Natural Disasters Final exam

1) Tropical disturbance 2) Tropical depression 3) Tropical storm 4) Hurricane

Rank the following in order of increasing strength?

The storm must be 500 km of the equator

Requirements for a hurricane to develop all the following except?

Love and Rayleigh

Seismic waves that travel only near earths surface?

tetrahedron

Silicon and oxygen link up to form the silicon-oxygen?

1%

Statistically, the 100-year flood has a ___ percent chance of occurring any year?

An adjacent oceanic fracture zone on the Atlantic seafloor

The Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 1886 occurred along a seismic belt that may be related to?

Thicker than oceanic crust and thinner

The Crustal thickness in the Great Basin is _________ than mid continental North American Crust?

are pull-apart basins; the result of a strike slip motion

The Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee?

Expanded in an east-west direction

The Great Basin region between the eastern Sierra Nevada in California and the Wasatch Mountain in Utah ________ In the response to plate tonic forces?

Ten-fold

The Richter scale is set up so that for every _____________ increase in the amplitude of the recorded seismic wave, the Richter magnitude increases one number?

Hurricanes

The Saffir-Simpson Scale is used to measure the intensity of?

Specific

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a sample of water is referred to as the ___________ heat?

normal faulting

The dominant type of faulting in the Great Basin Region is?

The United States

The greatest insurance dollar losses related to natural disasters between 1970 and 2013 occurred in?

Warming

The greenhouse effect results in?

7.3 Billion

The human population in 2015?

Varies in season

The inter-tropical convergence zone's (ITCZ) location?

Epicenter

The point on Earth's surface directly above the point where fault first ruptures in called the?

Exponential

The rapid increase in human population during the the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth?

Between same size events

The return period of a disaster is the average number of years?

segments along a fault, that have not moved, for the longest amount of time

The seismic-gap method of earthquake forecasting works by identifying?

the Eye wall

The strongest winds in a hurricane are in?

1) Increase in temperature 2) Decrease in SIO2 content 3) Decreasing Crystal content

The viscosity of magma is lowered by?

Continental plate vs Mantle plate

Three basic classes of collisions include all but which of the following?

High temps of lightening, causing it to expand explosively

Thunder is caused by?

A cold front, and a high energy warm air mass

Tornado outbreaks typically occur when lengthy collision zone forms between ______________ results in the formation of many super-cell thunderstorms?

Hurricanes

Tsunami's are created by "Big Splashes" made in the deep ocean by all but which?

1 meter

Tsunami's in the ocean are usually ______ in the open ocean compared to 6-15 m high on reaching shallow water?

Long periods and wavelengths

Tsunami's typically have ___________ relative to wind-blown waves?

Decreasing

US death tolls from lightening per decade have been?

S waves

Waves travel only through solids; on reaching liquid or gas, the wave energy is reflected back into rock or is converted to another form?

It will increase

What affect does the population increasing have on the death toll from natural disasters?

More effectively in the older, more solid rocks

When Compared to California, Seismic energy in the eastern US is transmitted?

Pangaea

When all the continents were all combined in to one single super-continent?

When warm air absorbs enough heat and moisture

When do thunderstorms occur?

Subduction

When oceanic lithosphere collides with another plate, the older, colder plate turns downward beneath the younger, warmer plate?

Expands; and brittle rock must move out of the way

When rock heats and liquefies into magma its volume?

Dew point

When the relative humidity reached 100%, excess water vapor condenses and forms liquid water; this temperature is the __________ temp of the air mass?

1) Lithosphere 2) Asthenosphere 3) Mesosphere 4) Core

Which of the following correctly lists the layers from the surfaces of Earth toward the center?

Heat

Which of the following types of severe weather results in the highest average annual death toll in the United States?

Alaska

Which state accounts for the most earthquakes in the US above a 3.5?

Florida

Which state has the lowest earthquake risk?

S waves

Which waves travels fastest and moves in a push pull fashion of alternating pulses of compression (push) and extension (pull)?

increases the gradient on the stream bottom; making the water flow faster

With respect to Channelization, straightening the channel?

Rift Valleys

_______ are the down dropped areas in the middle of the spreading center domes that are being pulled apart?

Reverse

_____________ faults are commonly found at areas of plate convergence where subduction or continental collision occur?

Vehicle-related

about 50% of flash flood deaths are?

Avulsion

during a flood, a stream may leave its current channel, and take on a new lower elevation course and form a new channel?

Enhanced fujita scale

quantifies tornado magnitude based on estimated maximum wind speed?

Polar and subtropical jet

the __________ _________ are the two main jet streams in each hemisphere?

Plates collide with each other

the greatest earthquakes occur when?

Saffir-simpson scale

1-5 rating with larger numbers indicating lower pressure and higher mind speeds?

Too much sediment to carry

A braided stream has?

The volume of water; or stream-surface height vs time

A hydrograph is a plot of?

In a more ductile form

A rock subjected to higher temperatures would be expected to behave?

Width compared to height

A shield volcano has a great?

very thin at the volcanic ridge; and is missing

Blanket of sediment on the sea floor is ____________ towards the ocean margins?

Normal faults

Faults on which the dominant forces are extensional, are recognized by the separation of the pulled-apart rock layers in a zone of omission; these are?

To develop a modified intensity map

First order analysis of a seismogram record allows seismologists to do all but which of the following?

At night

For an earthquake to have the least amount of lives lost, when should it occur?

Volcanic flank collapse in the Canary Islands

Geologists have shown that the east coast of the United States faces a serious Tsunami threat from?

Counter clockwise

Hurricanes rotate in a ___________ around a central core in the Northern Hemisphere?

Coriolis effect

Hurricanes that move north on clockwise curving paths as they approach North America?

Pillow

If Basaltic lava reaches the sea or a lake, it cools rapidly in to ___________ lava?

All choices are correct

Important requirements for hail to form are?

Alaska

In 1946, April Fool's Day tsunami at Hilo, Hawaii, was caused by an earthquake near?

Base-level

Is the level below which a stream cannot erode?

Washington's Puget Sound

Juan de Fuca's sub-ducting plate caused earthquakes in which region?

Water to be injected into sediment; causing the grains to lose cohesion and behave like a fluid

Liquefaction occurs when seismic wave cause?

It has a high population density

Most of the 40 deadliest disasters between 1970 and 2013 occurred in a belt running from China and Bangladesh through India and Iran to Turkey. This area was particularly vulnerable because?

Hawaii

Movement of volcanic ground is the reason which state is most likely to have an earthquake?

through collisions of matter; within a rotating cloud of gas, ice, dust, and other solid debris

Our solar system formed?

90%

Over ______ of volcanism is associated with the edges of tectonic plates?

the growth rate

Birthrate minus death rate equals what?

Asia

Based on data for the period from 1970 to 2013, ______________ experienced the greatest loss of life from natural disasters?

Rise & expand

Adiabatic cooling occurs when an air mass?

warm/moist air flowing upward

As a hurricane forms, converging surface winds meet at the central core, which acts like a chimney sending?

Hadley cells

Ascending air around 30 N and S latitude create semicircular air circulation routes known as?

The rising limb is steeper than the falling limb

Consider a typical flood plotted on a hydro-graph, which of the following statements is true regarding the rising and falling limb?

4.5 Billion

Earth is about _______ years old?

Sudden earth movements along faults

Earthquakes are most commonly caused by?

Solid

Earths inner core is a 2,450 km diameter _______ mass with temperatures up to 4,300C (7,770F)

Dams

Efforts to control rivers include?