Nervous System
25. Retrograde transport A. moves toward the cell body. B. moves membranes, vesicles, and viruses. C. uses molecular motor proteins of dynein. D. All of the choices are correct.
d
25. What is NOT true of conduction through dendrites and cell bodies of neurons? A. they are EPSPs B. they are spread by cable properties C. they can summate to reach threshold D. they are action potentials
d
3. The binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor protein causes ion channels to open in the post-synaptic membrane. What type of gates are these? A. chemically-regulated gates B. voltage-regulated gates C. ligand-regulated gates D. Both chemically-regulated gates and ligand-regulated gates are correct.
d
3. Which of the following is NOT true of axonal transport? A. uses molecular motors B. can transport anteroretrograde C. has one fast and two slow components D. is a passive process
d
5. Catecholamines activate postsynaptic cells by A. inhibition of adenylate cyclase. B. increased Ca2+ influx into the target cell. C. inhibition of calmodulin. D. increased production of cyclic AMP.
d
7. Inhibition of neuropeptide Y synthesis would A. induce euphoria. B. induce obesity. C. stimulate leptin secretion. D. inhibit eating.
d
9. Degeneration of spinal motor neurons in adults may be due to a lack of ____________ factor. A. brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF) B. neurotrophin-3 C. nerve growth (NGF) D. glial-derived neurotrophic (GDNF)
d
11. The greater the number of depolarization regions on an axon, the faster the action potential will be conducted. True False
f
12. A nerve is a bundle of axons in the CNS. True False
f
12. Somatic motor neurons innervate involuntary effectors. True False
f
14. Most synapses in the body are electrical. True False
f
15. Glial cells normally lose their mitotic ability prior to birth. True False
f
15. Ligand-gated channels, when activated, allow only Na+ to move into the neuron. True False
f
16. The average resting membrane potential of a neuron is -85mV. True False
f
17. Axonal transport from the cell body to the dendrites and axon is retrograde transport. True False
f
17. Electrical synapses are functionally linked by tight junctions. True False
f
18. During the absolute refractory period, a supramaximal stimulus can bring the cell to threshold. True False
f
18. Endogenous opioids transmit impulses of pain. True False
f
19. A lack of extracellular Ca2+ would cause increased release of neurotransmitters. True False
f
19. Nicotinic receptors utilize G-proteins to regulate the opening of ion channels. True False
f
20. The nigrostriatal dopamine system is located in part of the midbrain known as the substantia nigra and is degenerated in the disease myasthenia gravis. True False
f
22. Release of ACh at parasympathetic effectors is always stimulatory. True False
f
22. The blood-brain barrier prevents hydrophobic molecules from diffusing into the brain. True False
f
23. Sensory nerves regulate muscle contraction. True False
f
25. Destruction of astrocytes would decrease the rate at which action potentials are transmitted. True False
f
6. Once an EPSP is created on the postsynaptic neuron, a new action potential is produced down the axon. True False
f
7. Nerve cells depolarize due to the influx of K+. True False
f
9. The nerve is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. True False
f
15. White matter is A. myelinated axons in the CNS. B. myelinated axons in the PNS. C. nonmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS. D. nonmyelinated axons in the CNS.
a
16. Enhancing the excitability of a synapse so that transmission is favored along certain pathways is called A. long-term potentiation. B. synaptic plasticity. C. excitotoxicity. D. summation.
a
17. The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.
a
19. The most numerous of all cells of CNS nervous tissue are the A. astrocytes. B. neurons. C. Schwann cells. D. microglia
a
19. What is the action of the binding of muscarine to its receptors in the digestive system? A. alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization. B. alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, open them, leading to hyperpolarization. C. beta-gamma subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization. D. beta-gamma subunits bind to K+ channels, open them, leading to hyperpolarization.
a
2. Muscarinic Ach receptors are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT A. skeletal muscle B. smooth muscle C. cardiac muscle D. glands
a
20. The brain produces lipid neurotransmitters called A. endocannabinoids. B. endorphins. C. enkephalins. D. nitric oxide.
a
21. Relaxation of cerebral blood vessels would be stimulated by excessive ________ activity. A. nitric oxide B. ACh C. norepinephrine D. glutamate
a
21. The most abundant neuropeptide in the brain is A. neuropeptide Y. B. neuropeptide Z. C. substance P. D. CCK.
a
21. What type of proteins are present in gap junctions that form water-filled channels between neurons? A. connexons B. myelin C. terminal boutons D. cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
a
21. ____________ is an acetylcholinesterase antagonist used to treat myasthenia gravis. A. Neostigmine B. Muscarine C. Naloxone D. Nitric oxide
a
22. The mesolimbic dopamine neurons arise in the midbrain and terminate in the A. nucleus accumbens. B. corpus striatum. C. basal nuclei. D. corpus callosum.
a
25. The brain and spinal cord comprise the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves.
a
3. Temporal summation A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
a
3. Which poison inhibits glycine receptors? A. strychnine B. curare C. tetrodotoxin D. All of the choices are correct.
a
4. What is NOT true of the relative refractory period? A. Na+ channels are inactivated B. many Na+ channels are returning to a closed state C. K+ is moving out of the axon through its open channels D. a strong stimulus could cause a depolarization
a
5. What is present at the axon hillock that allows the production of action potentials? A. voltage-gated channels B. ligand-gated channels C. muscarinic receptors D. chemical-gated channels
a
6. An axon will depolarize only if the membrane potential reaches between -70mV and -55mV. This follows the A. All-or-none law. B. recruitment law. C. graduated law. D. threshold law.
a
6. What neurotransmitter is used by neurons with cell bodies in the raphe nuclei along the midline of the brainstem? A. serotonin B. dopamine C. glycine D. GABA
a
7. What type of autonomic fibers release ACh at effectors? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. somatic D. sensory
a
8. Chemical synapses A. have a delayed impulse transmission. B. utilize gap junctions. C. occur when two nerve cells are in direct contact with each other. D. do not require the release of neurotransmitters.
a
8. Regeneration of CNS axons may be prevented in part by inhibitory proteins in the membranes of the A. myelin sheath. B. neurons. C. astrocytes. D. satellite cells.
a
9. Botulism toxin prevents release of Ach, causing A. flaccid paralysis. B. hemiplegia. C. spastic paralysis. D. None of the choices are correct.
a
1. The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the A. repolarization. B. threshold. C. refractory period. D. All-or-none law.
b
1. The normal effect of b-endorphin can be blocked by A. curare. B. naloxone. C. muscarine. D. nicotine
b
11. Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by A. stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal. B. blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal. C. blocking repolarization of the axon terminal. D. stimulating protein kinase activity.
b
3. Action potentials would be conducted most rapidly by A. a 10 mm diameter myelinated axon. B. a 10 mm diameter unmyelinated axon. C. a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon. D. a 40 mm diameter unmyelinated axon.
c
3. Cells supporting neuron cell bodies in ganglia are termed A. astrocytes. B. ependymal cells. C. satellite cells. D. Schwann cells.
c
4. What structure is found around PNS axons that is NOT found around CNS axons? A. nodes of Ranvier B. myelin sheath C. neurilemma D. plasma membrane
c
5. As the intensity of a stimulus increases, more axons will become activated. This process is called A. threshold. B. refraction. C. recruitment. D. None of the choices is correct.
c
5. Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? A. motor or efferent B. interneuron or association C. multipolar D. sensory or afferent
c
6. At what region of the neuron are action potentials first produced? A. dendrites B. cell body C. axon hillock D. axon
c
6. The blood-brain barrier results mostly from the action of __________, a type of glial cell. A. ependymal cells B. microglia C. astrocytes D. oligodendrocytes
c
7. Both long-term potentiation and long-term depression requires release of ___ from the postsynaptic neuron membrane. A. Cl- B. K+ C. Ca2+ D. Mg2+
c
8. Mutation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate ((NMDA) receptor would affect the ability of ____________ to regulate neural function. A. ACh B. epinephrine C. glutamate D. nitric oxide
c
17. What type of proteins are present at chemical synapses to ensure the close proximity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes? A. connexins B. myelin C. terminal boutons D. cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
d
2. What action produces an IPSP on the postsynaptic membrane? A. influx of Na+ ions B. opening of Ca2+ channels into the neuron C. outflow of K+ ions D. opening of Cl- channels into the neuron
d
20. The most common neurotransmitter in the brain is A. glycine. B. acetylcholine. C. serotonin. D. GABA
d
21. Curare is a competitive ACh antagonist at _____________ ACh receptors. A. muscarinic B. NMDA C. kainate D. nicotinic
d
24. Which of the following are natural analgesics? A. endorphins B. enkephalins C. dynorphins D. All of the choices are correct.
d
24. Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins? A. maintaining sympathetic ganglion B. sustain neurons that use the NT dopamine C. embryonic development of neurons D. regeneration of injured motor neurons
d
18. An EPSP is conducted decrementally to the axon hillock, where voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are opened to created an action potential in the axon. True False
t
19. Serotonin is degraded in presynaptic neurons by monoamine oxidase. True False
t
2. Astrocytes can be excited by changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. True False
t
23. All cells have a membrane potential. True False
t
23. Myelinated axons transmit action potentials more rapidly than unmyelinated axons. True False
t
23. Norepinephrine binding to a receptor stimulates the activity of adenylate cyclase. True False
t
24. Action potentials frequency encodes stimulus intensity. True False
t
24. The blood-brain barrier may prevent medications from reaching brain tissue. True False
t
4. Both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials undergo summation. True False
t
4. Postsynaptic inhibition is caused by neurotransmitters that produce hyperpolarization. True False
t
4. Sensory neurons for muscle position are the fastest conducting neurons. True False
t
5. Parkinson's disease is associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons. True False
t
7. Alzheimer's disease is associated with the loss of cholinergic fibers that end at the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Tue False
t
7. Neurotransmitter release can be inhibited by damaging the SNARE complex. True False
t
25. Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid A. alanine. B. glycine. C. tryptophan. D. serine.
c
11. The nicotinic Ach receptor is a ligand-gated channel. True False
t
16. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. True Fals
t
16. Serotonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan and is an important neurotransmitter. True False
t
1. Benzodiazepines act by increasing ________ activity. A. GABA B. glutamate C. ACh D. enkephalin
a
11. What medication acts by increasing the action of nitric oxide as a treatment for erectile dysfunction? A. Viagra B. marijuana C. Prozac D. naloxone
a
13. Which of the following is NOT a structural classification of neurons? A. motor neuron B. bipolar neuron C. multipolar neuron D. pseudomultipolar neuron
a
14. Which of the following is NOT true of dendrites? A. transmits action potentials toward the cell body B. are thin extensions of the cell body C. transmit graded electrochemical impulses toward the cell body D. contain receptive areas
a
11. What process occurs when glutamate-releasing presynaptic neurons stimulate postsynaptic release of endocannabinoids that acts as retrograde neurotransmitters? A. long-term potentiation B. long-term depression C. depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition D. All of the choices are correct.
b
12. MAO inhibitors may cause hypertensive crisis by a person eating foods rich in A. phenylalanine. B. tyramine. C. glutamic acid. D. tryptophan.
b
13. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are produced by A. glycine. B. glutamic acid. C. gamma-aminobutyric acid. D. benzodiazepines.
b
13. Excitotoxicity is caused by A. insufficient synaptic release of glutamate. B. excessive synaptic release of glutamate. C. GABA inhibition. D. insufficient synaptic release of ACh.
b
16. Spatial summation A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
b
17. The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.
b
18. Sensory neurons A. are multipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. B. are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. C. are bipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS. D. are multipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS.
b
18. Synaptic plasticity involves structural changes in neurons such as A. formation of axillary branches B. formation of dendritic spines C. formation of more axon terminals D. mitosis of neurons
b
19. Acetylcholine usually induces an excitatory postsynaptic potential when binding to ________ receptors and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential when binding to some ____________ receptors. A. NMDA, nicotinic B. nicotinic, muscarinic C. muscarinic, NMDA D. muscarinic, nicotinic
b
2. Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called A. ion-gated channels. B. voltage-gated channels. C. stimulation-gated channels. D. potential-gated channels.
b
2. Nitric oxide A. is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase. B. stimulates the dilation of blood vessels. C. is produced from L-asparagine. D. All of the choices are correct.
b
2. What portion of the neuron is NOT involved in integration? A. cell body B. axon C. dendrites D. axon hillock
b
20. The __________ dopamine system may be involved in emotional reward and drug addiction. A. nigrostriatal. B. mesolimbic C. amygdala D. dentate
b
20. What do muscarine and nicotine have in common? A. They are both antagonists for their respective receptors. B. They are both agonists for their respective receptors. C. They both activate-protein coupled channels. D. They have nothing in common.
b
21. The mechanism that allows many Na+ ions to move into the axon is A. negative feedback. B. positive feedback. C. equilibrium feedback. D. None of the choices are correct.
b
23. The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the A. neurilemma. B. node of Ranvier. C. sheath of Schwann. D. white matter.
b
4. Acetylcholine can induce hyperpolarization by A. binding to nicotinic receptors. B. binding to muscarinic receptors. C. binding to a-adrenergic receptors. D. binding to b-adrenergic receptors.
b
5. What amino acid are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine derived from? A. histidine B. tyrosine C. tryptophan D. serine
b
6. Which of the following is NOT a type of glutamate receptor? A. NMDA receptor B. muscarinic receptor C. kainate receptor D. All of the choices are correct.
b
8. Cholinergic fibers use ____ as the neurotransmitter. A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. dopamine D. serotonin
b
9. Endocannabinoids are retrograde neurotransmitters, meaning they are A. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron. B. released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron. C. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse back to the presynaptic cell body. D. None of the choices are correct.
b
25. Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called A. hormones. B. enzymes. C. neurotransmitters. D. neurotrophins.
c
1. In a myelinated axon, Na+ channels are A. along the whole length of the axon. B. every 5 mm. C. concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. D. less numerous at the nodes of Ranvier.
c
10. What process is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential with all ions in the correct locations? A. after-hyperpolarization B. all-or-none-law C. Na+/K+ pump D. refractory period
c
10. Which of the following is NOT classified as a catecholamine? A. norepinephrine B. epinephrine C. histamine D. dopamine
c
12. Which ion's movements is responsible for repolarization? A. influx of K+ B. influx of Na+ C. outward diffusion of K+ D. outward diffusion of Na+
c
14. Blocking ____________ channels would prevent neuronal depolarization. A. K+ B. Cl- C. Na+ D. Mg2+
c
14. The varied strength of synaptic transmission is called A. spatial summation. B. temporal summation. C. synaptic plasticity. D. EPSP.
c
14. What type of receptors will bind ATP and adenosine? A. cotransmitter receptors B. pyrimenergic receptors. C. purinergic receptors. D. None of the choices is correct.
c
14. Where is glycine released? A. in the PNS B. at skeletal muscleds C. in the CNS D. at the diaphragm
c
17. Fetal neuron growth requires the actions of a group of chemicals known as A. endorphins. B. synapsins. C. neurotrophins. D. glutamates.
c
18. A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a/an A. nerve. B. bundle. C. tract. D. neuron.
c
20. What coding system do neurons use to get a greater response? A. greater amplitude of stimuli B. greater Na+ concentration gradient C. increased frequency of stimuli D. more active Na+/K+ pump
c
22. What is the predominant affect of stimulation of nicotinic-gated channels? A. stimulation due to outflow of K+ ions. B. inhibition due to outflow of K+ ions C. stimulation due to influx of Na+ ions D. inhibition due to influx of Cl- ions
c
22. Which of the following is NOT true of histamine? A. it is derived from the amino acid histidine B. acts as a hormone that stimulates gastric secretion C. acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain to cause drowsiness D. acts as a regulator in inflammation and allergies
c
22. Which of the following is NOT true of nicotinic-gated channels? A. The binding of ACh allows diffusion of both Na+ into and K+ out of the neuron. B. Only EPSPs are generated. C. Only action potentials are generated. D. Summation can occur because of a graded response.
c
23. Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? A. central nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. associative nervous system
c
24. Neuroleptics, which are used to treat schizophrenia, are A. dopamine agonists. B. ACh antagonists. C. dopamine antagonists. D. glutamate agonists.
c
24. The ability of a neuron to transmit charge through its cytoplasm is called cable properties and is very A. good. B. strong. C. poor. D. easy.
c
8. Which of the following is NOT an action needed for glutamate to open ion channels? A. NMDA receptor must bind to glycine B. the membrane must be partially depolarized from the action of a different neurotransmitter C. Cl- must pass through the open channel D. Mg2+ is released from NMDA channel to open it
c
8. Which of the following is true of axons? A. contain receptive areas B. very thin and short C. originates at the axon hillock on the cell body D. transmits graded electrochemical impulses
c
9. Neurotransmitters A. are released by endocytosis. B. all bind to the same receptor. C. usually regulate ion channels. D. are actively transported across the synaptic cleft.
c
9. Which of the following is NOT true of EPSPs? A. they are graded responses B. they are capable of summation C. they have a refractory period D. they are initiated by neurotransmitters
c
10. Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged? A. astrocytes B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. Schwann cells
d
10. Axonal regeneration is inhibited by A. brain-derived neurotrophic factor. B. nerve growth factor. C. neurotrophin-3. D. myelin-associated inhibitory protein.
d
10. Which gas(es) can function as a neurotransmitter? A. carbon dioxide B. nitric oxide C. carbon monoxide D. both nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.
d
12. Synaptic vesicles are docked to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal by a protein complex called A. boutons. B. connexons. C. synaptotagmins. D. SNARE.
d
12. Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes? A. can take up NT from a synapse B. can stimulate or inhibit neurons C. needed to form synapses in the CNS D. phagocytose foreign material in the CNS E. forms the blood-brain barrier
d
13. Acetylcholine A. is always an excitatory neurotransmitter. B. can bind to adrenergic receptors. C. is an inhibitory neurotransmitter released by motor neurons. D. can bind to nicotinic receptors.
d
13. Endogenous cannabinoids have effects similar to the active ingredient in A. cocaine. B. nicotine. C. amphetamines. D. marijuana.
d
13. Postsynaptic inhibition is caused by A. Acetylcholine B. GABA C. glycine D. Both GABA and glycine
d
15. ATP and adenosine can act as neurtransmitters A. by release from astrocytes. B. as cotransmitters. C. as paracrine regulators. D. All of the choices are correct.
d
15. If the binding of muscarine to its receptor in the heart causes the beta-gamma complex of the G-protein to bind to a K+ channel, A. the K+ channel will close, leading to depolarization. B. the K+ channel will open, leading to depolarization. C. the K+ channel will close, leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition. D. the K+ channel will open, leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition.
d
15. The capacity of synapses for alteration at the molecular level is termed A. synaptic modulation. B. synaptic alteration. C. synaptic capacitance. D. synaptic plasticity.
d
16. What causes presynaptic inhibition? A. inactivation of Ca2+ channels B. a second neuron causes a reduction in neurotransmitter release from another neuron C. axoaxonic synapses D. All of the choices are correct.
d
1. CCK (cholecystokinin) may act as a neurotransmitter in the brain to promote feelings of satiety. True False
t
1. Neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles is caused by Ca2+-synaptotagmin complex interruption of the SNARE complex. True False
t
10. Conduction without decrement means that action potentials transmitted down an axon will not decrease in amplitude. True False
t
11. Cells become more negative during hyperpolarization. True False
t