Negotiations exam 1

Integrative

"Issue trading" and "package bargaining" are generally associated with a/an _____________ negotiation.

True

"No haggle" or "one low price" selling policies are not usually effective negotiation strategies because the group of people who generally dislike to negotiate - or to "haggle" - is much smaller than people realize.

a process that helps two or more people work together to achieve goals and solve problems. a problem-solving activity that requires the active participation of both negotiators for a deal to be reached.

A "negotiation" is best described as:

True

A Boulwarism negotiation strategy tends to lead to impasses because negotiators generally expect to receive concessions during a negotiation.

a negotiator needs to stand firm on an issue and maintaining a good relationship with the other negotiator is of little or no concern.

A competitive negotiations strategy is useful when

True

A demand for a tangible interest framed as a position - "I want a $2,000 pay raise or I will quit" - often times hides an underlying or hidden intangible interest, such as the need for job security, the need to be treated fairly or the need for recognition.

False

A key finding of the Rackham study about the traits of effective negotiators is that effective negotiators use distributive strategies and hardball tactics far more often than "average" negotiators.

reservation price (RP); bottom line

A negotiator's ______________ may also represent his/her _______________ in a negotiation.

may fail to achieve his or her own goals because of the emphasis accommodators place on maintaining a good relationship with the other person in a negotiation.

A person using the accommodating negotiation/conflict handling style:

generally signal that the negotiation will be distributive. may be effective to use against a poorly prepared negotiator. are designed to cause a negotiator to question her Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) and bargaining goals.

Hardball tactics

Intimidation

After graduating from the university, you accepted a job with the ABC Company. You have been working for ABC for the past two years. Your supervisor, Wei, constantly praises your work and suggests that you are on track to be promoted to a management position. Although you like both Wei and ABC, you believe that your base salary is $2,000 lower than what you should be paid. When you ask Wei about the possibility of receiving a $2,000 pay raise, Wei replies, "I have always enjoyed our working relationship. I consider myself as a mentor for you. You know how hard the company is working right now to keep our existing clients. This is a bad time for you to ask for more money. I am offended by your request. If the economy improves, I will promise to talk to management about getting you a pay raise." Feeling guilty for asking for the additional $2,000, you thank Wei for talking to you. Based on these facts, Wei has most likely used the hardball tactic of _________________ in her meeting with you.

True

Although most negotiators have a dominate negotiation/conflict handling style, effective negotiators understand that they may have to use a different style depending on the specific negotiation situation.

True

An important part of planning for a negotiation involves considering the negotiation style that best fits the specific negotiation situation.

both parties are satisfied with the outcome

An outcome can be considered Pareto Optimal if:

$700

Anne is negotiating with Ven for the sale of an antique clock. Anne's last offer for the clock is $500 while Ven's last offer to Anne is $900. If Ven proposes to Anne that they "split the difference," and Anne agrees, the settlement point will be:

Deal-making

As a general rule, "if-then" and "what-if" questions are most useful during the _____________ stage of a negotiation.

True

As a general rule, a strategy of dealing with a negotiation on an "issue-by-issue" basis creates a greater risk of reaching an impasse than does a negotiation based on the negotiators trading different issues depending on how important the different issues to the different negotiators.

False

As a general rule, and according to the nine-year study of "skilled" negotiators conducted by Rackham, "skilled" negotiators prefer using competitive negotiations strategies compared to the cooperative negotiations strategies favored by less skilled negotiators.

True

As a general rule, it is difficult for a negotiator to change her or his dominant negotiation/conflict handling style.

Information trading

As a general rule, open-ended questions are most useful during the ________________ stage of a negotiation:

A post-settlement settlement would allow both parties to find an agreement that will allow one if not both parties to find an outcome that is better than what they previously negotiated. It requires, however, that the parties have established a trusting relationship, that they have been negotiating in good faith, and that they have the time to find a better settlement option.

Assume that a negotiator has reached a point where the parties to a negotiation have done as well as they can given the information they shared; however, the negotiator has a lingering feeling that there may still be value on the table that neither party has found. Would you recommend the use of a post-settlement settlement in this situation? Why or why not?

"Flinch" at your roommate's first offer." "Play the part of a "reluctant seller."

Assume that you are trying to sell a textbook to your roommate. You have determined the market value of your book to be $45 (based on a "buy-back" price you received from the University Book Store) but have a goal of selling the book for $75. Your roommate offers to buy your textbook for $50. Based on these facts, which of Roger Dawson's "Power Negotiation/Sales Strategies" would be appropriate for you to use in countering your roommate's first offer?

Integrative issues are issues in a negotiation that the negotiators value differently. Distributive issues, by contrast, involve issues that are "win-lose" for the negotiators, meaning that for one negotiator to "win" the issue, the other negotiator must "lose."

How are "integrative" issues different from "distributive" issues in a negotiation?

False

Boulwarism is generally regarded as an effective negotiation strategy because many negotiators find making concessions to be an unnecessary part of the negotiation process.

zero-sum thinking

Claiming value in a negotiation is analogous to:

40 million

Company B (the Buyer) is interested in purchasing Company S (the Seller). Although Company B would like to buy Company S for $20 million, it considers Company S to be worth $30 million and would be willing to pay up to this amount (because the only alternative company available for purchase would cost $40 million). Company S would like to sell the firm to Company B for $40 million, but would be willing to sell the firm for as low as $25 million rather than keep it. Negotiators from the two companies meet to discuss the possibility of a deal. Company S begins the negotiation by asking for $42 million for the company. Company B responds with an offer of $17 million. What is Company S's aspiration level (AL)?

Distributive bargaining generally involves a single issue (compared to multiple issues), little expectation for a continuing relationship, positions vs. interests, limited sharing of information, and claiming value vs. creating/claiming value.

Compare and contrast the characteristics of a distributive bargain with those of an integrative negotiation.

Purchase the alternative company for $40 million

Consider the following scenario: Company B (the Buyer) is interested in purchasing Company S (the Seller). Although Company B would like to buy Company S for $20 million, it considers Company S to be worth $30 million and would be willing to pay up to this amount (because the only alternative company available for purchase would cost $40 million). Company S would like to sell the firm to Company B for $40 million, but would be willing to sell the firm for as low as $25 million rather than keep it. Negotiators from the two companies meet to discuss the possibility of a deal. Company S begins the negotiation by asking for $42 million for the company. Company B responds with an offer of $17 million. What is Company B's Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)?

There is a positive bargaining zone between $25 and $30 million.

Consider the following scenario: Company B (the Buyer) is interested in purchasing Company S (the Seller). Although Company B would like to buy Company S for $20 million, it considers Company S to be worth $30 million and would be willing to pay up to this amount (because the only alternative company available for purchase would cost $40 million). Company S would like to sell the firm to Company B for $40 million, but would be willing to sell the firm for as low as $25 million rather than keep it. Negotiators from the two companies meet to discuss the possibility of a deal. Company S begins the negotiation by asking for $42 million for the company. Company B responds with an offer of $17 million. What is the bargaining zone for this negotiation? Is it a positive or negative bargaining zone?

$30 million

Consider the following scenario: Company B (the Buyer) is interested in purchasing Company S (the Seller). Although Company B would like to buy Company S for $20 million, it considers Company S to be worth $30 million and would be willing to pay up to this amount (because the only alternative company available for purchase would cost $40 million). Company S would like to sell the firm to Company B for $40 million, but would be willing to sell the firm for as low as $25 million rather than keep it. Negotiators from the two companies meet to discuss the possibility of a deal. Company S begins the negotiation by asking for $42 million for the company. Company B responds with an offer of $17 million. What is the reservation price (RP) for Company B?

an assumption that there is a fixed amount of resources to be distributed during the negotiations. the belief that the interests of the negotiators are diametrically opposed. the notion that distributive bargaining is more likely to occur when the negotiation involves a single issue, like price. an assumption that that the relationship between the two negotiators is not a strong one or that maintaining a future relationship is not important to either negotiator.

Distributive bargaining situations are based on several underlying assumptions and/or characteristics. These include:

helps to create rapport with the other negotiator. provides some needed structure to the negotiation process. may create some momentum for the negotiation that leads the parties to ultimately reach an agreement.

Discussing the negotiation process, that is establishing the ground rules for the negotiation:

Chicken

Forty-two Republican Senators in the United States Senate announced in December 2010 that they would block legislative action on every issue being proposed by Democratic Senators until Congress passed a law extending tax cuts previously agreed to during the time that George W. Bush was President. The Republicans' action in refusing to negotiate on any legislative issue until the Democrats agreed to extend the Bush tax cuts best reflects the hardball tactic of:

By paying close attention to the pattern of concessions made by the other negotiator. That is why the "negotiations dance" (the information-trading and deal-making stages of the negotiation) is so important to the negotiated outcome.

How can a negotiator determine the settlement zone, or zone of potential agreement (ZOPA) in his or her negotiation?

A negotiator whose past experience with the other negotiator involved a competitive negotiation will assume the next negotiation with that person will likewise be competitive. He or she will thus prepare for a competitive negotiation, including the possible use of contentious or hardball tactics.

How would a negotiator's past relationship and prior interactions with the other negotiator affect his or her choice of a particular negotiation strategy?

Genuine; Flexible; Ethical; Active Listener; and Curious.

Identify and discuss the five traits the authors associate with successful negotiators.

The focus on a single issue, the possible use of negative leverage (the threat of filing a small claims lawsuit), and the apparent lack of a strong relationship with the landlord.

Imagine that you and your roommates have just moved out of an apartment and you need to talk to your landlord about getting your security deposit back. Yesterday your security deposit check came in the mail, but you notice that the landlord withheld $1,500 for damages and cleaning the carpet. You know that you did not leave everything exactly perfect but you did spend several hours cleaning the apartment when you moved out. You decide to contact your landlord and try to get the rest of your security deposit back. If you can't convince the landlord to give you the rest of the security deposit back, you will have to find a lawyer to help you file a lawsuit against the landlord in small claims court What characteristics suggest that this will be a distributive bargain?

ball/low ball offer and possibly good cop/bad cop with the help of one of your roommates. Hardball tactics may be effective as both parties likely view this as a distributive bargaining situation.

Imagine that you and your roommates have just moved out of an apartment and you need to talk to your landlord about getting your security deposit back. Yesterday your security deposit check came in the mail, but you notice that the landlord withheld $1,500 for damages and cleaning the carpet. You know that you did not leave everything exactly perfect but you did spend several hours cleaning the apartment when you moved out. You decide to contact your landlord and try to get the rest of your security deposit back. If you can't convince the landlord to give you the rest of the security deposit back, you will have to find a lawyer to help you file a lawsuit against the landlord in small claims court. Identify two hardball tactics you might use in negotiating with your landlord. Will hardball tactics be effective in this negotiation? Why or why not?

File a small claims lawsuit to recover as much of the security deposit as possible.

Imagine that you and your roommates have just moved out of an apartment and you need to talk to your landlord about getting your security deposit back. Yesterday your security deposit check came in the mail, but you notice that the landlord withheld $1,500 for damages and cleaning the carpet. You know that you did not leave everything exactly perfect but you did spend several hours cleaning the apartment when you moved out. You decide to contact your landlord and try to get the rest of your security deposit back. If you can't convince the landlord to give you the rest of the security deposit back, you will have to find a lawyer to help you file a lawsuit against the landlord in small claims court. What is your Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)?

The power gap is that you cannot make the neighbors be quiet. You have no authority or power to force them to do what you want them to do.

Imagine that you are a graduate student who recently moved to a new apartment be closer to campus. You like your apartment; however, last week the landlord's 21 year old son and two of his friends moved in across the hall. Since they moved in, you have heard nothing but constant door slamming, yelling and profanity in the hallway. You have nothing against people partying and having a good time, but you are in the middle of preparing for your graduate school examinations so that it is important that you be able to study and sleep in your apartment without the interruptions of people yelling and door slamming. Two days ago, you asked the landlord's son if he and his friends could not yell or swear in the hallway. He apologized and promised that they would try to be quieter. Unfortunately, he seems to have forgotten all about his promise as it is now 12:00 A.M. on a Thursday night and he and his friends are standing outside your window smoking, laughing and talking loud enough to keep you awake.

You could put yourself in his shoes by thinking of a time when you were more focused on having fun and less focused on the people around you. You might also want to think about a time when you were scolded by an authority figure and what convinced you in that situation to change your behavior.

Imagine that you are a graduate student who recently moved to a new apartment be closer to campus. You like your apartment; however, last week the landlord's 21 year old son and two of his friends moved in across the hall. Since they moved in, you have heard nothing but constant door slamming, yelling and profanity in the hallway. You have nothing against people partying and having a good time, but you are in the middle of preparing for your graduate school examinations so that it is important that you be able to study and sleep in your apartment without the interruptions of people yelling and door slamming. Two days ago, you asked the landlord's son if he and his friends could not yell or swear in the hallway. He apologized and promised that they would try to be quieter. Unfortunately, he seems to have forgotten all about his promise as it is now 12:00 A.M. on a Thursday night and he and his friends are standing outside your window smoking, laughing and talking loud enough to keep you awake.

Splitting the difference is easy, quick and seemingly fair. However, it does not benefit the negotiator who has been involved in a distributive bargain where the other negotiator has made an extreme first offer and has not made many concessions from his or her first offer. Splitting the difference is also a form of compromise, meaning that the negotiators may not have taken the necessary steps to expand the pie over which they have been negotiating.

Imagine that you have been negotiating with someone over a single issue for some time and you feel you are close to reaching an agreement. The other person suggests that to close the deal you should "split the difference." Is splitting the difference a good way to close a deal? Answer yes or no and then provide an explanation for why or when you think it is a good idea or why or when you think it would be a bad idea.

the norm of reciprocity

In a negotiation, the other party offers you minimal information about their financial statements but then asks you (in exchange for the information they gave you) to provide detailed information on how you calculate the retail price for the products you sell. In this situation, the other negotiator is using _______________________ to attempt to gain more information from you than what he offered in exchange.

position; interest

In an employment negotiation, the candidate's request for a $50,000 starting salary is considered a/an ______________ and the reason for that request - the candidate needs a starting salary of at least $50,000 to pay her rent and student loans - is considered to be a/an _________________.

six

In order to be given a specific social orientation classification on the 9-trial Decision Task, a person must score at least ____ out of 9 for a particular social orientation measure.

False

Integrative negotiation is best described as a process by which both negotiators are equally satisfied by the outcome of their negotiation and both negotiators claimed equal value in their negotiated agreement.

mutual gains bargaining. principled bargaining. interests-based bargaining.

Integrative negotiations go by many names, including

True

It is often times difficult to identify the other negotiator's interests because he or she may not fully understand what he or she wants or needs in a particular negotiation.

She is sensitive to relative differences between self and others. She is willing to take less for herself in order to reduce what the other person receives. She is a competitor.

Jane took the social value orientation measure below and she chose option A. A B C You Get 500 500 550 Others Get 100 500 250 What can we surmise about Janes social values?

intangible

NFL quarterback Tom Brady's interest in being associated with Under Armour because the company is "cool" and "cutting edge" is best described as a/an _______________ interest.

True

NFL quarterback Tom Brady's interest in having an ownership interest in Under Armour so that he could have a continuing income stream after his retirement from professional football is best described as a tangible interest.

It requires that a negotiator identify his or her interests as well as the interests of the other negotiator. It requires a significant amount of trust between the two negotiators so that they can share different concerns and interests about the issues being negotiated.

Why is a collaborative negotiation strategy often times the hardest to implement?

A negotiator would set his or her RP higher than his or her BATNA in order to gain something from the negotiation - otherwise why engage in the negotiation in the first place? One reason that a negotiator may set his or her RP lower than his or her BATNA is if the negotiator is less concerned about his or her personal outcome and more concerned about the outcome achieved (and relationship with) the other negotiator (an accommodation situation).

Negotiators are advised to set their reservation price (RP) based on their Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA). Give one reason why a negotiator might set his or her RP higher (better) than her BATNA. Then give one reason why he or she might set it lower (worse) than her BATNA.

don't see negotiation situations develop until it is too late to do any planning. fail to understand what is required to plan for an effective negotiation. do not understand that different negotiation situations may require different strategies. assume all negotiations are competitive and "win-lose" in nature. All of the above (correct)

People frequently say they "hate to negotiate" because they:

excel at "win-lose" negotiations where both negotiators are attempting to maximize their outcome at the expense of the other side. use a variety of contentious or "hardball" negotiation tactics to achieve their goals. view most negotiation situations as zero-sum games.

People who tend towards the use of a competitive negotiation/conflict handling style generally:

avoid defend/attack spirals with the other negotiator. spend more time than average negotiators looking for common ground or shared interests with the other negotiator.

Rackham conducted a nine-year study of 48 professional labor and contract negotiators. Skilled negotiators, according to Rackham, generally:

the use of the flinch by a buyer in a sales negotiation. telling the other negotiator that she will "have to do better than that" (something Dawson refers to as a "vice") after receiving the negotiator's first offer on price.

Roger Dawson's "Power Negotiation/Sales Strategies" include

True

Splitting the difference is frequently used to close a deal because it is easy, quick and generally seems fair to both negotiators.

False

Studies suggest that cooperative negotiators cannot be successful in price-only business transactions nor can competitive negotiators be effective in situations that require relationship-building skills.

Individualism

The 9-trial Decision Task provides a score on three social orientation measures, which include:

Skilled negotiators ask more questions than average negotiators. Skilled negotiators do more testing of their understanding of what the other negotiator said compared to average negotiators. Skilled negotiators spend more time summarizing issues and agreements during the negotiation than average negotiators.

The Rackham study compared the information gathering behavior of skilled versus average negotiators. Which of the following is true of Rackham's findings?

False

The best way to respond to someone who uses the hardball tactic of highball/lowball is to counter with your own your own extreme first offer

ask questions aimed at better understanding his or her interests. make proposals that reflect an understanding of the other negotiator's interests.

The most effective way for a negotiator to bridge the power gap with another negotiator is to:

Logrolling

The process of trading off low-priority issues for higher-priority issues in an integrative negotiation is referred to as ____________________.

This answer will vary depending on the student's stated group membership.

Think about a group membership that you may have in common with someone else. What assumptions would you make, based on this common group membership, about the other person and how they may act in a negotiation with you?

self-fulfilling prophecy. stereotype. assumption.

Two years ago, you negotiated with a sales representative from New York City over the purchase of new furniture for your apartment. This negotiation was very competitive, as the sales representative spoke quickly, continually asked you how much money you were willing to spend on the furniture and repeatedly told you that if you did not buy the furniture at the listed price several other customers would be happy to do so. You have a salary negotiation scheduled for tomorrow with a human resources representative with a company that you would like to work for. In talking to the human resources representative, you discover that she is from New York City. Assuming that negotiations with people from New York City are always competitive, you prepare a competitive approach to your salary negotiation. This situation best reflects the concept of a/an:

True

Unlike a distributive bargaining situation, in integrative negotiations failing to share information actually disadvantages a negotiator.

Some people will assume that the goal of the task is for them to choose the option that maximizes their outcome. Some people will assume that the goal of the task is for them to find the option that maximizes the outcome for the other person. Some people will assume that the goal of the task is to find the maximum outcome that provides both parties with an equal amount.

What assumptions might people make when completing the 9-trial Decision Task?

When the negotiator has a good understanding of the market rate of the goods or services involved in the negotiation or when he or she has negotiated with the other negotiator in the past and has a good working relationship with the other negotiator. If both parties are equally knowledgeable about the market value of the goods/services, it probably makes little difference who makes the first offer because neither negotiator will be overly influenced by it (the anchor and adjustment effect).

What factors should a negotiator consider when deciding whether or not to make the first offer in a negotiation?

MESO is the acronym for Multiple Equivalent Simultaneous Offers. A MESO offer, which offers two or more proposed options of equal value to the proposer, signals to the other negotiator a willingness to be flexible. Further, the other negotiator's underlying priorities over the issues will be revealed to the proposer by the option he or she prefers.

What is a MESO offer and when might it be to your advantage to use one?

The fixed pie assumption is the belief that every negotiation is a win-lose transaction. A negotiator with the fixed pie assumption believes that what he or she wants is in direct conflict with what the other negotiator wants, the negotiation involves fixed resources (the resource "pie" is only so big) and the only way he or she can claim value ("win") is to take as many of those resources (the "pie") as possible away from the other negotiator.

What is the "fixed pie assumption"? How might the "fixed pie assumption" affect a negotiator's strategy or tactics?

It should decrease the size of the settlement zone.

When both parties to a negotiation have a good Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA), what effect should this have on the settlement zone (or zone of possible agreement)?

When you believe the other negotiator is uncertain about the market value

When is it in a negotiator's best interest to make the first offer?

Competitive

Which negotiation strategy would generally be the most appropriate to use in a distributive bargaining situation?

You are negotiating with your landlord at the end of your apartment lease for the return of the full amount of your security deposit.

Which of the foll owing is best described as a "distributive" bargaining situation?

Share internal information with the other negotiator. Emphasize the similarities you have with the other negotiator. Use the norm of reciprocity. Find a shared problem or "enemy."

Which of the following are ways to build trust and establish effective relationships with another negotiator?

Start high and concede slowly

Which of the following concession strategies would be most appropriate for a distributive bargaining situation?

Competition

Which of the following negotiation/conflict handling styles would be most appropriate in a situation in which a person must maximize his or her outcome and the relationship with the other person (and his or her outcome) is not important?

Two business partners discussing ways to terminate their business and to fairly distribute the business' assets. A start-up company negotiating an employment offer with a candidate to become the company's first director of marketing.

Which of the following situations is most likely an integrative negotiation situation?

Cooperative people tend to be more effective than individualistic socially oriented people in working with other people to expand resources available to distribute during a negotiation. Cooperative people are better able than competitive people to use and implement integrative ("win-win") negotiation strategies. Cooperative people tend to make more proposals during a negotiation than competitive people.

Which of the following statements about people classified as "cooperative" is true?

None of the following are correct

Which of the following statements about salary/employment negotiations is false?

A negotiator's Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) can never be improved.

Which of the following statements are false?

In distributive bargaining, it is generally not advisable to share your Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) with the other negotiator. Often times negotiators may fail to reach an agreement, even when a positive settlement zone exists, because of a lack of trust between the negotiators. The parties' negotiation dance will help to determine if an agreement is possible. Reference points, like an Aspiration Level (AL), reservation price (RP) and BATNA, will help a negotiator know when to walk away from a deal and when to accept a proposed deal.

Which of the following statements are true?

One way to convert a distributive bargain into an integrative negotiation is by adding issues to be negotiated

Which of the following statements are true?

A negotiator should generally make equal sized concessions during an integrative negotiation to build a sense of trust with the other negotiator. (correct)

Which of the following statements is false?

Being "genuine" in negotiations means that a negotiator understands and works with his/her general tendencies when analyzing a negotiation situation and preparing a negotiation strategy. Inexperienced negotiators frequently try to imitate the style of other more successful negotiators. Effective negotiators understand that even the best-planned negotiation strategy may have to change once a negotiation gets started

Which of the following statements is true?

Collaboration is generally best used when there are multiple issues to be negotiated and the situation is not zero-sum. Very few negotiation situations would support the use of an avoiding negotiation/conflict handling style.

Which of the following statements is true?

Engage in some sort of "social ritual" (e.g., shaking hands at the end of the deal). Hold a press conference announcing the deal that has just been negotiated. Summarize the agreement in the form of a memorandum of understanding or contract.

Which of the following steps will help a negotiator commit to following through with an agreement she/he has negotiated?

The reservation price (RP) of the buyer and the seller.

Which two reference points of the buyer and seller will determine their zone of potential agreement (ZOPA)?

They worry about being seen by the employer as "greedy" by asking for more than the offered salary amount. They are concerned about the appearance of being aggressive or "ungrateful." They worry about having the job offer rescinded and given to another candidate. They have not properly determined their Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) or taken steps to improve their BATNA.

Why are many people reluctant to negotiate over salary during an employment negotiation?

Since a nibble is made after the negotiators appear to have reached an agreement, an inexperienced negotiator may worry that the agreement will fall apart if he or she does not agree to the additional request. Negotiators frequently rationalize agreeing to the nibble by comparing the relatively low cost of agreeing to the nibbler with the total value of the negotiated agreement.

Why is a nibble generally an effective negotiations tactic?

Many negotiators continue to hold a fixed-pie assumption about negotiation, which causes them to assume that the other negotiator's interests are diametrically opposed to their own. Other times negotiators assume that all negotiations are simple transactions resulting in a winner and loser and have little interest in considering ways to help the other negotiator "win."

Why is it difficult for a negotiator to understand the other side's interests, to "get into the other party's shoes?"

A negotiator who understands his or her dominant style will be better able to prepare for a negotiation. The specific strategy for a negotiation must fit the specific negotiation situation, and strategy often times must change once the negotiation begins. A person who tends towards an accommodating style, for example, may have to consider a more aggressive approach (or use the services of an agent) for a negotiation that will require a competitive strategy.

Why is it important to have a good understanding of your personal negotiation/conflict handling style (i.e., competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding or accommodating) when preparing for a negotiation?

"I really want this deal to happen"

You are in a negotiation to buy a used car. The seller's first offer is to sell the car to you for $30,000. When you say "no," to this offer, she proposes to sell the car to you for $23,000 - a $7,000 concession. You respond by saying that $23,000 for the car is still "too high." At that point, the seller offers to sell you the car for $16,000. What message is the seller most likely sending you based on her pattern of concessions?

positive bargaining zone

You have a used car spotted at the local car dealer. You look to spend between $7,500 and $10,000 for the used car. The sales manager believes that she can sell the used car you have spotted for somewhere between $9,000 and $11,000. Based on these facts, there is a ________________________ when it comes to the sale/purchase of this used car.

An exploding offer

You have been given a job offer to start work on June 1st as a Financial Analyst for the ABC Company. The ABC Human Resources Director says that you if you accept the offer within the next 48 hours, ABC will give you a signing bonus of $3,000; however, if you don't accept the offer within the next 48 hours the job offer will still be there for you but you won't receive a signing bonus. What negotiating technique is ABC's Human Resources Director using to convince you to make a quick decision to accept the company's job offer?