NDFS 1020 Exam 2
what are some natural food sources of sucrose? ( a ) breakdown of starches ( b ) carrots ( c ) maple syrup ( d ) milk
b & c
by having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an ___________ , a substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together
emulsifier
a serious chronic disease characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
diabetes mellitus
(AMDR) for ______ is 20 to 35% of total caloric intake
fat
If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of ________.
fat
glucagon stimulates lipolysis; which means the breakdown of _______ ; or "lipo"
fat
moist cooking methods help tenderize meats without adding...
fat
adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of...
fat as triglycerides
glycogen is comprised of many ________ units bonded together
glucose
is also known as dextrose or blood sugar
glucose
name the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body
glucose
nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains
glucose & fructose
sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides
glucose & fructose
Diabetes is characterized by abnormal metabolism of
glucose, protein, and fat
what are the by-products of lipid digestion
glycerol & fatty acids
When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as
glycogen.
HDL is often considered "_______" cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation
good
protein synthesis begins when a gene's coded information about the order of amino acids on a specific protein is copied (transcription) forming...
messenger RNA
glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the ______ and in the ______
muscles & liver
a __________ nitrogen balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed
negative
which element is primarily lost through the elimination of urea and creatinine?
nitrogen
which of the following must be present in a food labeled "whole grain"
oily germ, starchy endosperm, and fiber-rich bran
though carbohydrates are known as the major source of fuel for the body, they also...
- assist in lubricating joints - hold cells together in tissues - help with cell signaling
which of the following may result in elevated BUN levels?
- bleeding in the GI tract - kidney disease - heart disease - urinary tract obstruction
which of the following is true about deamination
- once the nitrogen is removed, the remaining amino acid is a carbon skeleton - a process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid - occurs primarily in the liver
why do manufacturers partially hydrogenate oils?
- to increase the shelf life of a produce - to decrease rancidity (unappetizing odor & tase)
the RDA for protein in a healthy adult is ______ grams/kg of body weight
0.8
rank the basic steps of protein synthesis
1 - DNA unwinds exposing a gene 2 - the gene undergoes transcription, forming messenger RNA 3 - mRNA transfers the information from the nucleus to the ribosomes 4 - the ribosomes "read" the messenger RNA 5 - RNA molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome 6 - at the ribosome, the amino acid attaches to the peptide chain
though the recommended adequate intake (AI) for men is 38 g/day and 25 g/day for women, the typical american diet only supplies about _______ g of dietary fiber per day
17
according to the food and nutrition board carbohydrates should provide _____ to _____ of total calories in the diet
45% to 65%
a 35 year old man who is at a healthy body weight of 80 kg has a protein RDA of...
64 grams/day
What element is found in proteins but NOT in carbohydrates or lipids? A. Carbon B. Hydrogen C. Oxygen D. Nitrogen
D. Nitrogen
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Avocado
Which of the following is true about a monosaccharide ( A ) it is comprised of two sugar molecules ( B ) it is a chemical unit of carbohydrates ( C ) it is a component of artificial sweeteners ( D ) it is the simplest type of sugar
B & D
If someone weighed 100 KILOGRAMS, what would their daily protein needs be (based on weight)? A. About 50 grams B. About 80 grams C. About 100 grams D. About 120 grams
B. About 80 grams
This organelle resides in the cytoplasm of living cells and helps carry out protein synthesis by "translating" the mRNA strand. A. Mitochondria B. Nucleus C. Ribosome D. Lysosome
C. Ribosome
Following absorption, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose in the
Liver
Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?
Methionine
simple carbohydrates include ___________ , which contain only one sugar unit, and ___________ , which contain two sugar units bonded together
Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
Is milk a natural source of sucrose?
NO :)
complex carbohydrates comprised of three to 10 monosaccharides. the most common oligosaccharides in foods are raffinose and stachyose
Oligosaccharides
________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes.
Phospholipids
Food Sources of this type of fat include Fish, Flaxseed, Nuts
Polyunsaturated Fat
Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?
Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life.
T/F - Carbohydrates are created via the process of photosynthesis in plants. Therefore, meat is not a source of carbohydrate.
True
True or False: fructose is known as fruit sugar or levulose
True
starch
a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
treatment for women with gestational diabetes includes
a special carbohydrate controlled diet & regular physical activity
proteins are made up of smaller units called
amino acids
albumin
blood protein
why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
both have a straight shape?
which of the following components is often missing from refined grain productsw
bran seed
there is "convincing" evidence that dietary fiber will reduce the risk of ________ cancer
colon
have three or more monosaccharides bonded together
complex carbohydrates
Signs of Kwashiorkor
discolored patches of skin, brittle hair, stunted growth
which of the following includes modified starches
energy bars
a sweetener/food additive obtained from the processing of corn
high-fructose corn syrup
elements that combine to make a protein
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
When a person's blood glucose level drops too low to provide enough energy for cells they have a condition called ________.
hypoglycemia
omega-6
increase blood clotting & inflammation
brown rice is primarily ________ fiber
insoluble
the main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are _________ in water
insoluble
decreases blood glucose
insulin
type 1 diabetes is linked to an autoimmune disease while type 2 diabetes is linked to...
insulin resistance
broccoli
raffinose
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
pancreatic lipase
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) affects people whose diets lack...
protein & energy
to treat children with PEM, children need hospitalization, frequent health assessments and carefully controlled...
refeeding
hypertension is often referred to as a "_______ _______" because people with the condition frequently feel healthy and do not have obvious symptoms that indicate trouble
silent disease
peptides
small chains of amino acids
in which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates begin
small intestine
_______dietary fiber forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria
soluble
maltose results from the break down of...
starch
where does protein digestion begin and end
stomach/small intestinal cells
Enzymatic digestion of proteins begins in the stomach.
true
polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
an omega-3 fatty acid is
unsaturated
what is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?
a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids
chemical structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose
a six-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in ring forms
dietary fiber includes indigestible plant materials, but not _______ muscle fibers, which are digestible proteins
animal
protein functions as:
antibodies, enzymes, and compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance
which of the following health conditions are linked to an excessive total calorie intake
diabetes & obesity
_________ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues
edema
which of the following are included in the classification of carbohydrates?
complex carbohydrates & simple carbohydrates
a(n) ____________ essential amino acid is a nonessential amino acid that must be made from essential amino acids if insufficient amounts are consumes
conditionally
If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be
converted into fat and stored.
diets that do not supply adequate amounts of _______ ______ _______ can result in poor growth, slowed recovery from illness, and even death
essential amino acids
Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids.
false
True or False: celiac disease and gluten sensitivity are the same condition
false
True or False: dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials
false
True or False: women are more prone to heart attacks than men
false
there are no foods that naturally contain trans fats
false
Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.
fibers
which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
fructose
intestinal cells absorb glucose and _________ by active transport; __________ is absorbed by facilitated diffusion
fructose & galactose
the monosaccharide _______ , is not commonly found in foods
galactose
increases blood glucose
glucagon
keratin
hair, skin, nails
technical term for high blood sugar
hyperglycemia
garlic
inulin
Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _______________ (a disaccharide).
lactose
Clayton is a 19-year-old college student. He avoids milk, because he claims drinking the beverage upsets his stomach and gives him intestinal "gas." However, he can eat yogurt and certain types of cheese without experiencing any symptoms. Based on this information, Clayton probably has
lactose intolerance.
the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
lipids
what enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the blood stream
lipoprotein lipase
Following absorption, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose in the...
liver
the form of protein-energy malnutrition referred to as starvation is known as...
marasmus
place the hyphen correctly in the word "monosaccharide" to indicate the prefix and the word stem
mono-saccharide
glucose is a...
monosaccharide
_________ is defined as monosacchrarides or disaccharides in whole foods like fruits, vegetables, grain products, milk, etc. (i.e. Apples)
natural sugar (simple sugars)
The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a ________.
peptide bond
the amount of carbohydrate to prevent ketosis is
130 g/day
List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.
1 - absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2 - triglycerides are reassembles 3 - triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons 4 - chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
rank the food categories beginning with those that have the highest fiber content and ending with the category that has the lowest fiber content
1 - beans 2 - fruits 3 - breads
rank the correct order for the steps of urea production and removal
1 - deamination results in the production of ammonia 2 - liver converts ammonia to urea 3 - urea is released into the blood 4 - kidneys pick up urea and eliminate it in the urine
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) of energy from a protein
10-35%
Question 3. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting our intake of _________ and replacing them with ________. A. (Trans Fat and Saturated Fat), (Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated, & Omega-3 Fats) B. (Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated Fats), (Trans Fat, Cholesterol, Omega-3 Fats) C. (Triglycerides, Glycerol, Saturated Fat), (Cholesterol, Monounsaturated Fat, Polyunsaturated Fat) D. (Saturated Fat, Trans Fat, and Cholesterol), (Triglycerides, Glycerol, Polyunsaturated Fat)
A. (Trans Fat and Saturated Fat), (Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated, & Omega-3 Fats)
Suppose you work at a biomedical lab and run the following blood lipid profile on a patient. How would you interpret the following results? LDL Cholesterol = 145 mg/dl, Total Cholesterol = 210 mg/dl, Triglyceride = 152 mg/dl, HDL Cholesterol = 23 mg/dl A. Patient has a low LDL value B. Patient has a low blood cholesterol value C. Patient has a low triglyceride value D. Patient has a low HDL value
D. Patient has a low HDL value
To make proteins, cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to the information provided by...
DNA
________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function.
Denaturation
Which of the following statements is true?
Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes.
An impoverished child living in a developing country is at risk of suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?
Insufficient protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes.
This hormone is required for for glucose to enter body cells. It also transports excess carbohydrate back to the liver where it is either converted to glycogen or stored as fat.
Insulin
Which of the following is a condition caused by protein-energy malnutrition and characterized by stunted growth, sparse and brittle hair, patches of skin discoloration, edema and swelling, a distended abdomen, infections, and poor wound healing?
Kwashiorkor
Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?
LDL
Which of the following foods is NOT a significant source of carbohydrate?
Salmon (Fish)
in a healthy person, the liver synthesizes ________ cholesterol when dietary cholesterol intake is higher
less
what is another name for fructose?
levulose
the enzyme ________ plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids
lipase
pair the by-products from chylomicron digestion to their correct final destination in the body (1) absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use (2) circulates back to the liver (3) removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids
(1) free fatty acids (2) glycerol (3) chylomicron remnant
Which of the following statements about diabetes is MOST CORRECT? A. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin B. People with Type 2 diabetes always require insulin therapy (shots everyday) C. Diabetes is primarily caused from consuming too much sugar D. In Type 1 diabetes, body cells are resistant to insulin (they don't respond)
(A)
Which of the following foods would contain the LEAST amount of dietary fiber? A. Mixed Nuts B. Legumes (Beans) C. Pudding D. Raw Apples
(C) pudding
gestational diabetes
- can result in a baby weighing over 9 lbs - occurs in 9.2% of pregnant women - results in a fetus receiving too much glucose
food examples that contain cholesterol
- chicken - ice cream - eggs
the primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the _________ bile acids produced in the _________ and stored in the _________ , aids in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids. the _________ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat
- small intestine - liver - gallbladder - pancreas
rank the fiber content of the following foods beginning with the food that has the highest fiber content and ending with the food that has the lowest fiber content
1 - Kidney beans 2 - Kellog's All-bran cereal 3 - rasberries 4 - banana 5 - white bread
Rank in order the steps involved in the digestion of protein beginning in the stomach
1 - denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin 2 - the pancreas secrets protein-splitting enzymes 3 - final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4 - amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver 5 - rectum: very little dietary protein is excreted in feces
put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish
1 - digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2 - further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes, including trypsin 3 - final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4 - amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver
Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal
1 - eating a meal 2 - elevated blood glucose 3 - insulin released from the pancreas 4 - blood glucose level returns to normal
list in order 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine
1 - fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2 - cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3 - pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and two fatty acid molecules
Which of the following descriptions regarding dietary fats is mismatched below? (Meaning that it's INCORRECT) A. Saturated Fats = Raise LDL, Lower HDL. Food Sources = Meat, Eggs, Milk, Olive Oil. B. Monounsaturated Fats = Lower LDL, Don't Affect HDL. Food Sources = Olive Oil, Canola Oil, Avocados, Nuts, Seeds. C. Polyunsaturated Fats = Lower LDL. Food Sources = Fish, Vegetable Oils (Sunflower Oil, Safflower Oil), Flaxseed, Nuts. D. Trans Fats = Raise LDL, Lower HDL, Increase Inflammation & Insulin Resistance. Food Sources = Donuts, Pastries, Snack Foods, Shortening.
A. Saturated Fats = Raise LDL, Lower HDL. Food Sources = Meat, Eggs, Milk, Olive Oil.
Elevated levels of this lipoprotein are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and atherosclerosis. A. Chylomicron B. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) C. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) D. Very-Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
B. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
A person who is growing or pregnant would be expected to be in a state of __________. A. Nitrogen Balance (or Equilibrium) B. Positive Nitrogen Balance C. Negative Nitrogen Balance D. Exogenous Nitrogen Balance
B. Positive Nitrogen Balance
Which food is the best source of EPA and DHA (2 essential fatty acids)? A. Blackberries B. Spinach C. Salmon (Fish) D. Peanuts
C. Salmon (Fish)
after being digested, most amino acids are transported into...
absorptive cells
a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes
cholecystokinin
Carter wants to lower his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, he should limit his intake of ________.
butter and beef
the most frequently discussed sterol found in the body is...
cholesterol
cells require a steady supply of energy which is largely provided by
carbohydrates
ketosis occurs when the the diet is low in...
carbohydrates
the process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid is called...
deamination
A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons. Most of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds, except there is a double bond between the number 3 and 4 carbons as well as the number 9 and 10 carbons. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a ________ fatty acid.
polyunsaturated
amino acids are the end product of
protein digestion
the process of breaking down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins is called...
protein turnover
all cells contain some
protein!
polypeptides
proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids
_________ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
saturated
________ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ________ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process
trans & saturated
has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
triglyceride
After absorption, amino acids travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
true
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrate is _______ g/day
130
Bill recorded his food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze his diet record. According to the results of the analysis, his average fat intake was ________% of total calories each day, which is within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.
25
11 non-essential amino acids
9 essential amino acids
If someone consumes excess energy (kcals) from protein, the extra protein is ultimately... A. Converted into body fat and stored B. Excreted entirely in the urine C. Used to build bigger muscles D. Used to make more Red Blood Cells
A. Converted into body fat and stored
what american populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?
African Americans, Latino/Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans
Which of the following is NOT a complete protein source? A. Tuna Fish B. Apples C. Eggs D. Cow's Milk
B. Apples
carbohydrates are made of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
collagen
cartilage, ligament, bone tissue
peptide bond
chemical link that connects two amino acids together
saturated fatty acid
contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
omega-3
decrease blood clotting & inflammation
Which of the following is NOT classified as a complex carbohydrate?
maltose
__________ , or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together
maltose
Severe PEM causes extreme weight loss and a condition called _____________, which is commonly referred to as starvation
marasmus
Fatty acids can be _______ or ________
saturated or unsaturated
Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?
starch
the most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US
stroke & coronary artery disease
In the near future, dietitians may have the ability to make dietary recommendations based on an analysis of a person's genetic makeup in addition to traditional forms of health assessment.
true
True or False: digesting lipids is a more complicated process than digesting carbohydrates
true
True or False: phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water
true
True or False: salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body
true
protein-energy malnutrition is an example of...
undernutrition
__________ levels in both the blood and the urine can be used as a marker of dietary protein intake
urea
what are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide
vitamins & calcium