

In ring of fire (not on tectonic plate boundaries) 100 to 600 km

Why is natural disaster cost increasing

Inc global population Inc prop value More people in Urbanand coastal areas

When magnitude increases amplitude

Inc ten fold

Oceanic crust

Less buoyant Basalt

Shallowtype earthquakes

Less than 100 km

Tectonic plates are parts of what

Lithosphere

Moment mag vs fault plane area

Log scale gives linear slope, proportional

Richter scale steps

Measure amp of largest peak Determine p and s wave Mark values of scales and connect with lines

Mor

Mid oceanic ridges

Continental crust

More buoyant Granite

More data from past means

More confidence in forecast

forecast

More useful for planning and requires a timeline

core

Mostly Fe ~90% ~1/2 of earths radius

Plastic

Not reversible middle stress

What kinds of lithosphere

Oceanic and continental

Subduction

Oceanic plates with rel thin dense crust can and will eventually become neg buoyant and sink, can't be done by continental plates

Lithsophere

Outermost portion of earth that is relatively cool and rigid Includes all of crust and part of mantle

Which geographic area is correctly matched with its typical hazard? a. Maine - drought b. California - tornadoes c. Kansas - hurricanes d. Southwest - sinkholes e. Pacific Northwest - volcanoes

Pacific Northwest - volcanoes

Asthenosphere

Portion of earths mantle hot enough to allow slow convection

How insurance policies decide cost of nat hazard policies

Product of prob to an event and cost of the prob lost

Benioff Zone

Region of dipping seismicity and shows subduction zones

Elastic

Reversible, low stress

Silicate

Rich in silicon and oxygen

Transform stress type and fault type

Sheer and strike-slip

rheological layers

Solid inner core Liquid outer core Asthenosphere Lithosphere

Core States

Solid inner core and liquid outer core

Old oceanic plates are destroyed where

Subduction zones

recurrence interval

T=(N+1)/m where N is years in record

For events exceeding a threshold

T=N/n where n is number of events

Divergent stress and fault type

Tension and normal

What differentiates each lithosphere

The crust

Crust

Thin, low density Silicate layer (less dense) (higher Si and O)

Stress

Units of pressure

Intensity

Uses mercalli intensity scale, use Roman numbers 1-12

Granite

Volcanic rock from magma

Divergent oceanic plates

When pulled apart magma comes out and new oceanic crust is formed creating a new oceanic plate

Can you have two 100 year floods back to back

Yes but 1%x1%

Hotspot volcanoes are anchored in the _____. a. mantle b. subduction zones c. core d. lithosphere e. crust

a

Which component of the mantle makes up most of the volume of Earth? a. peridotite b. magma c. basalt d. nickel e. silica

a

Which type of rock comprises most of the ocean floor? a. basalt b. rhyolite c. magnetite d. silica e. granite

a

actuary

a person who compiles and analyzes statistics and uses them to calculate insurance risks and premiums.

Tectonic plates move away from each other at _____ boundaries.

a. Divergent

If the price of gasoline increases, which consequence is least likely to occur? a. fewer miles driven by motorists b. acceleration of climate change c. decrease in greenhouse gases d. increased use of public transportation e. increased demand for fuel efficient vehicles

acceleration of climate change

The dramatic increase in the average annual cost of natural hazards over the last several decades is partly due to ____. a. many disasters occurring in remote locations b. most disasters occurring in poor countries c. construction of shoddier structures d. most disasters occurring in wealthy countries e. an increase in the world's population

an increase in the world's population

When dealing with natural catastrophic events, it is important to remember that _____. a. attempts to control natural processes may just divert the threat elsewhere b. science will provide more permanent solutions to natural disasters in the future c. cataclysmic events are likely to be short-lived d. technology is making important strides in controlling natural systems e. natural catastrophic processes are subject to human intervention

attempts to control natural processes may just divert the threat elsewhere

An example of a "hard" mitigation strategy might be ____. a. land-use planning b. improving building codes c. building a levee d. requiring building permits e. prohibiting construction in a certain area

building a levee

Mountain ranges do not sit on Earth's surface, but instead have a structure like a(n) _____. a. volcano b. tectonic plate c. iceberg d. rift valley e. glacier

c

The elevation difference between the continental and oceanic crusts is explained by the concept of _____. a. viscosity b. topography c. buoyancy d. velocity e. specific gravity

c

The East African Rift zone was created by _____, and may be the early stage of a future ocean. a. subduction of an oceanic plate b. continental spreading c. mid-oceanic rift zones d. subduction of a lithospheric plate e. converging continental plates

continental spreading

Lithosphere is not equivalent to

crust

The High Cascades volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest, which lie inland from an oceanic trench, formed from _____. a. continental collision b. transform faults c. transform boundaries d. an active subduction zone e. an active divergent plate boundary

d

the Basin and Range of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent areas is an example of faults associated with _____ boundaries. a. lithospheric b. convergent c. seismic d. divergent e. transform

divergent

Types of tectonic boundaries

divergent, convergent, transform

What is the correct order of Earth's layers, from the center to the surface? a. mantle, lithosphere, and core b. lithosphere, core, and mantle c. crust, mantle, and core d. mantle, lithosphere, and core e. core, mantle, and crust

e

The occurrence of _____ is directly related to the occurrence of _____. a. tornadoes; volcanoes b. earthquakes; hurricanes c. earthquakes; tsunami d. earthquakes; tornadoes e. tornadoes; tsunami

earthquakes; tsunami

Research teams who examined the fault after the 2015 earthquake discerned a long, uninterrupted fault to the _____ of the recent earthquake, indicating the potential for a large earthquake in Bhutan. west southwest east

east

Rocks deform _____ under low stress. a. with compression b. elastically c. by liquefying d. plastically e. with brittle failure

elastically

The point on the map above the location where a fault slips and causes an earthquake is called the _____. a. seismic center b. origin of body waves c. focus d. wave center e. epicenter

epicenter

A forecast of a natural catastrophe is usually about 90 percent accurate.

false

A seismogram is a device that records the shaking of earthquake waves.

false

A slice into Earth shows the core at the center and the mantle on the surface.

false

Alfred Wegener was the first person to theorize that the continents were once connected in the geologic past.

false

An earthquake strike along a fault affects all parts of the fault and causes seismic damage throughout.

false

An example of a subduction-zone fault in the United States is the Wasatch Front, the eastern face of the Wasatch Range of central Utah.

false

Learning to live with nature requires using technology to control natural systems.

false

Lithospheric plates that move away from each other are called convergent plate boundaries.

false

One particularly widespread natural hazard is the presence of tornadoes in California.

false

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) encourages victims of landslides and floods to rebuild in their original location because a future disaster is statistically unlikely to happen there again.

false

The Mercalli Intensity scale is based on the maximum amplitude of earthquake waves measured on a seismograph of a specific type, the Wood-Anderson seismograph.

false

The basalt lava flows that cover the entire ocean floor are caused by the movement of convergent boundaries.

false

The degree of shaking in an earthquake is unrelated to the distance from the epicenter.

false

The first event of an earthquake is the arrival of R waves, the primary or compressional waves, which come as a sudden jolt.

false

The liquid inner core of Earth is surrounded by a solid outer core.

false

The term strain refers to the forces imposed on a rock.

false

There is a direct, positive relationship between magnitude and frequency of catastrophic events

false

There is a strong relationship between weather and earthquakes, but a weaker interaction between weather and flooding.

false

When two plates collide, the subduction plate slides over the top of the other, denser, plate.

false

The term _____ refers to natural processes that accelerate change in other natural systems. a. feedback effect b. precursor event c. tipping point d. inverse relationship e. negative loop

feedback effect

Acceleration in an earthquake is measured in terms of _____. a. speed b. gravity c. weight d. distance e. oscillation

gravity

Which natural event causes the most fatalities in the United States? a. heat and drought b. earthquakes c. landslides d. hurricanes e. tornadoes

heat & drought

The conflict concerning the Diablo Canyon reactors stems from the 2008 discovery of the Shoreline fault, which snakes offshore about 650 yards from the reactors. A larger crack, the __________ fault, had been discovered in the 1970s about 3 miles away, after the plant's construction permits had been issued and work was underway. Surveys have mapped a network of other faults north and south of the reactors. a. Los Osos b. San Onofre c. Hosgri d. Diablo

hosgri

In Hawaii, the Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes are part of a chain of extinct volcanoes, which created a track of volcanic activity. These volcanoes are therefore examples of _____. a. rifts b. transform boundaries c. hotspot volcanoes d. divergent boundaries e. convergent boundaries

hotspot volcanoes

What type of earthquake is most likely to be associated with the eastern United States? a. intraplate b. divergent boundary c. seafloor spreading d. interplate e. transform boundary

intraplate

The magnitude of a catastrophic event is _____ proportional to its frequency. a. negatively b. positively c. slightly d. not e. inversely

inversely

The combination of soft sediments with loosely packed grains and high groundwater levels is significantly likely to cause _____ during earthquakes. a. tsunamis b. landslides c. erosion d. liquefaction e. dam failure

liquefaction

Building a levee to protect an area from flood is an example of _____. a. mitigation b. behavioral change c. creating insurance d. assessing risk e. controlling nature

mitigation

A measure of the total energy expended during an earthquake is called the _____. a. surface energy b. moment magnitude c. seismogram d. seismograph e. amplitude

moment magnitude

Climate scientists say the increased wildfires in California are related to global warming because _____. a. El Niño exacerbated weather patterns in 2014 b. more storms cause more lightning strikes c. more heat causes more evaporation d. El Niña exacerbated weather patterns in 2014

more heat causes more evaporation

A _____ chart uses the distance from the earthquake (P - S time in seconds) and the S-wave amplitude (in mm) to estimate the earthquake magnitude. a. seismogram b. seismograph c. nomograph d. linear e. logarithmic

nomograph

The amount of movement on a fault, or _____, is related to the size of an earthquake. a. shear b. compression c. rupture d. creep e. offset

offset

The first waves to arrive during an earthquake are the _____ waves. a. P b. surface c. S d. Rayleigh e. body

p

A statistical forecast of catastrophic event is based on _____. a. ice core measurements b. solid scientific evidence c. past history d. seismology e. short term experience

past history

Once a disaster has already occurred, the financial impact to victims can be mitigated by _____. a. state compensation b. local endowments c. risk analysis d. FEMA compensation e. purchase of insurance

purchase of insurance

Viscosity

resistance to flow Temp dependent Depends on Composition

What type of fault moves rocks on the upper side of a steeply inclined fault up and over those below? a. reverse b. blind c. slip-strike d. normal e. thrust

reverse

Most of the magmas that erupt in continental rift zones are _____. a. rhyolite and granite b. rhyolite only c. silica or basalt d. basalt only e. rhyolite or basalt

rhyolite or basalt

A hazard considered in the light of its recurrence interval and expected costs is known as _____. a. insurance b. assessment c. land use planning d. natural hazard mitigation e. risk

risk

The important discovery and confirmation of _____ made the hypothesis of continental drift feasible. a. glaciers that could plow through the ocean floor b. the presence of transform boundaries in the ocean c. seafloor spreading d. subduction of oceanic plates e. converging plate boundaries in the ocean

seafloor spreading

What type of activity drives plate motion? a. transform fault boundaries b. collisions of lithospheric plates c. seafloor spreading d. collision of oceanic plates with lithospheric plates e. hotspots

seafloor spreading

One important indicator of its severity of California's drought was when state scientists measured the ___ in the spring of 2015 and found that it was at 5 percent of normal, the lowest ever recorded. annual rainfall Sierra snowpack humidity

sierra snowpack

If there is a long uninterrupted segment of a fault, we can expect that fault to ultimately produce a _____ temblor(s). a. series of b. stronger c. weaker d. more long-lasting

stronger

When two oceanic lithospheric plates collide, the result is usually _____. a. subduction b. seafloor spreading c. a transform fault boundary d. a rift e. crumpling of the lithosphere

subduction

What type of earthquake wave typically causes the most damage to buildings? a. S b. Rayleigh c. body d. surface e. P

surface

What evidence prompted Dutch mapmaker Abraham Ortelius to suggest in 1596 that Africa and South America were once connected and had since moved apart? a. the similarity of rock composition b. the similarity of the shapes of the coastlines c. fossil evidence d. the similarity of plant life e. continuation of mountain ranges

the similarity of the shapes of the coastlines

A contingency is a past event that influences a future event, such as when a sudden fault movement causes an earthquake, which, in turn, causes an earthquake in another area.

true

A natural catastrophe can be defined as a natural event that kills or injures large numbers of people or causes extensive property damage.

true

Although large earthquakes are more frequent in the West, the few large ones that have occurred in eastern North America have been much more damaging because Earth's crust in the East transmits earthquake waves more efficiently.

true

An increase in magnitude above 6 does not cause much stronger shaking; rather, it increases the area and total time of shaking.

true

Earthquakes are associated with convergent boundaries.

true

Earthquakes can cause liquefaction, in which soils that ordinarily seem perfectly stable become almost liquid when shaken.

true

Faults are simply breaks in Earth's crust along which rocks on one side of the break move past those on the other side of the break.

true

Flooding is the second most deadly natural hazard in the United States.

true

Following the Fukushima Dai-ichi meltdown after the 9.0 magnitude earthquake in 2011, the NRC directed U.S. nuclear plants to reevaluate seismic risks, and those studies were due by March 2015.

true

Hypotheses that are confirmed by multiple sources of data over a long period of time become theories that can be used to predict other events

true

In Guatemala and Nicaragua, peasants who work for giant corporate farms must provide their own shelter on steep, landslide-prone hillsides.

true

Lithospheric plates move at rates up to 8 cm (3.2 in.) per year.

true

Mitigation involves efforts to prepare for — and reduce the damage from — a disaster, such as building levees.

true

Moment magnitude, MW, is essentially a measure of the total energy expended during an earthquake.

true

Mountains actually have "roots" that go deep into Earth's crust.

true

One reason it is difficult to predict most natural events is because we do not generally know what changes are occurring at depth.

true

Rocks that deform plastically permanently change shape or flow when forces are applied.

true

Seafloor spreading is the driving force behind plate movement.

true

Surface waves of an earthquake generally involve the greatest ground motion, so they cause a large proportion of all earthquake damage.

true

The 1960 earthquake in Chile released more energy than the 1906 earthquake in California.

true

The Atlantic Ocean formed as the result of continental spreading.

true

The Snake River Plain in Idaho is an example of a continental hotspot track.

true

The feedback effect is illustrated by rapid melting of Arctic sea ice due to global warming, which leaves darker sea water to absorb more of the Sun's energy, and in turn, causes even more sea ice melting.

true

The most famous example of a transform fault in the United States is the San Andreas Fault.

true

The similarity of fossils on different continents across the Atlantic Ocean is evidence that these continents were once connected.

true

Two lithospheric plates that slide past each other, such as at the San Andreas Fault, are called a transform boundary.

true

Vegetation in California is as dry as kindling from the worst drought in the state's recorded history, which causes fire to catch more easily, spread faster, and get carried farther on the wind.

true

While it is impossible to predict all natural disasters, we can anticipate that problems caused by humans, such as global warming, will increase the chance that a disaster will strike.

true

The probability that a second severe event will occur is _____ to the length of time that has elapsed since a prior major event. a. unrelated b. inversely proportional c. positively related d. exponentially proportional e. negatively related

unrelated

In terms of fatalities in the United States, which hazard poses the least risk? a. floods b. volcanoes c. hurricanes d. earthquakes e. landslides

volcanoes