native american history plato course
According to the lesson, children of Jewish concentration camp victims and children of Native American people that attended boarding school could both have:
vicarious memories
True assimilation happens when two or more groups _____ come together to form a new and shared society.
voluntarily
Which of the following choices best defines the word "precedent" in regard to Supreme Court cases?
A previous court case that informs a later court case
The encomienda system required the Native American people to__________.
both convert to Christianity and yield to Spanish rule
Who were the Europeans who had ventured west of the Mississippi before its exploration?
Government guides
Without the buffalo, what were the Native American people of the plains forced to use for food?
Government rations
Which of the following best describes the type of vegetation that grows in the arctic?
Grasses, mosses, lichens, and some short bushes
Native American tribes, at the time of contact with European explorers, had ceremonies and traditions dating back:
thousand of years
The Tribal Constitution model, put into motion by the Indian Reorganization Act, did not reflect the _____ ways of Native American people.
traditional
In a forced assimilation model, a(n) _____ is created by the dominant group within a(n) _____.
underclass, hierarchy
Many Native American people moved to _____ during World War II.
urban centers
What is a Kayak?
A type of boat made of drift wood and seal or sea lion skins
This person served as the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs.
Ada Deer
People from which country were more likely to adopt the lifestyles of Native American people?
France
Which of the following foreign countries came to this continent to establish fur trading ties?
France
Whose expedition first gave the United States' government an idea of the size of North America?
Lewis and Clark
What type of object sits in the southern direction in a traditional Navajo home?
Turquoise
The Iroquois were comprised of five nations until what tribe joined the alliance?
Tuscarora
When the Bank of Oregon sold the assets in the Klamath trust, how much money was each "remaining member" given as a one-time cash payment?
$43,000
According to Las Vegas newspaper reports, how much money will the Yucca Mountain project cost the Nevada taxpayers in legal fees alone by 2013?
$65 million
It is believed that over _____ Native American people died in California from both disease and violence between the years of 1848 and 1870.
100,000
How long was Alcatraz Island occupied by Native American people?
18 months
Thousands of Native American children attended boarding school during the _____.
1800s and early 1900s
It took _____ years for the termination of the Menominee Nation to be reversed.
19
According to the criteria for federal tribal recognition, a petitioning tribe must have been a "substantial and continuous" American Indian identity since _____.
1900
When was the Indian Reorganization Act repealed?
1944
The Indian Claims Commission operated between which years?
1946 - 1978
What blood quantum would a person be if one of their parents was full-blooded American Indian, and the other was not American Indian at all?
1/2
In Arizona, Native American people, although citizens, did not receive the right to vote until which year?
1948
How long was the Cherokee's Trail of Tears?
1,200 miles
In what year was the Indian Civil Rights Act passed?
1968
How many people had come to California, hoping to profit from the gold rush, by 1852?
250,000
According to the EPA, what is an acceptable level radiation exposure?
3 in 10,000 have a risk of developing a fatal cancer
According to the Worldwatch Institute over ____ reservations in the United States are threatened by environmental hazards.
300
The Removal Policy was in place for _____ years.
41
In 1913, there were about _____ missionary boarding schools in operation across the nation.
70
What were the results of a poll of Nevada citizens' about how they felt about a nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain?
70 percent oppose high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca mountain.
What percent of Native American children are educated in state run public schools today?
90%
What was the percentage of Native American people killed by Russian explorers in the Aleutian Islands?
90%
The Athabascan stickdance is:
A ceremonial activity involving and honoring celebration for the deceased
Which would be an example of a pan-Indian group?
A coalition of many Indian tribes
A dodem is most similar to which of the following?
A familial clan
What is a qargi?
A large extended family gathering or ceremonial place
What is a sachem?
A leader
Which of the following choices best describes the meaning of "historic guilt" in the context of the history of Native American people?
A misconception that Native Americans are given special treatment because of they have been poorly treated by the U.S. government in the past
What had White Antelope, the Cheyenne chief, been given by President Lincoln?
A peace medal and an American flag
Clans were an important part of the family units of the Anishinaabek. Who determined a person's clan?
A person was born into the father's clan
Which of the following is NOT true of a treaty?
A treaty can only take place between one dependant sovereign nation and one independent sovereign nation
Which of the following is NOT an example of a treaty provision?
A unilateral action by the U.S. government
Which of the following tribal nations sided with the French during the French and Indian Wars?
Abenaki
The Dawes Allotment Act provided citizenship to Native American people who did which of the following?
Accepted allotted land and lived apart from their tribal nation
_____ means to adjust to some of the ways of an invading culture in order to achieve a long range goal.
Accomodation
Which of the following states is within Arctic region?
Alaska
Which of the following states is within the Arctic region?
Alaska
Which document, written by Benjamin Franklin in 1754, influenced the development of a centralized governmental role over the affairs of Native American people?
Albany Plan of Union
Athabascan housing styles are made of:
All are correct
Athabascan modes of transportation include:
All are correct
Colonists from which country(ies) encountered indigenous people in North America?
All are correct
How was title of lands passed from Spain to other European countries?
All are correct
Outside of standard curriculum, which of the following kinds of instruction was offered at the Carlisle School?
All are correct
The Northwest Coast climate includes:
All are correct
The buffalo was an important natural resource for the Lakota. What items did the buffalo provide?
All are correct
What items was birchbark used to create?
All are correct
What topography and climate make up the Southeast region?
All are correct
Which of the following is a major cultural region of the United States?
All are correct
Which of the following was used as part of the process of assimilation at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School?
All are correct
Which statement best describes the Lakota subsistence patterns?
All are correct
After the Pueblo Revolt,__________.
All are correct.
In the 21st century, the battlefield for the rights of Native American people is in the__________.
All are correct.
Which of the following developments contributed to armed conflict between tribal nations and the U.S. government?
All are correct.
Which of the following is a way that pan-Indian identity developed in American Indian boarding schools?
All are correct.
Which of the following recommendations were included in the Merriam Report?
All are correct.
If a judge were to see the Appeals court decision LCO I as a precedent, what would have to be determined in any similar case involving reserved rights?
All of these
The battle in which George Custer died is known as _____.
All of these
Very few members of the Klamath tribe decided to become "remaining members" of the tribe after termination. Of those that did become "remaining members," a majority:
All of these
What is the disadvantage of having one's assets held in trust by a third party, as "remaining members" of terminated Native American tribes did?
All of these
Which specific actions did Judge Barbara Crabb cite when ruling against Stop Treaty Abuse (STA) in the case brought against them by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)?
All of these
Why does the application process for federal tribal recognition take so long?
All of these
The report titled "The Problem of Indian Administration" addressed which of the following issues?
All of these choices.
Who was the Creek leader who rejected the land allotment policy of the federal government?
Crazy Snake
Which of the following is NOT one of the Canons for Treaty Construction?
All treaties that favor the U.S. government must be considered null
_____ is the process of giving land parcels to individuals.
Allotment
Tribal nations formed confederacies which were:
An alliance of several tribes that worked together in times of need
Which General and then U.S. President stormed through the Southeast and drove out the Seminole?
Andrew Jackson
Who suggested, on December 8, 1828, that Native American people be given "an ample district west of the Mississippi...to be guaranteed to the American Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it, each tribe having distinct control over the portion designated for its use?"
Andrew Jackson
Which of the following is NOT, generally speaking, under the authority of tribal governments?
Annexation of land in traditional tribal territory
Athabascan tools were made of:
Antler, bone, stone, and wood
The Proclamation of 1763 established a line along what mountain range to separate the living space of colonists and Native American people?
Appalachian Mountains
What process is outlined in section 25 of the Code of Federal Regulation: Procedures for Establishing that an American Indian Group Exists as an Indian Tribe?
Application for Federal tribal recognition
Which three states contain a portion of the Navajo reservation?
Arizona, New Mexico, Utah
Which Article of the Constitution makes treaties "the supreme Law of the Land"?
Article VI
Why did the Hoover Commission recommend termination of the federal-tribal relationship in 1949?
As a way to reduce governmental costs and avoid the oversight of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Which of the following best describes how newspapers described the battle of Little Bighorn?
As an "Indian Massacre"
The canoes used by the Tulalip were:
As long as 60 feet
_____ means to absorb into another culture.
Assimilation
_____ was a way that the students expressed their Native American identity without fear of repercussion by staff.
Athletics
Why can Tribal Nations sign treaties with the Federal Government?
Because the Federal Government recognized Tribal Nations as sovereign nations, like France
According to the Inter Caetera, why did the Spanish King and Queen have the right to colonize lands that were new to them?
Because they endeavored to spread the Roman Catholic religion
Why was the Klamath tribe chosen for termination by the federal government?
Because they were relatively wealthy among Native American tribes
After the English colony was established, the people of the colony__________.
Began to demand payment in the form of corn from the Tribal people
Which of the following is a biological definition of American Indian people?
Born to an American Indian parent or parents
Which of the following are major seasonal gatherings of the Iñupiaq?
Both Messenger Feast and Trading Fair
As a result of Black Hawk's War:
Both are correct
Prior to European contact, American Indian people:
Both are correct
What was one reason Native American people sided with the Confederacy during the Civil War?
Both were fighting against U.S. policies with which they disagreed.
The Tulalip consider education to be very important. What are they doing to improve the education of the younger generation?
Both working with local colleges and providing traditional education programs
What was the most important natural resource for the people of the plains?
Buffalo
The first boarding school for Native American people opened by the federal government was the _____.
Carlisle Indian Industrial School
What was the name of the Indian boarding school that was opened in Carlisle, Pennsylvania?
Carlisle Indian Industrial School
Windows in a traditional Iñupiaq home would be:
Carved into the wall or roof and covered with clear sheets of ice
The Tulalip people traveled by canoes made of:
Carved out of ceder
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that tribes are domestic dependant nations?
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Which Supreme Court case ruled that the laws a the state of Georgia, and by extension any state, could have no force within tribal boundaries?
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Long-time allies of the Lakota include:
Cheyenne and Arapaho
What style of houses did the Seminole live in?
Chickees
Who said: This earth is precious. To harm the earth is to heap contempt on its Creator?
Chief Seattle
Which of the following best describes the arctic region?
Cold, short summers, long winters
Which statement best describes the perspective of the tribal nations with respect to the colonization of their lands?
Colonization was like someone moving into your home without your permission
Which of the following words did the English use to describe the Native American people?
Cruel, ignorant, savages
The first students at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School were recruited/taken from _____.
Dakota Territory
Maris Bryant Pierce attended which school?
Dartmouth College
The U.S. Constitution did not contain any wording defining the relationship between Native American people and the Federal Government; but the Constitution did allow the U.S. to:
Deal with Tribal Nations as unique forms of government
The people who live in the subarctic climate are:
Dene, Anishinaabek
Which of the following best describes the southwest region?
Desert, arid, hot
Why did the Society of American Indians disband?
Differences between members kept the group from moving forward.
What was "The Soft-Hearted Sioux" about
Difficulties faced by a Sioux boy who returns to the reservation after boarding school
Which statement best describes the transportation style of the Seminole?
Dugout canoes
Who was responsible for overseeing each of the European country's interactions with tribal nations?
Each European government
One of the greatest concerns of modern Lakota people is:
Employment
Which of the following foreign countries would establish the basis for modern-day tribal/federal relations?
England
By 1607, the ____ had established their first permanent settlement in Virginia.
English
Which of the following were the foundation for modern federal/tribal relations?
English documents and English law
EPA stands for:
Environmental Protection Agency
Which of the following is the best indicator of environmental racism?
Environmental inequities
Which of the following did the American Indian Civil Rights Act NOT do?
Establish fair housing regulations for Native American people
The belief that one's culture or ethnic group is superior to all others is called:
Ethnocentrism
Which of the following is NOT a way that a Native American tribe can achieve federal recognition?
Executive order
Which of the following was NOT a means that U.S. representatives used to coerce Native American tribes into signing unfair treaties?
Exploitation of "historic guilt"
Who said the following about the Bureau of American Indian Affairs: "This agency forbade the speaking of Indian languages, prohibited the conduct of traditional religious activities, outlawed traditional government, and made American Indian people ashamed of who they were"?
Former Assistant-Secretary of American Indian Affairs, Kevin Gover
Tribal confederacies, in existence for hundreds of years before European contact, are examples of Native American people's
Forms of government
The first meeting between the Taino people and the crew of Columbus were:
Friendly
According to scientists, who will bear the risk of a nuclear repository at Yucca Mountain?
Future generations
The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 did which of the following?
Gave all Native American males citizenship and the right to vote
The Northeast Coast comprises a number of areas. Which one is not included?
Georgian Bay
What does the term "trust" mean in the context of the law of Native American people?
Guardianship or protection of something for someone else
The Potawatomi were responsible for:
Guarding the spiritual fires
When beaver trapping became less profitable, many trappers turned to what other profession?
Guiding
How did Pratt convince Spotted Tail, Milk, Two Strike and White Thunder to send some of their tribe's children to his new Carlisle school?
He argued that their children could negotiate treaties more effectively if they learned English properly.
Which statement is NOT true in regard to John Collier?
He believed that Native American people needed the guidance of the Federal Government about how to live.
How did Richard Pratt respond to the request that there be more stories describing Native American upbringing and culture in the school paper?
He declined the request
Which statement is true about John Collier and his feelings about Native American spirituality?
He felt Native American people should not be forced to go to church and they should be able to practice their own spirituality.
In what way did Commissioner William Zimmerman assess a Native American tribe's potential to succeed without federal support?
He gave them each a "grade."
Charters are granted by _____.
Heads of State
Which of the following is a traditional Navajo home?
Hogan
Who was responsible for placing four sacred mountains in the four directions according to Navajo traditional teachings?
Holy People
Modes of transportation for the Lakota include:
Horse and dog travois
Which of the following was NOT part of Sioux territory in 1866, according to the Treaty of Laramie?
Illinois
The _____ provided Spain with the legal right to claim ownership of lands new to them
Inter Caetera
Which act of Congress gave the U.S. government the authority to establish reservations?
Indian Appropriation Act
Which federal program, initiated by John Collier in 1934, was similar to the Civilian Conservation Corps, except that it was for Native American people?
Indian Civilian Conservation Corps
In 1934, tribes were given the choice to be a part of the _____, which more fully explained their sovereignty
Indian Reorganization Act
The ____ was founded in Philadelphia by Quaker and Christian reformers.
Indian Rights Foundation
Under the Indian Civil Rights Act, what government has criminal jurisdiction on reservation lands?
It depends on the decision of the individual tribe and state governments
Why is Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution arguably the most important clause in setting up the relationship between the U.S. government and the Native American tribes?
It establishes nation-to-nation status between the two entities
Which of the following is true of the Termination Act?
It provided the legal groundwork to terminate tribes on an individual basis.
In 1775, the Continental Congress issued a statement warning squatters against living on Indian lands. Which of the following does NOT indicate the significance of this statement?
It showed that the government was mindful of the fact that Native American people had a right to their own land, just like colonists
Which of the following is NOT true of the Cherokee Renaissance?
It took place over a short amount of time
What does the Inter Caetera state a person will incur if he infringes on its decree?
The wrath of God
What was different about the "Cherokee Renaissance" when compared to other cultural revivals in history?
It was a series of planned, deliberate changes designed to ensure that the Cherokee could survive in the environment around them
In what two ways did Pratt benefit from the Carlisle School's newspaper?
It was a small source of income and provided a platform for his views
The tipi was suitable for the Lakota because
It was easily moveable
Why was birch bark used for so many items?
It was flexible, sturdy, and lightweight
Which explanation was offered as a reason why tribes allied with the French?
Native American people were acting to protect family ties.
Why does the Inter Caetera form the basis for all future legal and political interactions between European nations and Tribal nations?
It was the first document granting title of lands to a foreign nation
Which of the following is NOT true of the Northwest Ordinance?
It was written with input from tribal nations
Why was the Tuscarora nation opposed to the building of a reservoir on their land?
It would flood much of the land on which they depended.
Which of the following things was typically portrayed in Native American students' artwork?
Native American stereotypes
Which of the following people was NOT involved in founding the American Indian Movement (AIM)?
John Collier
_____ was appointed commissioner of Indian affairs in 1933 and was a supporter of Native American rights
John Collier
Which Supreme Court case established "aboriginal title," holding that tribal chiefs could not grant land to individuals, and implied that only the U.S. government could be the recipient of tribal lands?
Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)
The interpretation of treaties is under the authority of which branch of the U.S. government?
Judicial
_____ is the acceptance of a governmental system by the people of a society.
Legitimacy
This person has represented American Indians at international meetings in different foreign countries.
LaDonna Harris
Prior to colonization, Native American people acquired all that they need to live from the _____.
Land and waters
Which of the three ways of identifying an American Indian person allows them to exercise treaty rights?
Legal or Political
Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of government that interact in the tri-lateral relationship which governs most Native American tribes today?
Local
After which major land purchase did the mass removal of Native American people become an option for the U.S. government?
Louisiana Purchase
Who called the land beyond the Mississippi river the "Great American Desert"?
Lt. Zebulon Pike
What was the name of the Carlisle Indian School student who wrote the book called "My People, the Sioux"?
Luther Standing Bear
Which statement is true of the governments of Native American tribes upon European arrival?
Native American tribes had been exercising various forms of government for thousands of years
Which of the following did NOT lead to the massive loss of life in the Americas?
Natural disaster
Each tribe of the Anishinaabek had a responsibility for maintaining the survival of their people. The Ottawa were responsible for:
Maintaining alliances with neighboring tribes
The Ojibway were responsible for:
Maintaining the belief system
Who founded the Native American boarding school system?
Major Henry Pratt
Which statement best describes the reality of Native American people living in the city?Select the best answer choice.
Many Native American people could not find jobs, and they found themselves living in poverty.
Which of the following best describes Navajo social relations?
Matrilineal, husband usually lives with the wife and her family
In which case did the Supreme Court state that only the Federal government had jurisdiction over tribal land?
Worcester v. Georgia
Who catalogued 122 animal species and 178 plants not known to European science during the Lewis and Clark expedition?
Meriwether Lewis
The relationship between the federal government of the United States and the Indigenous tribal communities of North America is one of the oldest; however it is also one of the most_____.
Misunderstood
Which of the following is NOT one of the Indian Policy Eras?
Modern Day
Which tribal nation sided with the British during the French and Indian Wars?
Mohawk
The Iroquois Confederacy was made up of which tribal nations before 1722?
Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida
Which two tribes purchased the mineral rights to 6000 acres of land in order to prevent the building of a zinc and copper mine?
Mole Lake Chippewa and Forest County Potawatomi
Battles between the colonists and the Powhatan Confederacy lasted for:
More than ten years
Which of the following was a lobbyist group in Washington, D.C.?
National Committee to Save the Menominee People and Forest
Which group met for the first time in Denver with delegates from 27 states and 50 tribes?
National Congress of American Indians
This group brought a younger generation of activist to the civil rights movement for Native American people.
National Indian Youth Council
The teachers of the Carlisle School found that _____ were best at recitation.
Native American boys
What makes Native American communities different from other minority communities?
Native American communities are sovereign nations with the authority to regulate environmental problems.
Which statement below best summarizes the differences between the spirituality of European settlers and Native American people?
Native American people and European setters had very different spiritual beliefs, but Europeans failed to respect or recognize these differences
_____ means to confer with those of an invading culture in order to reach a settlement.
Negotiation
Who was the most important member of the Anishinaabek community
No one, everyone was equally important
The Athabascan people were taught:
None are correct
Which of the following was to be given to the Native American people under the Termination Act?
None of these
Which of the following scenarios would be an example of forced assimilation?
Not allowing somebody to speak their native language so that they learn yours
What did Maggie, the Sioux student, complain to Captain Pratt about while she was in the Outing Program?
Not having bathed in a long time
Where is Yucca Mountain located?
Nye County, Nevada
The purpose of the Requerimiento was to:
Offer Native American people a chance to surrender to Spanish rule
What did the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) used to be called?
Office of Indian Affairs
What three main tribes make up the Anishinaabek?
Ojibway, Potawatomi, and Ottawa
"Indian people were not ready to give up their traditional identities...." This quote illustrates:
One of the reasons cited that the Native American people were not totally assimilated into white culture
Each year, the Iroquois would hold a Grand Council. Who hosted this event?
Onondaga
The final Seminole War broke out as a result of conflict between which two groups?
Plantation owners and the Seminole
What type of vegetation are you most likely to find in the southwest region?
Palm trees, cacti, pinon
A _____ is a document issued by the Pope which states opinions of the Vatican.
Papal Bull
What reason best explains why the AIM-sponsored caravan to Washington, D.C. called the "Trail of Broken Treaties?"
Participants felt the U.S. government had not honored treaties made with tribal nations.
What is, traditionally, the collective name of the Iroquois Nation?
People of the Longhouse
Which of the following best describes the "outing system?"
Placing Indian children for hire with non-Native American families during the summer
From which of the following sources did Richard Pratt seek support for the Carlisle School?
Politicians
The Pueblo Revolt began in the _____ Pueblo.
Pope
The concept of democracy, or the idea that the power in a nation rests with the people, is called what?
Popular Sovereignty
Wahunsonacock was also known as:
Powhatan
The Pueblo people engaged in passive resistance by:
Practicing their ceremonies in private
Who made the following statement: "In Indian civilization, I am a Baptist, because I believe in immersing the Indians in our civilization and when we get them under, holding them there until they are thoroughly soaked."?
Pratt
Who opposed Cornplanters ideas?
Red Jacket
In 1775, the Continental Congress formed a committee to deal with Native American affairs and they divided the colonies into three regional sections. Who was in charge of these regions?
Regional commissioners
The _____ Policy led to forced marches of Native people away from their homelands
Removal
Who made the following statement about the Removal Policy: "Our friends will view this measure with sorrow"?
Representative Edward Everett
In what way did the representation of Native American tribes during treaty negotiations become a problem?
Representatives from only a few tribes were brought together to represent all Native American people
Native American people gradually were forced to live in confined areas, called _____.
Reservations
Which of the following reactions to the LCO II decision would NOT characterize the Native American people opposition groups?
Resignation to the court's judgment
_____ means to inflict harm or injury in return for a wrong.
Retaliation
Who is credited with coining the term environmental racism?
Reverend Dr. Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr.
Which of the following people signed their letters "Your friend and school father?"
Richard Pratt
The Inter Caetera grants the kings of Castile and Leon which of the following?
Rights and jurisdiction over the Arctic Pole
What treaty between the Western Shoshone and the U.S. government outlines Western Shoshone territory?
Ruby Valley Treaty
Who did the Seminole accept into their families?
Runaway black slaves
Which of the following foreign countries attacked the Aleutian people?
Russia
The Eskimo Aleut language family extends from:
Russia to Greenland
Black Hawk was a leader of which nation?
Sauk
Which of the following is NOT an aboriginal or inherent right of sovereignty given Native American tribes over their people?
Self-reliance
Who made the following statement: "God, in his providence, planted these tribes on this Western continent, so far as we know, before Great Britain herself had a political existence"?
Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen
Maris Bryant Pierce was of _____ descent and fought against their removal.
Seneca
Which Native American person developed a syllabary, which increased literacy among his tribe?
Sequoyah
Tecumseh was a leader of which specific tribal nation?
Shawnee
What animal did the Spanish introduce to the Americas that the Navajo have adapted to their culture and plays a major role in their lifestyle today?
Sheep
Yucca Mountain is located in the heart of the _____ reservation.
Shoshone
The primary tribal cultural groups that make up the Tulalip are:
Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Skykomish
For what reason is the Indian Civil Rights Act controversial?
Some feel it infringes on tribal sovereignty.
In what way would previous treaties between the Native American people and the US federal government violate today's standards for the separation of church and state?
Sometimes a treaty would advocate a particular church
_____ is the broad concept that refers to the right and ability of a nation to govern itself and make decisions regarding its citizens.
Sovereignty
Which of the following countries was the dominant force of colonization for the first several decades of European invasion?
Spain
Which of the following foreign countries was the first to claim title to land on this continent?
Spain
Which European Nation had the most impact on the Southwest?
Spain until the 1800s
What prompted the use of the "fish-in" as a demonstration tactic?
State interference with treaty-guaranteed fishing rights
What is the advantage of state recognition for Native American tribes?
State recognition is largely symbolic
The purpose of the Law of Burgos was to:
Stop the enslavement of Native American people by the Spanish
Which of the following is NOT a primary indicator of environmental racism?
Structure of environmental agencies and groups
Which of the following groups of people were enrolled in the Outing Program?
Students of the Carlisle School
What season did the Outing Program usually take place?
Summer
What is the name for a system of symbols representing root words, suffixes, and prefixes?
Syllabary
According to this text, Columbus took several ______ back to Spain with him as _____.
Taino, slaves
The Hampton Institute was originally founded to "train and return [African American children] to their communities to become leaders and professionals among their people." What part of this mission did Pratt NOT intend for the Native American people that he sent to the school?
That they return to their communities
In which court case did the Supreme court rule that tribes did not give up the right to self-govern?
Worcester v. Georgia
Which organization brought a legal suit against the organization Stop Treaty Abuse (STA) on behalf of four tribal citizens?
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
Which of the following group's advocated militant action?
The American Indian Movement
After the Grattan Massacre, which tribe was NOT among the fighting force that resisted the U.S. army?
The Apache
What division of the Bureau of Indian Affairs is responsible for federal tribal recognition?
The Branch of Acknowledgement and Research
What was The Red Man?
The Carlisle School newspaper
What does the Inter Caetera state is to be brought to the residents and inhabitants of the mainlands and islands?
The Catholic faith
Under article VI of the Articles of Confederation (1781), which governmental body has to authorize a non-defensive attack on a Tribal Nation?
The Congress
Under which federal law did the U.S. government allot portions of reservation land to individuals?
The Dawes Act
Which of the following is an example of a limited trust?
The Dawes Act
John Collier resigned from his position as Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1945. What did he form afterwards in 1946?
The Indian Claims Commission
Which of the following is an act that is specific to Native American education?
The Indian Education Act of 1972
To whom has the responsibility for enforcement of environmental regulations on reservation lands primarily fallen?
The EPA
What was the end result of the seige of the forts along the Bozeman trail?
The Fort Laramie Treaty
Who sold the enormous territory west of the Mississippi to the U.S. in the Louisiana Purchase?
The French
Which statement is NOT true about the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934?
The IRA took a lot of land away from the tribes, and the federal government abolished the reservation system.
How were the Iroquois and Anishinaabek different?
The Iroquois lived in longhouses and the Anishinaabek lived in wiigwaams
In 1926, Dr. Lewis Merriam led a study of Indian Reservations that produced:
The Merriam report
At the beginning of the 19th century, most Americans had no idea what lay beyond ___.
The Mississippi River
The last treaty between the U.S. and a tribal nation was ratified in 1868. Who did the U.S. sign this treaty with?
The Nez Perce
Which U.S. act originally established the relationship between Native American people and the federal government
The Northwest Ordinance
Which choice below best explains the significance of the Northwest Ordinance in regard to Native American tribes?
The Northwest Ordinance was one of the first times the United States tried to regulate what was largely Native American land
During the Revolutionary War, something major happened to affect the Six Nations alliance. What was it?
The Oneida and Tuscarora sided with the Americans against the other tribes
Which trail to the western territory led to the first large settlement of European Americans on the west coast?
The Oregon Trail
Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution, gives who,Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution, gives who, specifically, the power to negotiate treaties? specifically, the power to negotiate treaties?
The President (with the consent of Congress)
Which of the following religious groups supported Pratt's assimilation endeavors the most?
The Quakers
What is the name of the Constitutional clause that establishes the authority of U.S. treaties over Constitutional law?
The Supremacy Clause
What law, passed by Congress in 1953, was to end the federal-tribal relationship
The Termination Act
Who became responsible for managing the Klamath tribe's trust at the time of their termination?
The United States National Bank of Oregon
Which Supreme Court case did Andrew Jackson refuse in enforce, therefore allowing the removal of the Cherokee people from their land in Georgia to take place?
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Which of the following was a likely reason for a tribe to choose a foreign alliance?
The alliance offered a better chance at cultural survival.
Which of the following best describes Manifest Destiny?
The belief that U.S. culture should control the entire North American continent
What prompted a renewal of Native American- U.S. Army tensions in 1872?
The building of the North Pacific Railroad
What was the result of the 1978 federal district court ruling against in Madison, Wisconsin against two Lac Court Oreilles tribal citizens for spearfishing off their reservation?
The court of appeals upheld the tribal citizen's rights
Who controls the economic levers of society in a hierarchical society?
The dominant cultural group
What did Pratt view as the "ultimate means of acculturation"?
The extension of the Outing Program to a year-round event where Native American children stayed with white families.
The special Claims Courts set up by the Indian Claims Commission enabled claims to be filed against what persons or entities?
The federal government
Who owns reservation lands?
The federal government
Who was Pratt?
The founder of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School
According to the Iroquois, what must one consider when making decisions?
The impact of the decision on the next seven generations
Where is the traditional territory of the Klamath Native American people?
The land from Northern California to central Oregon
What was seen as an act of leadership ability and elevated a family or individual to a place of prominence within the Tulalip and Athabascan society?
The number of items given away to the community
Which of the following is NOT a criteria for federal tribal recognition?
The petitioning members must not have been the subject of congressional laws that forbid a federal relationship.
Which of the following statements about the federal tribal recognition process is true?
The process can be skipped, if a tribe is recognized by an act of Congress, by an executive order, or by judicial decision.
Which statement best describes the state of Indian reservations in 1926?
The reservations were full of sickness and poverty.
Which of the following was NOT on the twenty points of demand carried to Washington, D.C. by participants of the Trail of Broken Treaties?
The restoration of the Menominee Nation
What is "aboriginal title?"
The right of Native American people to occupy their land
What are "reserved rights" in regard to the relationship between Native American people and the U.S. government?
The right to hunt, gather, and fish on property ceded to the U.S. Government
Which of the following is not a listed provision in any of the treaties with Tribal Nations?
The right to kill as many buffalo as possible
When the Ojibway Tribes of Wisconsin signed land-cession treaties with the United States in 1837, 1842, and 1854, which of the following was NOT provided for the Ojibway in those treaties?
The right to live on ceded land
What is wrong with the following sentence: "Although some Indian missionary boarding schools remain open today, the federal government no longer supports such schools in their mission to convert Indian people"?
The sentence is entirely correct.
With whom do powers not specifically denied the states or given the federal government reside according to the U.S. Constitution?
The states
Which of the following was NOT true of school life at the Carlisle Industrial School?
The students were not allowed to write home to their families.
Who attended the Grand Council of the Iroquois?
The tribal representatives of the Six Nations
Why are the three most important Supreme Court cases regarding Federal-Tribal relations called the "Marshall Trilogy?"
The were decided while John Marshall was Chief Justice
What similarities did the Iroquois share with the Anishinaabek?
They both planted The Three Sisters
How did the Chippewa Mole Lake Band and the Forest County Potawatomi protect the Crandon Mine site in northeastern Wisconsin?
They bought the land surrounding the mine site.
When the the state of Georgia began taking Cherokee land and imposing their laws on the Cherokee people, how did the Cherokee initially respond?
They brought a lawsuit against the state of Georgia
Which of the following is NOT a way that some Native American people in California reacted to the effects of the gold rush?
They elected a new leader, Sitting Bull.
When the remaining Klamath tribe members attempted to restore their tribal sovereignty after their termination, what reason were they often given for the restoration's refusal?
They had been "paid" for their reservation
Which of the following statements is most true regarding on-reservation American Indian populations?
They have the greatest access to tribal government services
Which of the following types of information would a tribe applying for federal tribal recognition NOT have to supply Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)?
They must supply information about all of these.
Which of the following choices most accurately explains the federal government's rationale for their allotment policy?
They rationalized that Native American people would prefer money over land.
Why did the people of the Sauk and Fox nation move west of the Mississippi River?
They signed a treaty in which they ceded much of their land.
Which of the following best describes the goal of the U.S. Army in regard to Native American tribes?
They wanted Native American people to remove themselves to small reservations.
What would be the most likely thing to happen to a Native American student that was overheard speaking their native language?
They would be punished.
Which statement best describes the original reason for planners of a national government to keep federal control over American Indian affairs?
To avoid conflicts between colonies, including states, and Native American tribes
Which of the following was NOT likely a reason Columbus sailed west from Spain?
To discover the Americas
Who commissioned the Lewis and Clark expedition?
Thomas Jefferson
Which political leader, also the first head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, opposed Indian Removal as a federal policy?
Thomas McKenney
_____ wars between the Seminole people and the U.S. government occurred over _____ years.
Three; forty
Which tribal confederacy helped unite the Native American people of the Chesapeake Bay area?
Tidewater
The traditional form of Lakota government is:
Tiyospaye
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Education Assistance Act?
To allow Tribes to operate educational programs funded by the Bureau of Indian Affairs themselves while helping tribal members attain better jobs
According to the Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania, there were several reasons for granting the charter to William Penn. Which choice below was NOT one of those reasons?
To divide the land equally between colonists and Native American people
What was the primary reason that French voyagers came to North America
To establish economic ties
What was Sacagawea's purpose on the Lewis and Clark expedition?
To help Lewis and Clark communicate with the Native American tribes they met
The term traditionalist means:
To live a lifestyle based on pre-colonial teachings and lifestyles
Why did the Pope issue the Inter Caetera?
To make legal the taking of lands new to the Spanish Crown
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Indian Self-Determination Act?
To prevent attacks on tribal sovereignty and allow tribal governments to assert their authority through the operation of their own services
In the excerpt in the Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England (1643), which is a stated reason to form a union among the colonies?
To protect each other from attacks by Native American people
The main purpose of the treaties with the Native American people is to:
To protect the rights which Tribal citizens have had for thousands of years
Which statement does NOT reflect Tulalip culture?
To show respect for the leaders, the community made offerings to the family
What reason best explains why protesters offered the U.S. government $24 worth of beads to purchase Alcatraz Island?
To underscore the unequal nature of the sale of native lands to foreign people
The English grew what Native American crop for export to England?
Tobacco
The Indian Commerce Clause in the Constitution gives Congress the right to regulate _____ with American Indian tribes?
Trade
What led to a divided community on the Pine Ridge Reservation?
Traditionalists felt the tribal government was corrupt.
Which of the following is a poisonous creature that might be found naturally occurring in the southwest region?Select the best answer choice.
Trap door spider
Which statement below is not true of treaties?
Treaties give Tribal Nations a status the same as the fifty state
The Indian Claims Commission specifically dealt with what?
Treaty violations by the Federal Government
Which of the following is NOT a "reserved right" of Native American people on ceded land according to U.S. treaty?
Trespassing
Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of government under the U.S. Constitution?
Tribal
Which statement about Native American land possession by 1881 is true?
Tribal communities had possession of less land than they had at the time of the Proclamation of 1763
Which of the following was NOT a stipulation of the termination of the tribal-federal relationship?
Tribal lands were sold.
The subarctic region has all of the following EXCEPT
Tropical forests
The Northwest Ordinance was part of the _____.
U.S. Articles of Confederation
What was the end result of the three wars against the Seminole?
U.S. troops moved some Seminole to reservations in Oklahoma, others ended up in reservations in Florida.
Which of the following led to Richard Henry Pratt's dislike of the Bureau of Indian Affairs while he worked on the campaign to control the Native American people in Oklahoma and Texas?
Unanswered complaints about inadequate government rations for the Native American people
The connotation of a word refers to its _____.
Underlying meaning
This person led a fight against state income taxes and initiated the North American Indian Unity Caravan.
Wallace Anderson
The Treaty of Ghent ended which war?
War of 1812
Which of the following leaders was able to maintain peaceful relations with the English colonists?
Washunsonacock
Which statement is LEAST like those made in the Inter Caetera?
We have much to learn from the inhabitants of those lands which are new to us
Which early political party was against the policy of removal, and were known as "Indian supporters?"
Whigs
A variety of foods were available to the Anishinaabek. Which of the following were staples of their diet?
Wild rice, maple syrup, wild berries and corn, beans, squash
Who taught the Ghost Dance?
Wokova
If you were in Iñupiaq territory in June, which of the following would be true?
You would see the sun 24 hours per day
Which of the following is NOT one of the five major Native American cultural groups in modern day Alaska?
Yurok
Which Carlisle Indian Industrial School student wrote "The Soft-Hearted Sioux", in which a young man returns to his reservation unable to effectively participate in tribal life after his exposure to the boarding school experience?
Zitkala Sa
Which of the following people mentioned in the lesson became a "darling of the New England literary circle in the late 1800's"?
Zitkula Sa
Jim Thorpe was _____ and was considered to be one of the greatest athletes of the 20th century.
a Native American student
The first wave of Native American students to travel to Pratt's school were greeted by _____ in Carlisle.
a crowd of curious local people
Anacaona was__________.
a female leader among the Taino
The Constitution defines the relationship between Native American people and the federal government as__________
a nation-to-nation relationship
Tribal representation and opinions have been _____ in environmental organizations.
absent
Because the Seminole people were _____ of people of African descent, plantation owners felt threatened by their presence.
accepting
Bartelome de Las Casas was a Spanish priest who__________.
advocated for the encomienda system
According to the words of Canasatego, the leader of the Onondaga, the Native American youth that returned to their tribes after being schooled in the Northern colleges were _____.
all are correct
The former assistant secretary of American Indian Affairs wrote that the "Bureau of Indian Affairs committed these acts against the children entrusted to its boarding schools, brutalizing them_____."
all are correct
Which of the following is true regarding the Navajo Nation?
all are correct
The ratification of treaties is under the authority of which branch of the U.S. government?
all of these
In what aspect of culture is the close relationship between the Navajo and Pueblo people most obvious?
art
Which word means "to incorporate or to absorb?"
assimilate
Pratt's philosophy of American Indian education is best characterized by the word _____.
assimilation
Researchers estimate the 73% of the _____ at Yucca Mountain would fail within 1000 years.
canisters
Historically, Native American people have been taught that their relationship to the Earth is as a _____.
caretaker
The 14th Amendment did not apply to Native American people because they were _________
citizens of their own nations
Because he advocated tribally- owned lands, John Collier was accused of being a what?
communist
Enrique and Las Casas were___________.
confidants
Which was the harshest punishment at the Carlisle School?
confinement in the guardhouse
For Native American people, the need to protect and preserve the earth and its resources is directly linked to _____.
cultural preservation
Pan-Indianism unites Native American people of all tribes both _____ and _____.
culturally; traditionally
Pontiac's Rebellion__________.
demonstrated the power of multilateral cooperation among tribes
The purchase of a missionary boarding school by the federal government _____.
did not necessarily mean that the school's staff would change
President Andrew Jackson and the Supreme Court _____.
disagreed about the rights of the Cherokee tribe
In the February 1900 issue of "The Red Man" (the school paper), what was the Carlisle Indian Industrial School teacher talking about in the following quote: "_____ is universally admitted to be easier than in white schools.... This may be explained partially by the fact that here, the children are under continuous _____, from which there is no appeal.
discipline
Boarding schools that were supported by the U.S. federal government did not appear until the _____.
early 1800s
Canasatego offered to _____.
educate a dozen Virginians in the ways of his tribe
What were the two most important forces that aimed at forcing Native American people to assimilate into the European-American culture?
education and religion
As the Supreme Court makes rulings, the concept of Tribal sovereignty continues to _____.
evolve
Which of the following words or phrases best describes the Carlisle School's system of discipline?
extremely strict
Shaped by their own religious traditions, European settlers _____________ spiritual beliefs of Native American people.
failed to respect or recognize the different nature of the
The boarding school initiative is an example of:
forced assimilation
Pratt first attempted to civilize Native American people by convincing 17 of his warrior-prisoners to _____.
further their education at the Hampton Institute in Virginia
A(n) _____ trust responsibility is when the United States is obligated to act in the best interest of American Indian tribes.
general
To reduce the number of unwanted Native American people in California, the state government offered bounties for their _____.
heads
A(n) _____ trust is where the law specifically states that the federal government will manage financial resources for tribal nations.
implicit
The Law of the Burgos of 1512 required that American Indian people under Spanish rule would _____.
learn the virtues of Christianity
Enrique was a Taino leader who_________.
led a resistance effort from the hills of Hispanola
Tribal nations are _____ and _____ entities.
legal; political
The cultural background of a person acts as what in regard to viewing the world around them?
lens
Rural populations with poverty issues have _____ voice in environmental issues than corporations
less of a
A(n) _____ trust is when the federal government is required to act on behalf of the tribes or tribal citizens for a specific period of time
limited
Which of the following choices best describes the relationship between Native American tribes and the U.S. government implied by the U.S. Constitution?
nation-to-nation
Environmental policies do not reflect a _____ perspective and thus do not favor Native American communities.
native
Seal, whale, walrus, sea lion, fish, and seaweed were _____.
necessary for the survival of American Indian cultures in the arctic
Who asked the Pope to issue the Inter Caetera?
no one
"Professor B" said that Native American students are "our superiors" in so far as _____ is concerned.
personal dignity
Which of the following words best describes the commentary made by Carlisle School teachers on their Native American students?
prejudiced
Tribal communities were _____ consulted when policies and treaties were developed.
rarely
When tribal nations ceded their land to the U.S. government, they _____.
relinquished control of that land
Currently, many tribal communities are__________.
revitalizing traditions and language
Many Native American people believe that the trauma of the boarding school experience was so great that they experience _____ today.
spirit sickness
In the interest of following precedents, issuing fair judgments, and acting as guardian to the Tribal nations, judges making decisions about Native American - Federal relations often follow _____.
stare decisis
Native American students at boarding schools manipulated _____ as a way to assert their identities.
the English language
Thousands of Native American people earned their citizenship after World War I when Congress passed__________.
the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
The General Allotment Act resulted in _____.
the Native Americans losing 40% of their tribal lands
In 1958, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of ___________ in a case over the taking of reservation lands.
the New York State Power Authority
The tenth section of the Albany Plan of Union (1754), states that__________.
the President-General, on advice from his Grand Council, may make treaties and/or declare war with American Indian nations.
During _____, support for Native American rights grew as reform movements grew around the country
the Progressive Era
Missionary boarding schools had been in operation since _____.
the early colonial period
Who determined the punishments for offenses at the Carlisle School?
the students
According to one of Pratt's quotes, he wanted to metaphorically "soak" Native American people in _____.
white civilization