National Board Certification: English Language Arts: Early Adolescence

Point of View

1st - I. 3rd - s/he. 3rd Omni - all characters. 383336

How Descriptions Define a Word

A reader can make assumptions about the word looking at descriptive words around it.

Define simile and give an example

A similes compares using words such as "like" or "as." Wordsworth in poem "Daffodils" say "i wondered lonely as a cloud."

Good dialogue's purpose

Advances the story, develops characters, accounts for passages of time, introduces or changes conflict, illuminates motivations, gives understanding.

Levels of Literary Analysis - Best, Partial, Poor

Best evidence.is strong, relevant, accurate. Enough analysis reasonable understanding, accurate, specific, clear. Partial analysis reasonable understanding, general partial accuracy. Poor analysis is vague and, or incorrect. 261070

Discuss & Define Pastoral Novels

Idealize country life as idyllic and utopian. Greek Longus, Daphnis & Chloe influenced Lodge Rosalynde, which influenced Shakespeare As You Like It. 20th century version became less idyllic, demonstrating urban ills. Bellow's Herzog.

Explain how knowledge of prefixes can help readers determine meanings of unfamiliar words.

If students know the meanings of different prefixes, it can help you infer the words meaning. "Pre" means advance, preheat. "Dys" means bad - dysfunctional.

Describe the characteristics of Drama

In the Middle Ages - composed in verse. In Renaissance - mixed prose, rhymed/blank verse. Costumes - Greek, Medieval, mystery & Renaissance. Always talk to the audience. Elizabethan - colloquial prose, stylized verse.

Define, give example, identify metaphor & extended metaphor

Metaphor is implied comparison. "The Tyger" Blake writes "Tyger, Tyger, burning bright, in the forests of the night" compares tiger to a flame. Describing it as burning. "O Ship of State" Wordsworth uses extended metaphor throughout the entire poem. Use a specific metaphor "the anchors of thy hope!" Refer union to a seagoing vessel, keel mast, sail. 133295

Define and five an example of a metaphor and onomatopoeia

Metaphor is implied comparison. Onomatopoeia uses words imitating the sounds of things they name or describe. Wadsworth Longfellow in "O Ship of State" compares the state and its government to a ship and its sailing. In "Come Down, O Maid" Tennyson writes of "The man of doves in immemorial elms."

The difference between connotative and denotative meanings

Nonfiction/Factual = denotative Fiction/Interpretive = connotative

Discuss Epistolary Novels

Novels told in the form of letters. Richardson's Pamela and Becket's Krapps Last Tape are examples.

Discuss Romantic Comedy

One of most popular. Humor, happy ending, love. Often involve two people destined to face obstacle getting together. Cinderella, Princess Bride, Much Ado About Nothing

Summarize Origin of Revenge Tragedy

Originated in Greece. Protagonist suffer. Wrongdoer not punished. Protagonist faces conflict of whether to suffer or exact revenge. An example is Agamemnon and Hamlet.

Discuss Sentimental Novels

Originated with Romanticism and depict emotion, not just physical love. Victorian era rejected sentimental novels. Wood's East Lynne is a sentimental Romantic novel example.

How a read can use syntax to determine unfamiliar word

Please spluch that ball to me = verb Please hand that spluch to me = noun

Typical Characteristics of Poetry

Poetry is written in verses, sentences, clauses, & phrases. Can be metered - follow rhythmic pattern, stressed and unstressed syllables. Can also refer to number of beats.

Explain the ways Fitzgerald use symbols to develop the theme of excessive wealth and corruption in The Great Gatsby

Portrayed 1920's America as greedy, cynical, rife with moral decay. Parties symbolize reckless excesses of Jazz Age. Bootleg and organized crime symbolized by Wolfsheim. Fitzgerald symbolize division by geography. 576507

Examples of how literary theories inform criticism/interpretation

Post-colonial Achebe's contention of Heart of Darkness.

Compare and contrast literary genres

Prose - paragraphs. Poetry - stanza. Drama - dialogue w/ aside, monologues, acts, scenes. Novels - chapters. Novels & plays - character, climax, resolution.

Example of Regional Dialect

Regional variations exist because of variances in local climate and their influence on language and behavior. According to the Linguistic Atlas of Gulf States Project people in the north call toe fungus "toe itch," they wear more shoes in cold weather. While people in the south call it "ground itch," in a climate where they are more likely to be barefoot.

Prediction as a Comprehension Skill

Reinforces our purpose for reading and prepares us mentally. As we read we can test accuracy of predictions. KWL Chart 437248

Examples of how authors may use description as context clue

Sometime author's introduce a contrasting or opposing idea before a concept

Process of drawing conclusions

Sometime implied, sometimes stated directly. Be alert to direct statements, rejected, weakened by the author.

Differentially define story and discourse, give an example

Story is characters, places, events. Discourse is how the author arranges and sequences events. One element of plot relating to events is different from order is cause/effect. Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour, some elements out of order. "Another element is selection Chopin omits information that allows for surprise for the reader.

How Knowledge of Suffixes Help

Suffixes change a word to a noun representing a state of being. Happy - happiness - adjective to noun. Converse - conversation - verb to noun

Thematic development of The Old Man & the Sea & how it reflects earlier works

Telling of man's role in nature. Man & fish are brave, proud, honorable. All creatures kill/be killed. We can transcend destruction by fighting it. Echoes Greek, Roman myth, Old Testament of tragic flaw of overreaching.

Evaluate credible text

Text credible author is knowledgeable and objective.

Why organizational structures vary, and why readers need to be familiar

Text structure can help readers understand authors intent. Not all passages are written in logical structure.

How Shakespearean comedy influenced by Classical Greek drama

When Shakespeare was writing Aristotle comedy was popular. A Comedy of Errors is a farce. Lighthearted slapstick humor. Much Ado About Nothing is a romantic comedy. witty dialogue with a happy ending.

Explain distinction between literal and figurative meaning include examples

Literal words mean exactly what they say. Figurative words mean something more.

Discuss How Contrasts Can Be used to Define a Word

Look for clues words that indicate an opposite, like despite.

Describe the process for determining the contextual meaning of a word

Look for context clues and evaluate a substituted word

How to Infer from Literature

Make conclusions based on observations (text) and previous knowledge. 379203

Why, when, how readers make connections

Make connections to improve comprehension. Text-to-self, text, or world. Make connections to genre, setting, characters, plot elements, literary structure & devices.

How allusion affects text and audience

Makes their text richer, grounds it, or makes cultural reference to emphasize important or make reader feel included.

Discuss the importance of syntax

Man - chair - broken arm Syntax means sentence structure. It makes the text unique and conveys writing style. It. contributes to reader's understanding of the text.

Explain how conflict influences resolutions

Man v man - agreement or triumph Man v nature - realization about nature Man v self - grow or understand self

Define 3 types of literary irony w/ examples

Verbal - words opposite to the meaning "clear as mud". May use similes. Dramatic - narrative informs audience of more. "the Gift of Magi" use situational where what happens contrasts w/ expectations.

How to Identify Theme

The theme is the lesson that the story teaches. A story can have more than one theme. The reader needs to figure out the theme based on what happens in the story.

One way reader can discover the main theme

Theme, structure, plot are interdependent. Theme is central idea. Plot is what happens. Title informs us of theme. Repetitive patterns give clues to theme. Same for symbols.

Relationship between antonyms

They have opposite meanings

Define Figures of Speech with Examples

Verbal expressions with figurative meanings. Fall in love = metaphor. Light as a feather = simile. 111295

Discuss Farce

Goofy, slapstick comedy. Characters are ridiculous or fantastical. Plot has improbable events, twists, coincidence, mistaken identity, deceptions. Shakespeare The Comedy of Errors.

Discuss Haiku

13th century Japanese origins. Beginning with renga a 100 stanza oral poem. By 16th century became short. 17 syllable distributed between 3 lines 5/7/5. Syllabi and unrhymed. Forces writers to express images and moments concisely, and evoke illumination.

Characteristics of Sonnets

14 lines of Iambic Pentameter. Petrarchan have 8 lines + 6 lines stanzas. ABBA/ABBA CDECDE/CDECDE. English sonnets have 3 quatrains, 1 couplet, ABAB/CDCD/EFEF/GG. 451705

Give example of theme of overreaching in literature and real life

Greek Daedalus constructed wings of feather & wax. Boy flies too close to the sun with the wings. Old Testament, Adam & Eve told not to eat fruit of knowledge. Goethe's Faust protagonist sells soul to his own tragic end.

Summarize the context of literature change from Middle Ages to Renaissance.

Greek athenian elite principles for creating poetry. Romans assimilated culture of Greeks. Gods of Roman & Greek mythology are similar 1000 year period of ignorance and illiteracy. Gutenberg 1450 invention of printing press led to Renaissance.

Describe whale & whiteness in Moby Dick

Ahab's quest to kill whales represents evil. His attempts to understand through science contribute to the theme that we cannot know everything. Whale symbolizes dread and white which symbolizes death and fear, as well as 19th century European exploitation.

Define affixes and describe different types.

An affix is a morpheme added to a word. Derivational affixes are new words or word related to the original. Happy- Happiness. Inflectional affixes form different grammatical words. Plan, planned. Circumfixes come before & after words. En-light-en. Interfixes create compound words. o - speedometer.

How author's use appositive to help the reader determine the meaning

An author may make it easier for readers to define a word by defining it right after its use. Englised within two commas.

Define 5 critical terms related to Aristotle's Tragedy criteria

Anagnorsis - tragic insight. Protagonist enmessed in fate. Hamartia- tragic error/flaw. Protagonist makes mistake/s with catastrophic consequences. Hubris - pride. Protagonist is arrogant. Nemesis- retribution, cosmic punishment. Peripateia- plot reversal. Protagonist makes an action that makes them endangered.

Example of dialects used by authors

Harper Lee "To Kill a Mockingbird" used dialects for uneducated white southerners. Huckleberry Finn uses the same.

Discuss Hamlet's "tragic flaw"

His flaw is indecision made evidence from soliloquy "To be or not to be." He makes several attempts to avenge father, until his own murder.

How Classical definition of comedy differs from Contemporary

Ancient Greek comedy only happy ending. Classical definition tells story of main characters rise. Comic figures sympathetic and humble origins.

Summarize classic plot structure by Aristotle & Freytag

Aristotle plot arrangement of incident. Unity of Action - events must be connected. Freytag created triangle. Beginning - exposition - cause. Desis - ensuing cause/effect - rising action. Climax - peripateia, cause/effect. Lusis - falling action. 944011

Guidelines for survey into dialects

Ask students to construct a survey with a list of words used in certain dialects. They should ask participants to identify words they can define, have heard of, and or used.

Explain how author may use examples of vocabulary to help readers deduce meaning

Author may use a word then give examples that illustrate meaning

Examples to illustrate plot structure analyzed through patterns

Authors in fiction select characters, places, events that will affect their readers. Compare/contrast events in the story.

How readers can infer character traits based on dialogue

Based on the information in the sentences, the reader can infer. The term, the context, the character is...

Identify Context of Canterbury Tales

Chaucer wrote long narrative poems. Canterbury Tales are tales of life in Middle Ages representing a cross-section of society. 752719

Define conflict and ways to identify the plot

Conflict is a problem to be solved. The character attempts to solve conflict drives the plot. Physical, emotional, mental, novel, internal/external. Identify the conflict by identifying the protagonist and antagonist, why they are in conflict, where is the climax, and how do the characters identify with it. 559550

Discuss the nuance of word meaning

Connotation is subjective, it has emotional connections. Writers select synonyms that best communicate associations they want to trigger.

Define and explain connotation

Connotation is the feeling or attitude associated with a word.

Why using context clues help determine meaning. What are four types of context clue?

Context clues are important because dictionaries are slow, have multiple definitions and you need to know the words. Examples, definitions, description, opposite.

Analyze character development

Contradictions - character things, says, does. Authro observation differ from others. Dynamic/static. Flat/Round. 408719

Discuss How to Define a Word in Context

Define a word in context by looking at nearby words to define the meaning

How Related Descriptions Help Comprehend Meaning

Descriptions better illustrate the words.

Explain the origin of English drama

Developed from religious ritual. From traditions of presenting pageants, mystery plays on traveling wagons. Depict biblical events. Interpretation and nuance in Middle Ages.

The difference between dialect and diction

Dialect represent pronunciation, grammar, figurative language and is based on region, social class, or cultural background. Diction refers to word choice. Much broader.

Four major forms of Literary Genre

Historical Fiction - Scott's Rob Roy. Picaresque - episodic adventures of protagonist. Gothic - Horror, mystery, supernatural. Frankenstein. Psychological - explore motivations. Crime & Punishment 565543

Discuss Bildungsroman

Education novel or coming of age. Examples are Dicken's Great Expectations and Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.

Role of Williams Shakespeare in English Literature

England's foremost poet (he wrote 154) and dramatists (38) who stole from Christopher Marlowe's characters. themes, and verbiage.

Explain how knowing the origin of roots, prefixes, and suffixes can help readers determine new word meaning

English words combine Latin and Greek prefixes and suffixes and change impact or impact the meaning of the word. The Latin word habere means to have. The prefixes "in" and "im" mean prevention or lack of. Therefore we can assume the word "inhibit" means "to prevent from having."

Discus major forms of poetry

Epic poems - long, growth of hero, third-person. Lyrical - short, expressive, first-person. Epistolary - letters. Ballad - love, death, religion. Elegies - lament. Odes - feelings, thought. Pastoral- nature. Epigrams - short. Limericks - funny.415705

Define and give example of hyperbole

Excessive exaggeration used for humor or emphasis. In Old Times on the Mississippi, Mark Twain wrote: "I...could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far."

Discuss novel of manners

Explore social behaviors of specific time and place. Jane Austen is a great example.

Three types of Dramatic Comedies

Farce, Romantic Comedy, Satirical Comedy

Define figurative language and identify two functions

Figurative language extends past literal meaning. It stimulates senses and gives new insight. Examples include onomatopoeia, alliteration, personification, imagery, similes, metaphors, hyperbole.

Describe how figurative devices contribute to meaning

Hyperbole - communicate strength of feeling. Imagery appeals to senses. Irony aid thematic development draw attention to point. So do metaphors and similes. Mood add atmosphere and emotion. Onomatopoeia contribute to auditory senses.

Discuss theme, its purpose, how to identify it

Literary themes are inferred from authors' perspectives about life & humanity. Find this by analyzing fictional characters, their actions, setting, plot development. Succeed when communicate a message.

Define Roman a Clef

French for "novel with a key" that requires a key for comprehension. Orwell's Animal Farm disguise truths too dangerous for authors to state directly.

Example of topic common in ancient religious text

Genesis, Quran, Gilgamesh contain flood stories. Genesis flood is worldwide. Quran the flood was regional. In Gilgamesh instructed to build a ship. Universal theme flood is God's way of wiping out humans.

Discuss Realism literary form

Goal is to represent reality. Reaction to Romanticism. Focus on time, place, character, actions & consequences, middle class, ethical issues.

Discuss Contextual Clues

Inference means using what is found and what is known. Good inference are based on what is found.

Discuss importance of inference

Inferences are based on the information in a passage, but not directly stated in the passage. Look for contextual clues. 379203

Good dialogue must

It Must Not: Break up the narrative, use simile/metaphor, share own opinion, slow plot, use when narrative is better. It Must: seem natural and be pertinent.

Influence of setting`

It enhances the story. Setting is the place in which the whole story is set. The time frame is the period in which the story is set. It anchors the text, create a mood, enhance meaning, help the reader understand.

Evaluate summary

It will be complete, concise, able to stand alone, accurate, objective, similar in proportion to original, includes tags of attribution, no excessive quotes.

Example of alternating-person narration

JK Rowling, Harry Potter, first to third-person. George RR Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire, changes based on chapter.

Give an Example of Using Textual Evidence to Analyze

Know the historical or social background, as well as the author can help inform the reader about the author's concerns or intended meaning. Orwell's 1984 informed by Totalitarian governments.

Characteristics and examples of second-person narration

Least used in narratives. Example are the "Choose Your Own Adventure" novels.

Characteristics of Satirical Black Comedy

Satire mocks human foolishness & vices. Main character is usually a fool, corrupt, cynical. Other characters are similar: dupes, tricksters, criminals, fortune seekers. In black comedy event are grotesque or terrible.

Discuss summarizing

Similar to creating an effective outline. Accurately define the main idea. Lay out most important supporting details.

Classical Definition of Tragedy

Tragedies are sad. They depict suffering to cause pain or terror in the audience. Tragic heroes are basically good. Their downfall is through a personal trait not luck.

Theory of Tragedy by Hegel

Tragedy must involve some circumstances in which two values are fatally at odds.

Describe synonyms and antonyms

Synonym = means the same thing Antonym = opposite meaning

How syntax affects clarity and meaning

Syntax give grammatical cues that aide readers. The man with a broken arm at in a chair. The main sat in a chair with a broken arm.

Characteristics of satire

Uses sarcasm, irony, humor as social criticism. Create exaggerated situation to illuminate flawed behavior. Swift's Gulliver's Travel's critique political disputes.

Describe ways Hugo developed theme of importance of love & compassion

The overall metamorphosis of protagonist from ex-convict to benefactor, illustrates how love and compassion for others beget the same. Kindness inspires him to become honest.