NCM 116 Quiz - Endocrine
● autoimmune disease ● pituitary tumors or infection ● bleeding in the pituitary ● genetic diseases that affect the way the pituitary gland develops or functions ● surgical removal of the pituitary to treat other conditions ● traumatic brain injury
Causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency include:
Islet cells in the pancreas:
Cells in the pancreas control the release of the hormones insulin and glucagon.
Tuberculosis (TB) can damage the adrenal glands and used to be the most common cause of Addison's disease. People with HIV/AIDS , whose weakened immune systems can't fight off infections that could cause Addison's disease, are also at risk.
Certain infections can also cause Addison's disease. What is that?
● The condition may increase your risk of: ● high blood pressure ● diabetes ● sleep apnea ● heart disease ● hypopituitarism ● arthritis ● uterine fibroids ● colon polyps ● vision issues compressed spinal cord
Complications of acromegaly
● high blood pressure ● diabetes ● heart disease ● heart failure due to an enlarged heart ● thyroid cancer ● hypothyroidism ● colon polyps ● hypopituitarism, or the low secretion of pituitary hormones delayed puberty
Complications of gigantism
Thyroid acropachy
Consists of clubbing of the digits, swelling of the hands and feet, and periosteal proliferation of the distal long bones.
Hydrocortisone
Cortisol when used as a medication, it is known as ____________
Autoimmune disease
Damage to the adrenal glands in Addison's disease is usually caused by __________
Premature/Pre-term birth
Delivery before 37 weeks of pregnancy
Radiation therapy
Destroys tumor cells using a beam of radiation.
Birth or early in infancy
Disproportionate dwarfism is usually apparent at ___________
1. Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormone imbalance. 2. Endocrine disease due to the development of lesions (such as nodules or tumors) in the endocrine system, which may or may not affect hormone levels.
Endocrine disorders are typically grouped into two categories:
Stereotactic irradiation
May be used for gigantism or acromegaly. It applies one high dose of radiation to the tumor. This won't destroy the surrounding tissues, but it can take about 18 months to lower growth hormone levels.
Inhibin A concentrations
May serve as a - prognostic factor for predicting the resumption of ovarian function.
Exophthalmos
Medical term for bulging eyes
A - Auto immune, ACTH excess, Abdominal Pain nausea vomiting, ACTH stimulation Test D D - Dark Skin (Hyperpigmentation) I S - Salt cravings, stress O - Orthostatic Hypotension N - Na+ Low (Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia)
Mnemonics for ADDISON
Pituitary adenoma.
Most commonly, these conditions are caused by a benign, or noncancerous, tumor in the pituitary gland. The tumor is called _____________
A severe liver inflammation caused by fat buildup in the liver
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
● Nausea ● Vomiting ● Diarrhea ● Low blood pressure that drops further when you stand up, causing dizziness or fainting ● Irritability and depression ● Joint pain ● Craving salty foods ● Hypoglycemia ● Irregular or no menstrual periods ● Loss of interest in sex
Other symptoms of adrenal insufficiency can include:
Cushing's disease
Overproduction of a pituitary gland hormone leads to an overactive adrenal gland.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Overproduction of androgens interfere with the development of eggs and their release from the female ovaries. It is a leading cause of infertility.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PCOS means?
Childhood or the teenage years if your child isn't growing at an expected rate.
Proportionate dwarfism may not be diagnosed until later in ______________
Sex hormone binding globulin
SHBG stands for?
● Intolerance to cold ● Feeling of tiredness ● Constipation ● Slow heart rate ● Depression ● Weight gain ● Occasionally there may be swelling of the front part of the neck due to goiter.
SYMPTOMS of Hypothyroidism
•Abnormal Periods •Hirsutism •Acne-Prone Skin •Rapid Weight Gain •Skin Pigmentation
Some common PCOS signs and symptoms to look out for, includes:
Testosterone, androstenedione, and other male sex hormones •LH (Luteinizing Hormone) •FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) •Progesterone •Estrogen •Insulin
Some hormones that have been linked to PCOS are:
Tertiary adrenal insufficiency
Suddenly withdrawal of corticosteroids
● A child with gigantism will be much larger and taller than other children of the same age. ● Other symptoms include: ● large hands and feet ● thick toes and fingers ● very soft hands ● enlarged jaw and forehead ● significant underbite ● enlarged tongue, nose, and lips ● deepening voice in boys ● oily skin ● excessive sweating ● skin tags ● joint pain ● headache ● difficulty sleeping ● irregular menstrual periods
Symptoms of Gigantism:
● Since acromegaly develops slowly, the symptoms can be easy to miss. ● The symptoms can also vary widely. ● Possible symptoms include: ● enlarged hands and feet ● misalignment of teeth ● enlarged lips, tongue, or jaw ● deeper voice ● muscle weakness ● inability to sleep ● fatigue ● headaches ● joint inflammation and pain, especially in large joints ● curved spine ● thickened or darkened skin ● oily skin ● excessive sweating ● difficulty breathing ● irregular heartbeat ● excessive body hair ● skin tags ● spaces between the teeth ● splayed fingers and toes vision difficulties
Symptoms of acromegaly:
Limb lengthening or extended limb lengthening.
This procedure is controversial for many people with dwarfism because, as with all surgeries, there are risks. Waiting to decide about limb lengthening until the person with dwarfism is old enough to participate in the decision is recommended because of the emotional and physical stress involved with multiple procedures.
radioiodine therapy, medications, and thyroid surgery.
Treatment for Graves Disease
Adrenal glands
Two glands that sit on top of the kidneys
Exophthalmos and nonpitting edema (pretibial myxedema).
Two signs are truly 'diagnostic' of Graves' disease (i.e., not seen in other hyperthyroid conditions)
❖ somatostatin analog ❖ dopamine agonists ❖ growth hormone receptor antagonists
Types of medication that can help regulate growth hormone production:
➢ Delays in growth and intellectual development in the baby ➢ Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.
Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to :
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
that release the hormone cortisol & cortisone
DWARFISM
is short stature that results from a genetic or medical condition.
CATECHOLAMINES
- ADRENAL MEDULLA EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE
PEPTIDES
- RELEASED FROM ADRENAL MEDULLA SOMATOSTATIN
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
- RELEASED FROM ZONA GLOMERULOSA ALDOSTERONE & CORTICOSTERONE
ANDROGENS
- RELEASED FROM ZONA RETICULARIS - ESTROGEN & TESTOSTERONE
Thyroid
A butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck that controls metabolism.
Metabolic syndrome
A cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and unhealthy cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease
Pituitary gland
A gland found at the base of brain behind the sinuses.
Pineal gland
A gland found near the center of the brain that may be linked to sleep patterns.
Thymus
A gland in the upper chest that helps develop the body's immune system early in life.
Hypothalamus
A part of the lower middle brain that tells the pituitary gland when to release hormones.
Hypothyroidism
AKA underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyrosis
Precocious puberty
Abnormally early puberty that occurs when glands tell the body to release sex hormones too soon in life.
Addison's disease
Also known as primary adrenal insufficiency.
GRAVE'S DISEASE
Also known as: •Toxic diffuse goiter •Exophthalmic goiter
Acromegaly
Another word for GIGANTISM
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
Anything that affects the pituitary's ability to make ACTH
Bowed legs or an unusually curved spine.
As well as being short, some people with restricted growth also have other physical problems, such as ___________
Hormone therapy
For individuals with dwarfism due to growth hormone deficiency, treatment with injections of a synthetic version of the hormone may increase final height. What do you call this treatment?
Parathyroid
Four tiny glands in the neck that play a role in bone development.
Growth hormone and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1).
Gigantism and acromegaly involve high blood levels of:
Hirsutism
High levels of the hormone androgen may result in excess facial and body hair
Cushing's syndrome
Hormonal disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood for a long time.
AMH- ANTI MULLERIAN HORMONE INHIBIN A
Hormone secreted by the granulosa cells in the ovaries of women that acts primarily to inhibit the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland
Women
Hypothyroidism is more common in?
Dwarfism
If growth hormone levels are too low, a child can stop growing in height.
Gigantism
If the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone, a child's bones and body parts may grow abnormally fast.
Radioiodine therapy
Involves taking iodine-131 by mouth, which is then concentrated in the thyroid and destroys it over weeks to months.
INHIBIN B
Is a hormone associated with reproduction and the development of eggs in women and sperm in men. This test may be used as part of an infertility evaluation. Inhibin B is made mostly by the ovaries in females, and by the testicles in males.
ADDISON'S DISEASE
Is a rare long-term endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate production of the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone by the two outer layers of the cells of the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex), causing adrenal insufficiency.
CRH or Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Is produced in response to stress. It can suppress appetite, increase subjective feelings of anxiety, and perform other functions like boosting attention
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries with sufficient dietary iodine.
GRAVE'S DISEASE
It frequently results in and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
Cortisol
It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.[
Pituitary gland
It is often called the "master gland"
Endocrine system
It plays a vital role in whether or not you develop diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a host of other hormone-related disorders.
➢ Radioactive iodine, ➢ Injury to the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland ➢ Certain medications ➢ Hyperthyroidism medications like propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole, radioactive iodine (or radioiodine), and potassium iodine. ... ➢ Amiodarone ➢ Lithium ➢ Lack of a functioning thyroid at birth ➢ Previous thyroid surgery
Less common causes include previous treatment with:
Salt iodization has prevented hypothyroidism in many populations. •Thyroid hormone replacement with levothyroxine treats hypothyroidism. •Medical professionals adjust the dose according to symptoms and normalization of the thyroxine and TSH levels. •Thyroid medication is safe in pregnancy. •Although an adequate amount of dietary iodine is important, too much may worsen specific forms of hypothyroidism
TREATMENT for Hypothyroidism
Blood and urine tests Imaging tests
Testing for Endocrine Disorders
Endocrine system
The _________________ is a network of glands that produce and release hormones that help control many important body functions, including the body's ability to change calories into energy that powers cells and organs.
4 feet (122 cm).
The average adult height among people with dwarfism is ________
GRAVE'S DISEASE
The condition is named after Irish surgeon Robert Graves, who described it in 1835
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine levels.
The diagnosis of hypothyroidism, when suspected, can be confirmed with blood tests measuring
Abnormal hormone levels.
The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown, but it's thought to be related to ____________
Ovaries
The female reproductive organs that release eggs and produce sex hormones.
To prepare the endometrium (lining of your uterus) for a fertilized egg to implant and grow.
The main function of progesterone is
Testes
The male reproductive glands that produce sperm and sex hormones.
Grave's disease.
The most common cause for an overactive thyroid is an autoimmune disorder called ____________
Too little iodine in the diet
The most common cause of hypothyroidism.
● Chronic, or long-lasting, fatigue ● Muscle weakness ● Loss of appetite ● Weight loss ● Abdominal pain
The most common symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are:
Hypopituitarism
The pituitary gland releases little or no hormones. It may be caused by a number of different diseases. Women with this condition may stop getting their periods.
Irregular periods Too much androgen Polycystic ovaries
The symptoms of PCOS
HYPERTHYROIDISM
The thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating, and nervousness.
Reduced
The word hypothyroidism is from Greek hypo- meaning?
Form
The word hypothyroidism is from eidos - meaning?
Shield
The word hypothyroidism is from thyreos - meaning?
Birth control pills
These pills decrease androgen production that can cause excessive hair growth and acne.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I and II (MEN I and MEN II)
These rare, genetic conditions are passed down through families. They cause tumors of the parathyroid, adrenal, and thyroid glands, leading to overproduction of hormones.
Letrozole (Femara)
This breast cancer treatment can work to stimulate the ovaries.
Eflornithine (Vaniqa)
This cream can slow facial hair growth.
Gestational Diabetes
This form of diabetes is seen only in pregnant women and might cause unnecessary problems for the fetus/mother
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
This medication blocks the effects of androgen on the skin, including excessive hair growth and acne. It can cause birth defects, so effective birth control is needed while taking this medication. This medication isn't recommended if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant.
Metformin
This medicine for type 2 diabetes that you take by mouth improves insulin resistance and lowers insulin levels.
External irradiation
This option is typically used for acromegaly. It involves smaller doses of radiation, which you'll receive over several years every 4 to 6 weeks.
Clomiphene
This oral anti-estrogen medication is taken during the first part of your menstrual cycle.
Cortisol
is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.
One set sends the hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones are anti-duretic hormone and oxytocin. Anti-diuretic hormones causes water reabsorption at the kidneys and oxytocin "love hormone" stimulates contraction of the uterus in chilbirth and is important in breastfeeding (mother-child attachment).
WHAT HORMONES DOES MY HYPOTHALAMUS PRODUCE?
Low-grade inflammation
White blood cells make substances in response to infection or injury. his response is called?
Cysts
With PCOS, many small sacs of fluid develop along the outer edge of the ovary. These are called?