NDFS 1020 Exam 2

what are some natural food sources of sucrose? ( a ) breakdown of starches ( b ) carrots ( c ) maple syrup ( d ) milk

b & c

by having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an ___________ , a substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together

emulsifier

a serious chronic disease characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

diabetes mellitus

(AMDR) for ______ is 20 to 35% of total caloric intake

fat

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of ________.

fat

glucagon stimulates lipolysis; which means the breakdown of _______ ; or "lipo"

fat

moist cooking methods help tenderize meats without adding...

fat

adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of...

fat as triglycerides

glycogen is comprised of many ________ units bonded together

glucose

is also known as dextrose or blood sugar

glucose

name the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body

glucose

nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains

glucose & fructose

sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides

glucose & fructose

Diabetes is characterized by abnormal metabolism of

glucose, protein, and fat

what are the by-products of lipid digestion

glycerol & fatty acids

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as

glycogen.

HDL is often considered "_______" cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation

good

protein synthesis begins when a gene's coded information about the order of amino acids on a specific protein is copied (transcription) forming...

messenger RNA

glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the ______ and in the ______

muscles & liver

a __________ nitrogen balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed

negative

which element is primarily lost through the elimination of urea and creatinine?

nitrogen

which of the following must be present in a food labeled "whole grain"

oily germ, starchy endosperm, and fiber-rich bran

though carbohydrates are known as the major source of fuel for the body, they also...

- assist in lubricating joints - hold cells together in tissues - help with cell signaling

which of the following may result in elevated BUN levels?

- bleeding in the GI tract - kidney disease - heart disease - urinary tract obstruction

which of the following is true about deamination

- once the nitrogen is removed, the remaining amino acid is a carbon skeleton - a process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid - occurs primarily in the liver

why do manufacturers partially hydrogenate oils?

- to increase the shelf life of a produce - to decrease rancidity (unappetizing odor & tase)

the RDA for protein in a healthy adult is ______ grams/kg of body weight

0.8

rank the basic steps of protein synthesis

1 - DNA unwinds exposing a gene 2 - the gene undergoes transcription, forming messenger RNA 3 - mRNA transfers the information from the nucleus to the ribosomes 4 - the ribosomes "read" the messenger RNA 5 - RNA molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome 6 - at the ribosome, the amino acid attaches to the peptide chain

though the recommended adequate intake (AI) for men is 38 g/day and 25 g/day for women, the typical american diet only supplies about _______ g of dietary fiber per day

17

according to the food and nutrition board carbohydrates should provide _____ to _____ of total calories in the diet

45% to 65%

a 35 year old man who is at a healthy body weight of 80 kg has a protein RDA of...

64 grams/day

What element is found in proteins but NOT in carbohydrates or lipids? A. Carbon B. Hydrogen C. Oxygen D. Nitrogen

D. Nitrogen

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Avocado

Which of the following is true about a monosaccharide ( A ) it is comprised of two sugar molecules ( B ) it is a chemical unit of carbohydrates ( C ) it is a component of artificial sweeteners ( D ) it is the simplest type of sugar

B & D

If someone weighed 100 KILOGRAMS, what would their daily protein needs be (based on weight)? A. About 50 grams B. About 80 grams C. About 100 grams D. About 120 grams

B. About 80 grams

This organelle resides in the cytoplasm of living cells and helps carry out protein synthesis by "translating" the mRNA strand. A. Mitochondria B. Nucleus C. Ribosome D. Lysosome

C. Ribosome

Following absorption, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose in the

Liver

Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?

Methionine

simple carbohydrates include ___________ , which contain only one sugar unit, and ___________ , which contain two sugar units bonded together

Monosaccharides & Disaccharides

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

NO :)

complex carbohydrates comprised of three to 10 monosaccharides. the most common oligosaccharides in foods are raffinose and stachyose

Oligosaccharides

________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Food Sources of this type of fat include Fish, Flaxseed, Nuts

Polyunsaturated Fat

Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?

Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life.

T/F - Carbohydrates are created via the process of photosynthesis in plants. Therefore, meat is not a source of carbohydrate.

True

True or False: fructose is known as fruit sugar or levulose

True

starch

a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

treatment for women with gestational diabetes includes

a special carbohydrate controlled diet & regular physical activity

proteins are made up of smaller units called

amino acids

albumin

blood protein

why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

both have a straight shape?

which of the following components is often missing from refined grain productsw

bran seed

there is "convincing" evidence that dietary fiber will reduce the risk of ________ cancer

colon

have three or more monosaccharides bonded together

complex carbohydrates

Signs of Kwashiorkor

discolored patches of skin, brittle hair, stunted growth

which of the following includes modified starches

energy bars

a sweetener/food additive obtained from the processing of corn

high-fructose corn syrup

elements that combine to make a protein

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

When a person's blood glucose level drops too low to provide enough energy for cells they have a condition called ________.

hypoglycemia

omega-6

increase blood clotting & inflammation

brown rice is primarily ________ fiber

insoluble

the main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are _________ in water

insoluble

decreases blood glucose

insulin

type 1 diabetes is linked to an autoimmune disease while type 2 diabetes is linked to...

insulin resistance

broccoli

raffinose

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

pancreatic lipase

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) affects people whose diets lack...

protein & energy

to treat children with PEM, children need hospitalization, frequent health assessments and carefully controlled...

refeeding

hypertension is often referred to as a "_______ _______" because people with the condition frequently feel healthy and do not have obvious symptoms that indicate trouble

silent disease

peptides

small chains of amino acids

in which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates begin

small intestine

_______dietary fiber forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria

soluble

maltose results from the break down of...

starch

where does protein digestion begin and end

stomach/small intestinal cells

Enzymatic digestion of proteins begins in the stomach.

true

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

an omega-3 fatty acid is

unsaturated

what is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids

chemical structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose

a six-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in ring forms

dietary fiber includes indigestible plant materials, but not _______ muscle fibers, which are digestible proteins

animal

protein functions as:

antibodies, enzymes, and compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance

which of the following health conditions are linked to an excessive total calorie intake

diabetes & obesity

_________ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues

edema

which of the following are included in the classification of carbohydrates?

complex carbohydrates & simple carbohydrates

a(n) ____________ essential amino acid is a nonessential amino acid that must be made from essential amino acids if insufficient amounts are consumes

conditionally

If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be

converted into fat and stored.

diets that do not supply adequate amounts of _______ ______ _______ can result in poor growth, slowed recovery from illness, and even death

essential amino acids

Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids.

false

True or False: celiac disease and gluten sensitivity are the same condition

false

True or False: dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials

false

True or False: women are more prone to heart attacks than men

false

there are no foods that naturally contain trans fats

false

Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.

fibers

which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

fructose

intestinal cells absorb glucose and _________ by active transport; __________ is absorbed by facilitated diffusion

fructose & galactose

the monosaccharide _______ , is not commonly found in foods

galactose

increases blood glucose

glucagon

keratin

hair, skin, nails

technical term for high blood sugar

hyperglycemia

garlic

inulin

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _______________ (a disaccharide).

lactose

Clayton is a 19-year-old college student. He avoids milk, because he claims drinking the beverage upsets his stomach and gives him intestinal "gas." However, he can eat yogurt and certain types of cheese without experiencing any symptoms. Based on this information, Clayton probably has

lactose intolerance.

the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

lipids

what enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the blood stream

lipoprotein lipase

Following absorption, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose in the...

liver

the form of protein-energy malnutrition referred to as starvation is known as...

marasmus

place the hyphen correctly in the word "monosaccharide" to indicate the prefix and the word stem

mono-saccharide

glucose is a...

monosaccharide

_________ is defined as monosacchrarides or disaccharides in whole foods like fruits, vegetables, grain products, milk, etc. (i.e. Apples)

natural sugar (simple sugars)

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a ________.

peptide bond

the amount of carbohydrate to prevent ketosis is

130 g/day

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.

1 - absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2 - triglycerides are reassembles 3 - triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons 4 - chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

rank the food categories beginning with those that have the highest fiber content and ending with the category that has the lowest fiber content

1 - beans 2 - fruits 3 - breads

rank the correct order for the steps of urea production and removal

1 - deamination results in the production of ammonia 2 - liver converts ammonia to urea 3 - urea is released into the blood 4 - kidneys pick up urea and eliminate it in the urine

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) of energy from a protein

10-35%

Question 3. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting our intake of _________ and replacing them with ________. A. (Trans Fat and Saturated Fat), (Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated, & Omega-3 Fats) B. (Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated Fats), (Trans Fat, Cholesterol, Omega-3 Fats) C. (Triglycerides, Glycerol, Saturated Fat), (Cholesterol, Monounsaturated Fat, Polyunsaturated Fat) D. (Saturated Fat, Trans Fat, and Cholesterol), (Triglycerides, Glycerol, Polyunsaturated Fat)

A. (Trans Fat and Saturated Fat), (Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated, & Omega-3 Fats)

Suppose you work at a biomedical lab and run the following blood lipid profile on a patient. How would you interpret the following results? LDL Cholesterol = 145 mg/dl, Total Cholesterol = 210 mg/dl, Triglyceride = 152 mg/dl, HDL Cholesterol = 23 mg/dl A. Patient has a low LDL value B. Patient has a low blood cholesterol value C. Patient has a low triglyceride value D. Patient has a low HDL value

D. Patient has a low HDL value

To make proteins, cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to the information provided by...

DNA

________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function.

Denaturation

Which of the following statements is true?

Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes.

An impoverished child living in a developing country is at risk of suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?

Insufficient protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes.

This hormone is required for for glucose to enter body cells. It also transports excess carbohydrate back to the liver where it is either converted to glycogen or stored as fat.

Insulin

Which of the following is a condition caused by protein-energy malnutrition and characterized by stunted growth, sparse and brittle hair, patches of skin discoloration, edema and swelling, a distended abdomen, infections, and poor wound healing?

Kwashiorkor

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

Which of the following foods is NOT a significant source of carbohydrate?

Salmon (Fish)

in a healthy person, the liver synthesizes ________ cholesterol when dietary cholesterol intake is higher

less

what is another name for fructose?

levulose

the enzyme ________ plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids

lipase

pair the by-products from chylomicron digestion to their correct final destination in the body (1) absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use (2) circulates back to the liver (3) removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

(1) free fatty acids (2) glycerol (3) chylomicron remnant

Which of the following statements about diabetes is MOST CORRECT? A. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin B. People with Type 2 diabetes always require insulin therapy (shots everyday) C. Diabetes is primarily caused from consuming too much sugar D. In Type 1 diabetes, body cells are resistant to insulin (they don't respond)

(A)

Which of the following foods would contain the LEAST amount of dietary fiber? A. Mixed Nuts B. Legumes (Beans) C. Pudding D. Raw Apples

(C) pudding

gestational diabetes

- can result in a baby weighing over 9 lbs - occurs in 9.2% of pregnant women - results in a fetus receiving too much glucose

food examples that contain cholesterol

- chicken - ice cream - eggs

the primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the _________ bile acids produced in the _________ and stored in the _________ , aids in lipid digestion by emulsifying lipids. the _________ secretes lipase into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fat

- small intestine - liver - gallbladder - pancreas

rank the fiber content of the following foods beginning with the food that has the highest fiber content and ending with the food that has the lowest fiber content

1 - Kidney beans 2 - Kellog's All-bran cereal 3 - rasberries 4 - banana 5 - white bread

Rank in order the steps involved in the digestion of protein beginning in the stomach

1 - denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin 2 - the pancreas secrets protein-splitting enzymes 3 - final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4 - amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver 5 - rectum: very little dietary protein is excreted in feces

put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish

1 - digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2 - further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes, including trypsin 3 - final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4 - amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver

Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal

1 - eating a meal 2 - elevated blood glucose 3 - insulin released from the pancreas 4 - blood glucose level returns to normal

list in order 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine

1 - fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2 - cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3 - pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and two fatty acid molecules

Which of the following descriptions regarding dietary fats is mismatched below? (Meaning that it's INCORRECT) A. Saturated Fats = Raise LDL, Lower HDL. Food Sources = Meat, Eggs, Milk, Olive Oil. B. Monounsaturated Fats = Lower LDL, Don't Affect HDL. Food Sources = Olive Oil, Canola Oil, Avocados, Nuts, Seeds. C. Polyunsaturated Fats = Lower LDL. Food Sources = Fish, Vegetable Oils (Sunflower Oil, Safflower Oil), Flaxseed, Nuts. D. Trans Fats = Raise LDL, Lower HDL, Increase Inflammation & Insulin Resistance. Food Sources = Donuts, Pastries, Snack Foods, Shortening.

A. Saturated Fats = Raise LDL, Lower HDL. Food Sources = Meat, Eggs, Milk, Olive Oil.

Elevated levels of this lipoprotein are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and atherosclerosis. A. Chylomicron B. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) C. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) D. Very-Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

B. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A person who is growing or pregnant would be expected to be in a state of __________. A. Nitrogen Balance (or Equilibrium) B. Positive Nitrogen Balance C. Negative Nitrogen Balance D. Exogenous Nitrogen Balance

B. Positive Nitrogen Balance

Which food is the best source of EPA and DHA (2 essential fatty acids)? A. Blackberries B. Spinach C. Salmon (Fish) D. Peanuts

C. Salmon (Fish)

after being digested, most amino acids are transported into...

absorptive cells

a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

cholecystokinin

Carter wants to lower his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, he should limit his intake of ________.

butter and beef

the most frequently discussed sterol found in the body is...

cholesterol

cells require a steady supply of energy which is largely provided by

carbohydrates

ketosis occurs when the the diet is low in...

carbohydrates

the process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid is called...

deamination

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons. Most of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds, except there is a double bond between the number 3 and 4 carbons as well as the number 9 and 10 carbons. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a ________ fatty acid.

polyunsaturated

amino acids are the end product of

protein digestion

the process of breaking down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins is called...

protein turnover

all cells contain some

protein!

polypeptides

proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids

_________ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

saturated

________ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ________ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process

trans & saturated

has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

triglyceride

After absorption, amino acids travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

true

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrate is _______ g/day

130

Bill recorded his food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze his diet record. According to the results of the analysis, his average fat intake was ________% of total calories each day, which is within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

25

11 non-essential amino acids

9 essential amino acids

If someone consumes excess energy (kcals) from protein, the extra protein is ultimately... A. Converted into body fat and stored B. Excreted entirely in the urine C. Used to build bigger muscles D. Used to make more Red Blood Cells

A. Converted into body fat and stored

what american populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?

African Americans, Latino/Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans

Which of the following is NOT a complete protein source? A. Tuna Fish B. Apples C. Eggs D. Cow's Milk

B. Apples

carbohydrates are made of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

collagen

cartilage, ligament, bone tissue

peptide bond

chemical link that connects two amino acids together

saturated fatty acid

contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

omega-3

decrease blood clotting & inflammation

Which of the following is NOT classified as a complex carbohydrate?

maltose

__________ , or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together

maltose

Severe PEM causes extreme weight loss and a condition called _____________, which is commonly referred to as starvation

marasmus

Fatty acids can be _______ or ________

saturated or unsaturated

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?

starch

the most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US

stroke & coronary artery disease

In the near future, dietitians may have the ability to make dietary recommendations based on an analysis of a person's genetic makeup in addition to traditional forms of health assessment.

true

True or False: digesting lipids is a more complicated process than digesting carbohydrates

true

True or False: phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water

true

True or False: salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body

true

protein-energy malnutrition is an example of...

undernutrition

__________ levels in both the blood and the urine can be used as a marker of dietary protein intake

urea

what are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide

vitamins & calcium