NCM 116 Quiz - Endocrine

● autoimmune disease ● pituitary tumors or infection ● bleeding in the pituitary ● genetic diseases that affect the way the pituitary gland develops or functions ● surgical removal of the pituitary to treat other conditions ● traumatic brain injury

Causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency include:

Islet cells in the pancreas:

Cells in the pancreas control the release of the hormones insulin and glucagon.

Tuberculosis (TB) can damage the adrenal glands and used to be the most common cause of Addison's disease. People with HIV/AIDS , whose weakened immune systems can't fight off infections that could cause Addison's disease, are also at risk.

Certain infections can also cause Addison's disease. What is that?

● The condition may increase your risk of: ● high blood pressure ● diabetes ● sleep apnea ● heart disease ● hypopituitarism ● arthritis ● uterine fibroids ● colon polyps ● vision issues compressed spinal cord

Complications of acromegaly

● high blood pressure ● diabetes ● heart disease ● heart failure due to an enlarged heart ● thyroid cancer ● hypothyroidism ● colon polyps ● hypopituitarism, or the low secretion of pituitary hormones delayed puberty

Complications of gigantism

Thyroid acropachy

Consists of clubbing of the digits, swelling of the hands and feet, and periosteal proliferation of the distal long bones.

Hydrocortisone

Cortisol when used as a medication, it is known as ____________

Autoimmune disease

Damage to the adrenal glands in Addison's disease is usually caused by __________

Premature/Pre-term birth

Delivery before 37 weeks of pregnancy

Radiation therapy

Destroys tumor cells using a beam of radiation.

Birth or early in infancy

Disproportionate dwarfism is usually apparent at ___________

1. Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormone imbalance. 2. Endocrine disease due to the development of lesions (such as nodules or tumors) in the endocrine system, which may or may not affect hormone levels.

Endocrine disorders are typically grouped into two categories:

Stereotactic irradiation

May be used for gigantism or acromegaly. It applies one high dose of radiation to the tumor. This won't destroy the surrounding tissues, but it can take about 18 months to lower growth hormone levels.

Inhibin A concentrations

May serve as a - prognostic factor for predicting the resumption of ovarian function.

Exophthalmos

Medical term for bulging eyes

A - Auto immune, ACTH excess, Abdominal Pain nausea vomiting, ACTH stimulation Test D D - Dark Skin (Hyperpigmentation) I S - Salt cravings, stress O - Orthostatic Hypotension N - Na+ Low (Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia)

Mnemonics for ADDISON

Pituitary adenoma.

Most commonly, these conditions are caused by a benign, or noncancerous, tumor in the pituitary gland. The tumor is called _____________

A severe liver inflammation caused by fat buildup in the liver

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

● Nausea ● Vomiting ● Diarrhea ● Low blood pressure that drops further when you stand up, causing dizziness or fainting ● Irritability and depression ● Joint pain ● Craving salty foods ● Hypoglycemia ● Irregular or no menstrual periods ● Loss of interest in sex

Other symptoms of adrenal insufficiency can include:

Cushing's disease

Overproduction of a pituitary gland hormone leads to an overactive adrenal gland.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Overproduction of androgens interfere with the development of eggs and their release from the female ovaries. It is a leading cause of infertility.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

PCOS means?

Childhood or the teenage years if your child isn't growing at an expected rate.

Proportionate dwarfism may not be diagnosed until later in ______________

Sex hormone binding globulin

SHBG stands for?

● Intolerance to cold ● Feeling of tiredness ● Constipation ● Slow heart rate ● Depression ● Weight gain ● Occasionally there may be swelling of the front part of the neck due to goiter.

SYMPTOMS of Hypothyroidism

•Abnormal Periods •Hirsutism •Acne-Prone Skin •Rapid Weight Gain •Skin Pigmentation

Some common PCOS signs and symptoms to look out for, includes:

Testosterone, androstenedione, and other male sex hormones •LH (Luteinizing Hormone) •FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) •Progesterone •Estrogen •Insulin

Some hormones that have been linked to PCOS are:

Tertiary adrenal insufficiency

Suddenly withdrawal of corticosteroids

● A child with gigantism will be much larger and taller than other children of the same age. ● Other symptoms include: ● large hands and feet ● thick toes and fingers ● very soft hands ● enlarged jaw and forehead ● significant underbite ● enlarged tongue, nose, and lips ● deepening voice in boys ● oily skin ● excessive sweating ● skin tags ● joint pain ● headache ● difficulty sleeping ● irregular menstrual periods

Symptoms of Gigantism:

● Since acromegaly develops slowly, the symptoms can be easy to miss. ● The symptoms can also vary widely. ● Possible symptoms include: ● enlarged hands and feet ● misalignment of teeth ● enlarged lips, tongue, or jaw ● deeper voice ● muscle weakness ● inability to sleep ● fatigue ● headaches ● joint inflammation and pain, especially in large joints ● curved spine ● thickened or darkened skin ● oily skin ● excessive sweating ● difficulty breathing ● irregular heartbeat ● excessive body hair ● skin tags ● spaces between the teeth ● splayed fingers and toes vision difficulties

Symptoms of acromegaly:

Limb lengthening or extended limb lengthening.

This procedure is controversial for many people with dwarfism because, as with all surgeries, there are risks. Waiting to decide about limb lengthening until the person with dwarfism is old enough to participate in the decision is recommended because of the emotional and physical stress involved with multiple procedures.

radioiodine therapy, medications, and thyroid surgery.

Treatment for Graves Disease

Adrenal glands

Two glands that sit on top of the kidneys

Exophthalmos and nonpitting edema (pretibial myxedema).

Two signs are truly 'diagnostic' of Graves' disease (i.e., not seen in other hyperthyroid conditions)

❖ somatostatin analog ❖ dopamine agonists ❖ growth hormone receptor antagonists

Types of medication that can help regulate growth hormone production:

➢ Delays in growth and intellectual development in the baby ➢ Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.

Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to :

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

that release the hormone cortisol & cortisone

DWARFISM

is short stature that results from a genetic or medical condition.

CATECHOLAMINES

- ADRENAL MEDULLA EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE

PEPTIDES

- RELEASED FROM ADRENAL MEDULLA SOMATOSTATIN

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

- RELEASED FROM ZONA GLOMERULOSA ALDOSTERONE & CORTICOSTERONE

ANDROGENS

- RELEASED FROM ZONA RETICULARIS - ESTROGEN & TESTOSTERONE

Thyroid

A butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck that controls metabolism.

Metabolic syndrome

A cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and unhealthy cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease

Pituitary gland

A gland found at the base of brain behind the sinuses.

Pineal gland

A gland found near the center of the brain that may be linked to sleep patterns.

Thymus

A gland in the upper chest that helps develop the body's immune system early in life.

Hypothalamus

A part of the lower middle brain that tells the pituitary gland when to release hormones.

Hypothyroidism

AKA underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyrosis

Precocious puberty

Abnormally early puberty that occurs when glands tell the body to release sex hormones too soon in life.

Addison's disease

Also known as primary adrenal insufficiency.

GRAVE'S DISEASE

Also known as: •Toxic diffuse goiter •Exophthalmic goiter

Acromegaly

Another word for GIGANTISM

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

Anything that affects the pituitary's ability to make ACTH

Bowed legs or an unusually curved spine.

As well as being short, some people with restricted growth also have other physical problems, such as ___________

Hormone therapy

For individuals with dwarfism due to growth hormone deficiency, treatment with injections of a synthetic version of the hormone may increase final height. What do you call this treatment?

Parathyroid

Four tiny glands in the neck that play a role in bone development.

Growth hormone and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1).

Gigantism and acromegaly involve high blood levels of:

Hirsutism

High levels of the hormone androgen may result in excess facial and body hair

Cushing's syndrome

Hormonal disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood for a long time.

AMH- ANTI MULLERIAN HORMONE INHIBIN A

Hormone secreted by the granulosa cells in the ovaries of women that acts primarily to inhibit the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland

Women

Hypothyroidism is more common in?

Dwarfism

If growth hormone levels are too low, a child can stop growing in height.

Gigantism

If the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone, a child's bones and body parts may grow abnormally fast.

Radioiodine therapy

Involves taking iodine-131 by mouth, which is then concentrated in the thyroid and destroys it over weeks to months.

INHIBIN B

Is a hormone associated with reproduction and the development of eggs in women and sperm in men. This test may be used as part of an infertility evaluation. Inhibin B is made mostly by the ovaries in females, and by the testicles in males.

ADDISON'S DISEASE

Is a rare long-term endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate production of the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone by the two outer layers of the cells of the adrenal glands (adrenal cortex), causing adrenal insufficiency.

CRH or Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Is produced in response to stress. It can suppress appetite, increase subjective feelings of anxiety, and perform other functions like boosting attention

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries with sufficient dietary iodine.

GRAVE'S DISEASE

It frequently results in and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.

Cortisol

It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.[

Pituitary gland

It is often called the "master gland"

Endocrine system

It plays a vital role in whether or not you develop diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a host of other hormone-related disorders.

➢ Radioactive iodine, ➢ Injury to the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland ➢ Certain medications ➢ Hyperthyroidism medications like propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole, radioactive iodine (or radioiodine), and potassium iodine. ... ➢ Amiodarone ➢ Lithium ➢ Lack of a functioning thyroid at birth ➢ Previous thyroid surgery

Less common causes include previous treatment with:

Salt iodization has prevented hypothyroidism in many populations. •Thyroid hormone replacement with levothyroxine treats hypothyroidism. •Medical professionals adjust the dose according to symptoms and normalization of the thyroxine and TSH levels. •Thyroid medication is safe in pregnancy. •Although an adequate amount of dietary iodine is important, too much may worsen specific forms of hypothyroidism

TREATMENT for Hypothyroidism

Blood and urine tests Imaging tests

Testing for Endocrine Disorders

Endocrine system

The _________________ is a network of glands that produce and release hormones that help control many important body functions, including the body's ability to change calories into energy that powers cells and organs.

4 feet (122 cm).

The average adult height among people with dwarfism is ________

GRAVE'S DISEASE

The condition is named after Irish surgeon Robert Graves, who described it in 1835

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine levels.

The diagnosis of hypothyroidism, when suspected, can be confirmed with blood tests measuring

Abnormal hormone levels.

The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown, but it's thought to be related to ____________

Ovaries

The female reproductive organs that release eggs and produce sex hormones.

To prepare the endometrium (lining of your uterus) for a fertilized egg to implant and grow.

The main function of progesterone is

Testes

The male reproductive glands that produce sperm and sex hormones.

Grave's disease.

The most common cause for an overactive thyroid is an autoimmune disorder called ____________

Too little iodine in the diet

The most common cause of hypothyroidism.

● Chronic, or long-lasting, fatigue ● Muscle weakness ● Loss of appetite ● Weight loss ● Abdominal pain

The most common symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are:

Hypopituitarism

The pituitary gland releases little or no hormones. It may be caused by a number of different diseases. Women with this condition may stop getting their periods.

Irregular periods Too much androgen Polycystic ovaries

The symptoms of PCOS

HYPERTHYROIDISM

The thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating, and nervousness.

Reduced

The word hypothyroidism is from Greek hypo- meaning?

Form

The word hypothyroidism is from eidos - meaning?

Shield

The word hypothyroidism is from thyreos - meaning?

Birth control pills

These pills decrease androgen production that can cause excessive hair growth and acne.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I and II (MEN I and MEN II)

These rare, genetic conditions are passed down through families. They cause tumors of the parathyroid, adrenal, and thyroid glands, leading to overproduction of hormones.

Letrozole (Femara)

This breast cancer treatment can work to stimulate the ovaries.

Eflornithine (Vaniqa)

This cream can slow facial hair growth.

Gestational Diabetes

This form of diabetes is seen only in pregnant women and might cause unnecessary problems for the fetus/mother

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

This medication blocks the effects of androgen on the skin, including excessive hair growth and acne. It can cause birth defects, so effective birth control is needed while taking this medication. This medication isn't recommended if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant.

Metformin

This medicine for type 2 diabetes that you take by mouth improves insulin resistance and lowers insulin levels.

External irradiation

This option is typically used for acromegaly. It involves smaller doses of radiation, which you'll receive over several years every 4 to 6 weeks.

Clomiphene

This oral anti-estrogen medication is taken during the first part of your menstrual cycle.

Cortisol

is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.

One set sends the hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones are anti-duretic hormone and oxytocin. Anti-diuretic hormones causes water reabsorption at the kidneys and oxytocin "love hormone" stimulates contraction of the uterus in chilbirth and is important in breastfeeding (mother-child attachment).

WHAT HORMONES DOES MY HYPOTHALAMUS PRODUCE?

Low-grade inflammation

White blood cells make substances in response to infection or injury. his response is called?

Cysts

With PCOS, many small sacs of fluid develop along the outer edge of the ovary. These are called?