native american final
tenskwatawa
"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe Shawnee prophet 1806 -1813 a member of the Shawnee nation, born in 1775. lacked the physical abilities that his other siblings, including his elder brother Tecumseh, enjoyed. He was so unskilled with a bow and arrow that he blinded himself in his right eye with a wayward arrow. As an adult, he became reliant on the kindness of his fellow tribesmen to feed himself and his family. He also turned to alcohol to forget his problems, quickly becoming dependent upon liquor. an open door. Whites called Tenskwatawa "the Prophet." Techumseh and the Prophet are Creek (creek mother) - get creeks to rally together and join what he started previously in year not successful Shawnee man - not great hunter, not a holy man, being provided for cause he couldn't provided for family, but then has a vision where he sees native Americans being punished and succumbed to white way of living are punished and now there's one god and create a new way of living, go back to old way of life before European trade goods after vision stopped being an alcoholic and started being successful alcohol diminished power of communities and forces economic dependence cause native communities don't make rum 1805 while lighting his pipe fell into a deep trance. His family believed that he had died and prepared his body for a funeral.regained consciousness and claimed that the Master of Life, a Shawnee deity, had visited him. Master of Life told him that the Ohio's American Indians must give up all white customs and products. The Master of Life reportedly viewed the American Indians' dependence on guns, iron cookware, glass beads, and alcohol as the worst possible sins. If they rejected these items and returned to traditional ways, the Master of Life would reward them by driving the white settlers from the American Indians' land. The American Indians must also stop fighting with each other over land and respect their tribal elders. If they followed the Master of Life's message, the American Indians would return to a life filled with happiness. Lalawethika also changed his name to Tenskwatawa. Tenskwatawa means "open door" in Shawnee. If the American Indians followed the Master of Life's message as delivered by Tenskwatawa, they would have 2 afterlives - good place and bad place bad place has demon figure who drinks molten lead Significance: started a religious movement with the goal of helping Native Americans to go back to their traditional ways, become a uniting force and stop being so dependent on Americans
jacksons 2nd message to congress
2nd address to congress saying 1830s removal of natives is good and outlines why and the plan lets US expand west native groups are shrinking/melt away moving tribes at US expense - paying for land, food and actual move (makes it look really good "if US was offered this deal, they'd take it so the Natives should take this deal" still thinks natives are heathens even though theyre mostly christian/ do normal "american" things Significance: created support for native removal which eventually led to the trail of tears
We have examined several Native "revitalization movements." Choose several to summarize, including key figures or dates, and compare and contrast their causes and consequences. Were any successful, and why or why not?
Neolin = great awakening Pontiac's war 1763 a Delaware prophet evangelist We speak different languages but were similar so we should all be native Cast off non-Indian stuff 3 creations Syncretic (combination of belief systems) Manitou - catch-all name for other than human being/ spiritual force Messages are monotheistic when their religion wasn't Fix dependency on both trade and alcohol return to tradition, become one, stop taking more wives Cosmographic map on how to get to heaven Useful term: revitalization movement associated with pontiac B. pontiac's = rebellion 1763 Pan-Indian network Goals: bring french back, push British east Takes British forts Key issue: Indian status in empire We are all Indians and have issues with British Wants 2 different competing empires If British are gone french will come back and force British to take trade and prices claims seriously Bring back middle ground diplomacy Take many British forts Through a lacrosse game Smallpox blankets - sorta kinda Ottawa Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763 C. techumseh - A Shawnee chief who worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. dealing with kickback of american revolution and land laws father killed brother killed mother moves away Techumseh and the Prophet are Creek (creek mother) - get creeks to rally together and join what he started previously in year adheres to brothers vision (the prophet) tenskwatawa ' wants to unite Shawnee into a confederacy and move everyone to one town after being spread out for so long pan-Indian - all the same fundamentally get rid of tribal and nationalistic designations self proclaimed leader had beef with people who sold land - had no power to sell land hates chiefs who sell land - all chiefs have to agree to sell land before its sold who dislikes this? white folks, harrison, other natives who are making money by selling land options: traditionalism vs accomodationism (conservatism vs progressivism) chief of shawnee doesnt like techumseh - conservative - black hoof signs treaties and generates money for nation progressives or accomodationists: major john ridge cherokee signs treaties and nation doesnt like it but it generates money conservatives or traditionalists or nativists: dragging canoe, cherokee osceola, seminole, tenskwatawa, shawnee famous for fighting US and usually dying violently Neolin - similar in terms of monotheistic way of life and return to native life before European and afterlife Pontiac - similar ideas? all native people are fundamentally the same D. pueblo revolt - Pope pueblo revolt - 1680 o 1680 pope's rebellion - occurred in the Pueblo Region, which is present day New Mexico. The spanish came in and tried to force the people to convert to christianity. They arrest the pueblo holy men and some of them are put to death. As revenge, Pope (a pueblo man), leads a revolt against the spanish and kill 400 spaniards all together and 35 priests. The spanish are forced to leave the area. o Pueblos- Zunis, hopis, new Mexico o Big communities with satellites and agriculture o Franciscan friars - 1680 Spanish colony 90% native, 30 missionaries Small govt, soldiers, farmers, Spanish have system of colonizing • Land grants from Spanish crown to Spanish men • Building new world utopia - perfect Catholic communities Causes: plague, Apaches (ethnic community, with horses, dangerous), Franciscans friars (convert pueblos to Spanish religion and lifestyle), kachinas (gods, room is called a kiva, outlawed in 1660, holistic religion dolls, pope (prophet talks to ancestors), millennium - the return of gods and significant social transformation • Hit hard by epidemics, starving • EITHER SO SICK HIT HARD BY PLAGUES OR SO SICK CANT FARM • Introduce shame into society - sexual shame via customs o Women dress more modesty • Gender roles, women and men young people • Increase ceremonial activities • Spanish hang 3 shamans and put more into prison o In August we get rid of Franciscans o Pueblos unite - Makes knotted cord for each pueblo = undo each knot on string until you go o Cleanse and appease ancestors - things should get better called millennium o Revitalization movement - breathe new life into culture or society Pueblos burn crosses and force Spaniards out of New Mexico - 1680 • Kill almost all missionaries and more non missionaries • About 170 Spaniards bearing arms • No more franciscans for 12 years o o the significance is: when the Spanish arrive 13 years later, they realize they cannot force the pueblo to Christianity. For a time they lived in harmony with one another. established a short-lived confederacy o Significance: was a revitalization movement for the pueblos; showed the political and military force of natives in the area by forcing Spanish out Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt
elias boudinot
Editor of Cherokee Phoenix; one of leaders who signed Treaty of New Echota Buck watie - leader of cherokee nation Cherokee phoenix newspaper editor Born to parents of mixed cherokee and europeans, educated at missionary school reservations and conditions depend on geographic location, economics, all the other things cherokee nation in need of support americans are target audience talks about progress, not savages anymore like they once were, so they deserve help from US focused narrative to fit audience however, we should take boudinot at his word unless theres new info believes cherokees were once savages are now becoming civilized christians believed that removal was inevitable. He and other treaty supporters signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 best outcome was for the Cherokee to secure their rights through treaty, before they were moved against their will. Boudinot used all of his writing and oratory skills to influence Indian Removal policy, but many within the nation opposed his viewpoint. He criticized the popular principal chief John Ross, who opposed his ideas. Ross had ordered Boudinot to stop publishing his views favoring removal in the newspaper. Significance: signed a treaty that eventually led to indian removal, influenced removal policy
worcester v georgia
Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes (1832) georgia doesnt want wooster on the land wooster is a missionary who is wanted on land by cherokee nation cherokee nation is a distinct nation with boundaries georgia cant enforce laws Treaty signed guarantees laws and rights based on european law can't do anything cherokee decides cherokee nation is only looked after by federal not state levels the federal govt is under obligation to protect the nation only federal govt can make native laws domestic but dependent nation John Marshall, writing for the court, ruled that Georgia could not forbid whites from entering tribal lands, as it had attempted to do with two missionaries supposedly stirring up resistance among the tribespeople.[87] but there was no jurisdiction to come to an exact agreement/decision Significance: The Supreme Court's ruling helped establish the doctrine of tribal sovereignty,and this court case is one that created trial law and is still used to decide court cases and tribal law in the US
william apess
Methodist minister, writer and mixed race native american Activist for native american rights blunt, openly hypocritical uses christian quotes and god a lot is mixed race - cherokee? discussed racial and religious discrimination reservations are in bad conditions cherokees are in squalor, alcohol rampant, prostitution affects life native people are in whaling industry which leaves women behind and potentially widowed/alone govt cant limit marriage its a religious ceremony mostly talking bout interracial marriage Apess is married, mixed race and maybe married to a mix raced women this is a personal issue Significance: first native american to write own autobiography - most prolific indian writer in english 1800s, renewed sense of native american identity told through religion
treaty of greenville
This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio. Anthony Wayne was the American representative. August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by General Anthony Wayne defeated an America Indian force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, American Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville Native Americans finally come to table and create a treaty of peace that gives up most of their land all polities are at peace treaty that brought together many nations that encompasses all previous native treaties general Wayne kinship term: brothers great father - same way with french The Treaty of Greenville may refer to one or two treaties at Fort Greenville, now Greenville, Ohio. The first was signed on August 3, 1795, following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers a year earlier. American Indians who became signatories agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the American Indians permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give Ohio's American Indian signatories $9,500 every year in goods. The American Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. ended the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country, limited Indian Country to strategic parcels of land to the north and west, and began the practice of annual payments following land concessions. The parties to the first treaty were a coalition of Native American tribes known as the Western Confederacy, and United States government represented by General Anthony Wayne and local frontiersmen. Significance: The Treaty of Greenville was important because it established a set boundary of the lands of the Native Americans and the land open for European settlements, For the first time the new United States government had control over all its territories. The treaty ended the Northwest Indian War.
creek civil war
aka Redstick war 1813-14 key issue: justice - is a central creek govt legitimate? for whom? faction 1: wealthy often mixed heritage merchants and slaveholders faction 2: debtors slaves traditionalists and nativists (African heritage) people who listened to Tecumseh and the prophet are called redstick cause of sticks they carry murder people, take land and cattle, live on family land to put down redstick people the creek nationalists (council and self appointed based on wealth) ask their good friend andrew jackson help us we have creek rebels destroying property, marrying our slaves and moving to florida background - class stratification war of 1812 Tecumseh and indian unity (pan-Indianism) creek nationalists ask Andrew Jackson for help in ending crime and defeating rebels treaty of horseshoe bend (fort Jackson 1814) cede land in treaty creek nation wins redstick war but creek nationalists win war of 1812 Creek confederation british and spanish vs local white militia Based on US encroachment on lands Tecumseh came to tell of dangerous whites creeks split in 2 and red sticks preyed upon white settlements fought creeks andrew jackson fought (horseshoe bend) Significance - creek confederacy loss forced confederation to give up whats now georgia and alabama also trusts jackson into national spotlight and into the presidency some years later
frances slocum
little girl who got kidnapped in the revolutionary war. White girl captured by Native American tribe and raised Native Am. captured by miamis went to live with tribe in 1770s had all appearances of Miami woman but was from a white family how shocked at how indianized she had become what was a young white girl was now a native woman ascribes to way of dress piercing(6) sets and life with cultural traditions - the deer doesn't speak English well respected woman athletic, worked fields cured deer worked horses whitening of herself domestic sphere - cleaning and wax work etc nieces talk about in books Miami husbands not talked about married 2x, had a bunch of kids deaf man - 2nd husband both sons died challenges cultural mixing and exchange family wants her to move back to PA she said no cause her husbands and kids were buried there Significance: symbol for things historians forget about - the middle ground and cultural exchange Also shows how domesticated? Natives are like they arent savages, they do similar things americans do in domestic sphere and other traditions while keeping their cultural traditions
Discuss the image, including the course themes it evokes (image on canvas)
the image is kinda like a before and after...before
factory system
trade and intercourse acts from 1790s to early 1800s Early form of free trade zone - locals interact with foreign merchants usually traded furs factory is trading house before industrialization with a person running it (factor/trader) who trades with native communities indian agents - give policies of US US has monopoly on trade with native people - wants to stop cheating native people need a license bought straight from US factories/suppliers prices are raised cause of monopoly laws say no other entity can buy native land - monopsony (1 buyer) state of ny bought native land after revolution US national govt to deal with natives not states can buy for cheap bad for native economy - prices for trade up, prices for land down 1804 - sac and foxes regulating trade and intercourse acts - factory system no person can trade without a license will not suffer any trade to reside without a license establish a trading house or factory where individuals can be supplied with reasonably priced goods put an end to the bloody war which raged between sac and fox and osages (US is now in a father role like GB or France) Significance? Regulate the fur trade, make native americans dependent on US citizens and traders, keep peace between tribes and the US
